Linking ‘Food Security’ and
‘Peace & Security’…from policy to
practice
Francesco Rampa
Head of ECDPM Food Security Programme
I. ECDPM: policy & practice…
II. Policy Frmks: CAADP as Dev. Effectiveness ?
III. Policy Frmks: “EU’s comprehensive
approach”…and “Approach to Resilience”
IV. Opportunities/ challenges for connecting more
effectively Security & Food Security policies and
processes
V. …moving from policy to practice …
ECDPM
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CAADP as Dev Effectiveness ?
- CAADP is a very advanced attempt at fully
implementing the Paris Declaration and Accra
Agenda for Action…new methodology
- degree of African ownership (at politicalbureaucratic-experts level), including at nat.level
(unlike other AU/regional initiatives such as
FTAs); robust plans for mutual accountability
(serious monitoring & evaluation is built into
CAADP); outreach to other sectors ; level of ODA
predictability & regular donor coordination
- Weaknesses remain, lacking sufficient: private
sector involvement; reg.level implementation;
clarity on the con-reg-nat nexus…nothing specific
P&Sec (btw the lines, focus Pastoralism)
Why regional cooperation ?
• Sahel & Horn: regional crises require more reg. &
structural solutions…wiser transb.water management,
food trade, account of pastoralists' movement,
etc...or security threats will continue (kenya/somalia
& mali)
• Individual countries alone cannot address challenges
& opportunities
• Coherence/coordination of different reg. initiatives
enhance their chances of success, also ODA
(HORIZ.COHERENCE)
• Coherence/coordination of reg. and national action
increase the value of both (VERTICAL COHERENCE)
 WA: Network of Food Crises Prevention (RPCA) &
Reg. Emerg.F.Reserves (ECOWAP) VS IGAD Drought,
disaster resilience and sustainability initiative (IDDRSI)Page 5
ECDPM
The solution is within Africa - enormous
potential to increase production….
– Just 10% of agricultural
land in the Guinea
Savannah zone is being
cultivated
– Closing yield gaps would
increase output 2 to 3
fold
– In West Africa higher
yields turn a $2 bill food
trade deficit into a $12
bill surplus but only
with open regional
markets
….and regional trade is crucial…
• Challenge is to get food
from rural areas to
consumers in growing
urban centers
• Nearest city is often across
a border
• Provides incentive to invest
in higher productivity
Source: Haggblade et al (2008).
…and Climate Change !
• …through prices of food and Instability /
Accessibility
• Local context…eg NFICs or Exporters ? + if
conflict rewards (NRM) are high then conflict
more likely…aid can worsen..
• (Burke et al. 2009) : 1% temperature
increase  54% increase in armed conflict
incidence by 2030 (using IPCC predictions)
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P&S processes in EU and Africa [SEEA-SECURE]
“EU’s comprehensive approach to external conflict &
crisis” (Joint EEAS-EC Communication Dec 2013, adopted
May 2014 by Council, Action Plan March ’15).
PROS: good consolidating doc (all-Union vision), some
EEAS-EC-MS commitments to good practices (taking
context as starting point), analysis, formulation of
country/regional strategies, use of crisis platforms or joint
programming.
CONS: no tangible structures & processes on whom the
Union should work when, where, how = still confusion +
no in-depth changes in EU instit. - MS relations & how
EEAS/HR & EC could use full range of instruments & $
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SO often just listing of worthy activities under a
comprehensive approach label…
• more joint analysis, early warning, linking it to real
political & programming decisions (MS & EU)
• EEAS & DEVCO staff incentives for bringing a more
comprehensive agenda forward
• complexities of CAs make implementation highly
challenging…
coordination,
inclusiveness,
policy
coherence, civil-military coordination, especially where
humanitarian assistance
• MS differences: France low attention paid to “soft” aspects
(slight role dev actors)…to NL: instit. structures &
financing mech for diplomatic, military, dev. actors to
interact with strategic purpose (3D)… & beyond: trade
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NB1: C. Conclusions settling on conflict
prevention (no conflict management)
common ground on which MS could reach
consensus on EU external action: serves UK
(prefers NATO), DE (optout of CSDP), SWE
(aligns with CSDP missions only if UN
mandate), etc
NB2: little research/evidence on
efficiency/complementarity of military
operations for food security (IFPRI-IFAD
2014)
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‘EU Approach to Resilience: Learning from Food
Security Crisis’ (EC Communication Oct 2012, Plan of
Act, C Conclusions)
“ability of an individual, a household, a community, a
country or a region to withstand, to adapt, and to
quickly recover from stresses and shocks”
“EU approach to resilience 3 key characteristics:
i. country ownership
ii. people centred
iii. ensuring coherence, complementarity, coordination, continuity humanitarian and development
partners”
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PROS: first definition + 3-phased resilience approach:
anticipating crisis by assessing risks; focusing on
prevention/preparedness; enhancing crisis response
+ 10 steps incl. support for prep. nat. resilience
strategies/earlywarning + more flexible funding
/donor coordination…formal Inst.FRMK coord (AGIR)
CONS: “top-down” / “state-centric” approach to
resilience building.+ links many sectors but nothing
really on Policy Coherence among them + aid
effectiveness perspective and not enough on endog.
resilience building
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EU Horn of Africa Strategy (2011) & Sahel (2011)
presented as ex. of good practice for Comprehensive &
Resilience Approaches , illustrating how EU
comprehensive response could work for security,
development and governance
EFFECTIVENESS? Implementation is work in progress
whereby operational issues still lag considerably behind
conceptual development..ECHO-DEVCO diff.mandates 
diff.field approaches : SR/conseq VS LR/causes
NB: institutional conundrum worsened by too many
“Strategies” e.g. IGAD CAADP (USAID) vs
COMESA/EAC…UN/AU Technical Secretariat (TS) of the
Ministerial Platform for the coordination of Sahel
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strategies [SEEA]…
Led to the 2 Flagship promoting sustained
coordination humanitarian & development assistance
• Supporting Horn of African Resilience (SHARE, 2011
Droughts)
• mobilised around €350 m since , will be followed up
EDF11
• l'Alliance Globale pour l'Initiative Résilience (AGIR)
(2012 Droughts)
• aims to mobilise €1.5 billion for resilience building
2014-2020 (incl. EDF11)
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opportunities/ challenges for connecting more
effectively Sec & FS policies and processes
Opportunities :
Increasing recogn conflicts occur together/related to other
shocks (ec. crises, price, disasters) eg include climate
change adaptation as an integral part of conflict
prevention
…and plenty of attention & processes (eg more security
threats…CAADP, though initial tensions)
…local context: FS knows a lot on PEA/food-mkts of conflict
that could be crucial for > effect P&S interventions
“New” African Actors: Role of NSA… Great Lakes PS, NGOs
comprehensive really…bring them in the responses to
crisis and transition trajectories (CAADP model ?)
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Evidence & some Successes
(Literature Summary in IFPRI-IFAD 2014, “How to Build
Resilience to Conflict The Role of Food Security”)
• Ethiopia, EC funds innovative resilience building
programmes since 2012, bringing together different
organisations for multi-sectoral projects …
• subsidies help keep poverty & FS low but do not build
resilience [cash 4 work, not hand-outs]
• markets & institutions (mkts failures) reduce vulnerability
to asset shocks & enhance resilience by allowing
smallholders/pastoralists to have consistent access to
input & produce markets & income [= price information
systems; credit & insurance markets, social safety nets]
• construct functioning and effective institutions as key
measures for building resilience to conflict…
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$$$$...
2007-2013
DCI – FOOD - € 243 million
FOOD FACILITY - € 209 million
EDF – focal sector component – € 1.311 million
Others - € 58.7 million
ECHO World Wide Decision (geographical Humanitarian
Implementation Plans (HIP))
2014-2020 :
DCI – FOOD - EUR 1.42 billion
DCI – PANAF – EUR 80 million
EDF – focal sector component – EUR 2.27 bn.
EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa – EUR 1.8 billion
ECHO HIPs for WAfrica – around EUR 123 million in 2015
ECHO HIP for the Horn of Africa – EUR 93 million in 2015
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ECHO HIP for Sudan/S-Sudan – EUR 139 million in 2015
New “EU Trust Funds” (BN81)
• Bêkou Trust Fund for the Central African Republic July
2014
• Regional Trust Fund for Syria (Madad Fund) Dec 2014
• EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa (“the Africa Trust
Fund”) November 2015
…more flexible, comprehensive and effective joint EU
support, and increase the EU’s global visibility and
political weight in particularly challenging contexts
(“unrivalled in the history of EU external action”)
…but will MS accept stronger EC role in Ext Action ?
(migration / polit.pressure)
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Challenges
• multi-level institutional complexities, Sahel is also Sahara
and Maghreb process… but no grouping has all countries
• ambiguous role of donors (but very clear PEA): not by
chance the 2 most advanced attempts to link F-P&S are
where conflict is nurturing terrorism/migrat (S&H)…where
is not (DRC) Intl Community (USA-etc) not particularly
active
• EU’s multidimensional toolbox should be used better—EU
delegations, various developmental, political, and security
assets, and member-state interventions— $ (PEA) drives!!
So even if P&S loads to learn from FS (geo)pol wins (but
also MS econ interests eg exp-led-dev support) eg will EU
Trust F. “root causes Migration” align to local/CAADP/etc?
• Dev Policy Bottlenecks: weak institutions, no implement,
PEA, ownership + PCD?! & 3Cs nightmares (…eg. Belg Mil
Acad deep knowl but no infl on FS $ nor polit decisions!)
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…
• Scaling up above success programs (food aid,
pastoralism, etc) remains challenging…& donor
dependency still unsolved
• THE LOCAL LEVEL always key: we deal global continental
regional, only a bit to nat but interlinkages between
security & food (in)security & resilience in rural areas are
very local…eg African urbanization [MEGATREND]
• Ultimately Governance & Local Leadership: Boko Haram ?
2 richest countries of their regions!
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www.ecdpm.org/foodsecurity
fr@ecdpm.org
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top-down frameworks…UNFCCC/COP21
• UN CC debates/COP21 should give “agriculture” priority
• barriers: complexity, lack globally agreed definition of “ag.
sector”, gaps scient/tech knowledge of CC impact on ag
 using CC-funds for agric:
- some bilateral donor projects…(WFP tool @COP21…)
- GCF prioritises CSA/LDC in principle but UNFCCC mandate?
(100bn by 2020, only 10 now, 60 pledged.. 50-50% MAd..now 16%)…will depend on Nat Author (Min Energy?)
- 2008-13, 1bn USD-y spent by multilateral climate funds…
diffic to say if this trend harm agric inv. (shift from ag to
CC) coz little info on how used and how to distinguish
BUT INDCs: 80% ag.in mitig. targets/actions (eg Kenya
CSA), 64% noted importance in adaptation, 30% mitigation
targets in ag. conditional on intl $ support… e.g. RAI n.6 Page 23
ECDPM