Reasons for European Colonization of
the New World
1.
2.
3
The English in their own words
Gold…
Reading 1:
►
► “There
is no commonwealth at this day in Europe, where in there is not
a great store of poor people, and those necessarily to be relieved by the
wealthier sort, which otherwise would starve and come to utter
confusion. With us the poor is commonly divided into three sorts, so
that some are poor by impotencies, as the fatherless child, the aged,
the blind and lame, and the diseased person that is judged to be
incurable: the second are poor by casualty, as the wounded soldier, the
decayed householder, and the sick person visited with grievous and
painful diseases: the third consisteth of the thriftless poor, as the rioter
that hath consumed all, the vagabond that will abide no where...and
finally the rogue and strumpet....
► For the first two sorts...which are the true poor in deed, and for whom
the word doth bind us to make some daily provision: there is order
taken through out every parish in the realm, that weekly collection shall
be made for their help and sustentation....The third sort...are often
corrected with sharp execution, and the whip of justice abroad....
► Some also do grudge at the great increase of people in these days,
thinking a necessary brood of cattle far better than a superfluous
augmentation of mankind.”
►
►
William Harrison, 1586
WILLIAM HARRISON (1534-1593), English topographer and antiquary, was born in London on the 18th of April 1534.
God
► Reading
► “It
2:
will be a service to the church of great consequence to carry
the gospel into those parts of the world...to raise a bulwark
against the kingdom of AnteChrist which the Jesuites labor to
rear up in those parts.
► All other churches of Europe are brought to desolation and sins
for which the Lord begins already to frown upon us and to cut us
short, do threaten evil times to be coming upon us and who
knows, but that God hath provided this place to be a refuge for
many whom he means to save out of
the general calamity....
► This land grows weary of her inhabitants...masters are forced by
authority to entertain servants, parents to maintain their own
children, all towns complain of the burden of their poor....
The fountains of learning and religion are so corrupted as...most
children...are perverted, corrupted, and utterly overthrown by
the multitude of evil examples....”
► John
Winthrop, first government of Massachusetts Bay Colony,
1629 (The Puritan leader and governor of Massachusetts)
Glory
► Reading 3:
► “We, for all the
statutes that hitherto can be devised...cannot
deliver our commonwealth from multitudes of loiterers and idle
vagabonds. Truth it is, that through our long peace and seldom
sickness...wee are growing more populous than ever heretofore;
so that now there are...so many, that they can hardly live one by
another....and often fall to pilfering and thieving and other
lewdness....These petty thieves might be condemned for certain
years in the western parties....in sawing and felling of timber...in
the burning of the fires and pine trees to make pitch, tar, rosen,
and soap ashes; in beating and working of hemp for cordage;
and in the more southern parts, in setting them to work in
mines....in planting of sugar canes...in dressing of vines....
► This enterprise may stay the Spanish King from flowing over all
the face of that land of America....How easy a matter may it be
to this realm, swarming at this day with valiant youths, to abate
the pride of Spain and of the support of the great Antichrist of
Rome....”
► Richard
Hakluyt, 1584
Richard Hakluyt ( 1c. 1552 or 1553 – 23 November 1616) was an English
writer. He is principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the
English through his works.
What are Primary Sources?
PRIMARY SOURCES PROVIDE FIRST-HAND TESTIMONY OR
DIRECT EVIDENCE CONCERNING A TOPIC UNDER
INVESTIGATION. THEY ARE CREATED BY WITNESSES OR
RECORDERS WHO EXPERIENCED THE EVENTS OR
CONDITIONS BEING DOCUMENTED. OFTEN THESE SOURCES
ARE CREATED AT THE TIME WHEN THE EVENTS OR
CONDITIONS ARE OCCURRING, BUT PRIMARY SOURCES
CAN ALSO INCLUDE AUTOBIOGRAPHIES, MEMOIRS, AND
ORAL HISTORIES RECORDED LATER. PRIMARY SOURCES
ARE CHARACTERIZED BY THEIR CONTENT, REGARDLESS OF
WHETHER THEY ARE AVAILABLE IN ORIGINAL FORMAT, IN
MICROFILM/MICROFICHE, IN DIGITAL FORMAT, OR IN
PUBLISHED FORMAT.
What are Secondary Sources?
►
A secondary source interprets and analyzes
primary sources. These sources are one or more
steps removed from the event. Secondary sources
may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary
sources in them. Some types of secondary sources
include:
 PUBLICATIONS: Textbooks, magazine articles, histories,
criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias
 Examples of secondary sources include: A
journal/magazine article which interprets or reviews
previous findings
 A history textbook
 A book about the effects of WWI
►Primary
Which and When?
and secondary sources can be
studied to understand how the same event
might be portrayed from different
perspectives. Primary sources provide firsthand information about historical events.
► Secondary sources provide interpretations
of events by people who were not present
at the events they discuss.
“The Significance of the
Frontier in American History”
 In using documents, historians determine the
applicability of information and separate factual
information from opinion/ fiction. Historians also use
evidence provided by the primary and secondary
sources to construct arguments which support a
stated position.
History 1492-1750s
(First Global Age)
Focus of Chapters 3 and 4 in a few “nutshells”
Notes Chapter 3, Section 1
►
Did You Know?
►
Before John Rolfe married
Pocahontas, she learned
English, converted to
Christianity, was baptized,
and was renamed
Rebecca. After their
marriage, the couple went
to England, where she met
the king and queen.
Pocahontas died of
smallpox before she could
return to America.
2009 OAT Test Question
I.
England in America
(Pages 70-71)
The English defeat of the Spanish Armada
ended
Spanish control of the seas. England and other European
nations could begin colonies in North America because it
was now safe to sail the waters.
► In 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert
reading claimed
Newfoundland for Queen Elizabeth.
► Sir Walter Raleigh image quotes sent about 100 men to settle on
Roanoke Island map off the coast of present-day North
Carolina in 1585. After the difficult winter there, the
colonists returned to England.
► A second group of settlers came in 1587. This group of
US postage stamp
Roanoke colonists deserted theissued
island
and disappeared. No
in 1937, the
350th anniversary of
clues to their fate were left except
the word Croatoan
Virginia Dare's birth
theories carved on a gatepost. Virginia Dare (born August 18, 1587, date of death
►
reading
image
unknown) was the first white child born in the Americas to English parents,
►
Under King James I the idea emerged to give
groups of merchants charters to organize and
develop settlements (1606)
2009 OAT Test Question
Jamestown
Settlement, 1609
II. Jamestown Settlement (Pages 71-73)
In April 1607, settlers sent by the Virginia Company in
London entered Chesapeake Bay and founded Jamestown.
“He
of parsonage
a tall well
Theyisfaced
many hardships.
Forproportioned
example, theyman...
found no
goldhead
nor did
they
establish
fur trading
his
some
what
gray....the
Hisfish
ageorneare
60; of expected
a
of them
thehardybody
Virginia Company
investors.
The What
number of
very
ablebyand
to endure
any labour.
colonists dwindled. Captain John Smith arrived in 1608 to
he
commandeth
they dare
not
disobey
in the least
govern
the colonists.
The
Virginia
Company
installed yet
thing.
It leader
is strange
to see them
with what
andwinter
another
to govern
after great
Smith.feare
A harsh
adoration
all these
obay this
Powhatan.
Death at Jamestown and
more people
trouble doe
continued
to plague
the
colonists.
For
at his feet, they present whatsoever he
► commandeth,
When the colonists
discovered
how
and at the
least frowne
ofto
hisgrow
browe,
tobacco,
thespirits
colonywill
began
to prosper.
Relations
their
greatest
tremble
with feare:
and no with
the Native Americans living nearby also improved when
marvell,
forcolonists,
he is veryJohn
terrible
and tryannous
in
one of the
Rolfe,
married Pocahontas,
punishing
such
as offend
him.” John Smith on
the daughter
of Chief
Powhatan
►
reading
reading
Powhatan
Powhatan Confederacy
A few words about maps…
Using an analogy from writing, to fully understand historical
prose, (1.) you need to know about the author: his/her
background, motivations, and when and where the
author wrote. This information is essential in order to place
the writing within a proper historical context. (2.) Similarly
one needs to place maps in their proper spatial and
chronological contexts to fully appreciate their
meaning. This information can shed more light on a map's
(3.) historical context. All these elements may not be
present on every map but knowing information about several
of them will make itThe
much
easier tomap,
fit the
map
into
Waldseemüller
printed
in 1507
geographical and historical niches.
Author/Publisher -- Knowing who created the map may offer hints as to the map's
bias or biases. Does this person or organization have a vested interest in how the
map is perceived by the map reader? For example, "town plats," maps created by
western promoters, were aimed at attracting prospective settlers. Often they
were purely propaganda.
Place of Publication -- In what country or city was the map published?
What language(s) does the map employ? This could provide insights into
potential nationalistic biases.
Date -- When the map was constructed helps to place the map in its chronological
context. Does the map reflect true facts? Post-1990 maps of Europe should
show one Germany, not two.
Audience -- Who was the intended audience? What message did the mapmaker
want to send? Why was the map produced?
Source of Data -- If the map uses secondary data sources, such as census
material, knowing the source of the data will help in assessing the appropriateness
of the data and thereby the map.
Origin -- Was the map drawn? printed in limited numbers? mass-produced?
This is often related to the date the map was initially created.
Context -- How does the map fit with earlier and later maps? How does
the map reflect new discoveries? Using these tools to assess a map will assist in
assessing its relevance as an image of a particular point in time.
Powhatan Indian Village
Jamestown Fort &
Settlement
(Computer Generated)
Jamestown Housing
Jamestown Settlement
Jamestown Chapel, 1611
Jamestown Colonization
Pattern:
1620-1660
High Mortality Rates
The “Starving Time”:
1607: 104 colonists
By spring, 1608: 38 survived
1609: 300 more immigrants
By spring, 1610: 60 survived
1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants
1624 population: 1,200
Adult life expectancy: 40 years
Death of children before age 5: 80%
“Widowarchy”
High mortality
among husbands and
fathers left many
women
in the Chesapeake
colonies with
unusual autonomy
and wealth!
Why Relations With The Native
Americans Were Sometimes Rocky
Bring What you Need—
or suffer!
Indentured Servitude
Headright System:
 Each Virginian got 50 acres for
each person whose passage they
paid.
Indenture Contract:
 5-7 years.
 Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]
 Forbidden to marry.
 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their
indentured contracts!
II.
Continued
The Virginia Company allowed a representative
government in which ten towns in the colony
each sent two representatives, or burgesses, to
an assembly. The assembly made local laws.
The Virginia Company refers collectively to a pair of English joint stock
► The House of Burgesses
first
time
companies charteredmet
by Jamesfor
I on 10the
April 1606
with the
purposes on
of
July 30/ 1619. establishing settlements on the coast of North America . The two
companies, called the "Virginia Company of London" (or the London
► In 1619 ninety women
were
sentCompany
to Jamestown
so that
Company) and
the "Virginia
of Plymouth" (or Plymouth
Company)
operated
with identical charterscould
but with differing
territories. An
families could form
and
the
population
increase.
area of overlapping territory was created. Within the area of overlap, the two
companies were
not permitted
to establish colonies within
one hundred
► In 1619 twenty Africans
came
to Jamestown.
They
were
miles of each other. The Plymouth Company never fulfilled its charter, and
sold to Virginia planters
to work in the tobacco fields.
its territory that later became New England was then also claimed by
They may have come
France. as servants, not as slaves.
► Until 1640 some Africans were free and some owned
property. In the years that followed, however, Africans
came as enslaved passengers or were sold as slaves
upon arrival. Slavery became legal in the 1660s.
►
[4]
Early Colonial Tobacco
1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds
of tobacco.
1622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of
its colonists in an Indian attack,
Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of
tobacco.
1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds
of tobacco.
1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000
pounds of tobacco.
Chapter 3, Section 2
► Did
You Know?
► Today
in the city of
Cape Cod, the
Massachusetts House
of Representatives
deliberates under a
giant carved wooden
codfish whose head
points at whichever
party is in power the
Democratic or the
Republican. “The
Sacred Cod”
Separatists
vs.
Puritans
Puritanism
Calvinism  Institutes of the Christian Religion
 Predestination.
• Good works could not save those predestined
for hell.
• No one could be certain of their spiritual
status.
• Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking
•
signs of “conversion.”
Puritans:
 Want to totally reform [purify] the Church
of England.
 Grew impatient with the slow process of
Protestant Reformation back in England.
Separatists
Separatist Beliefs:
 Puritans who believed only “visible
saints” [those who could demonstrate in
front of their fellow Puritans their
elect status] should be admitted to
church membership.
 Because the Church of England enrolled
all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt
they had to share churches with the
“damned.”
 Therefore, they believed in a total
break from the Church of England.
The Mayflower
1620  a group of 102
people [half Separatists]
 Negotiated with the
Virginia Company to
settle in its
jurisdiction.
 Non-Separatists
included Captain Myles
Standish.
Plymouth Bay way
outside the domain of the Virginia
Company.
 Became squatters without legal right to land
& specific authority to establish a govt.
I.
► There
Religious Freedom
(Pages 76-78)
were two groups of Protestants in England.
Those who wanted to reform the Anglican Church
history were Puritans. Those who wanted to
leave and set up their own church were
Separatists.
► Some Separatists fled to the Netherlands for
religious freedom. Some of these Separatists
were given a guarantee by the Virginia
Company to be able to practice their religion
freely if they settled in Virginia. In return
they had to share their profits with the
Virginia Company. These people called
themselves Pilgrims.
Sources of Puritan Migration
The Mayflower Compact
November 11, 1620
Written and signed before the
Pilgrims disembarked from the
ship.
Not a constitution, but an
agreement to form a crude govt.
and submit to majority rule.
 Signed by 41 adult males.
Led to adult male settlers meeting
in assemblies to make laws in town
meetings.
I. Continued
The Mayflower carried Pilgrims to settle
the Virginia colony. They landed north,
however, at Plymouth, Massachusetts, due
to the oncoming winter. Plymouth was not
part of the Virginia Company territory and
its laws did not apply. So the Pilgrims drew
up the Mayflower Compact to provide laws
to live by. It was the beginning of a
representative government in America.
► D. The Pilgrims received help from the
Native Americans (music) in learning to plant
crops and in hunting and fishing. Without
them the Pilgrims may not have survived.
► C.
OAT QUESTION: Government:
Role of Govt. 1 p.152
6th grade standard p.143
reasons for creation of government?
12. In 1620, the Mayflower Compact created a basis for
written laws in the New England colony of Plymouth.
Why did the Pilgrims create the Mayflower Compact?
A. to declare independence from England
B. to ensure peace with American Indians
C. to establish an orderly community
D. to guarantee universal religious tolerance in the
colony
How do you think the Pilgrims lives
in America compared to their lives
in England?
…gained religious freedom,
establishing a new government, and
learning to adapt to a new
environment, as well as living under
religious persecution, living under
established laws, and living under
difficult economic conditions.
II. New Settlements
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
(Pages 78-80)
More hard times beset the Puritans in England. In 1629 a group
received a royal charter and formed the Massachusetts Bay Colony
located north of Plymouth. The group settled in Boston with John
Winthrope image as their governor. City on a Hill
During the Great Migration in the 1630s, more than 15,000 Puritans came to
Massachusetts to escape religious persecution and economic
difficulties in England.
An elected group called the General Court ran the colony. The
Massachusetts Bay Colony created a colonial legislature when
settlers wanted a larger role in government. Every adult male church
member who also owned property could vote for their
representatives to the General Court.
Find a Grave.com John Winthrope
Although the Puritans left England for religious freedom in America,
they criticized, or persecuted, people who held religious beliefs other
than theirs. This led to the formation of new colonies in America.
Colonists settle along the fertile Connecticut River valley in the
1630s.
In 1636 Thomas Hooker founded Hartford. Three years later,
Hartford and two neighboring towns adopted the Fundamental Orders
of Connecticut.entire text This was the first written constitution in
America.
Roger Williams, a minister, established Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations, where religious toleration existed. People could worship
as they pleased.
H. In 1638 John Wheelwright founded the colony of New Hampshire.
It became independent of Massachusetts in 1679.
Puritan “Rebels”
Intelligent, strong-willed,
well-spoken woman.
Threatened patriarchal
control.
Antinomialism [direct
revelation]
 Means “against the law.”
 Carried to logical extremes
Puritan doctrine of
predestination.
Anne
Hutchinson
 Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.
 Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of
either God or man.
Anne Hutchinson’s Trial
1638  she confounded the Puritan leaders
for days.
Eventually bragged that she had received her
beliefs DIRECTLY from God.
Direct revelation was even more serious than
the heresy of antinomianism. WHY??
Puritan leaders banished her  she & her
family traveled to RI and later to NY.
 She and all but one member of her family were
killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County.
 John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!
Colonizing New England
New England Spreads Out
English Migration: 1610-1660
Puritans
►Puritanical Adjective
►1. Usually disparaging strict in
moral or religious outlook
►Noun 1.prude - a person
excessively concerned about
propriety and decorum puritan
Witchcraft in the Colonies, or why the
Puritans got a bad rap-- A cautionary
tale of finding
Reverend Samuel Parris (1653-17
what you’re looking for.
Reading:
Increase Mather
(June 21, 1639 – August 23, 1723)
Cotton Mather
(February 12, 1663 – February 13, 1728).
Richard Mather
(1596 - April 22, 1669),
1684 essay Illustrious Providences
attempted to prove the existence of the spiritual world
Memorable Providences 1689
“Memorable Providences, Relating to Witchcrafts and Possessions.
A Faithful Account of many Wonderful and Surprising
Things, that have befallen several Bewitched and Possessed
Persons in New-England. Particularly, A Narrative of the marvellous
Trouble and Releef Experienced by a pious Family in Boston, very
lately and sadly molested with Evil Spirits.”
Characteristics of New England
Settlements
Low mortality  average life
expectancy was 70 years of
age.
Many extended families.
Average 6 children per family.
Average age at marriage:
 Women – 22 years old
 Men – 27 years old.
Patriarchy
Authoritarian male father figures
controlled each household.
Patriarchal ministers and magistrates
controlled
church
congregations
and household
patriarchs.
Puritans vs. Native Americans
Indians especially weak in New England 
epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native popul.
Wampanoags [near Plymouth] befriended
the settlers.
 Cooperation between the two
helped by Squanto.
1621  Chief Massasoit signed
treaty with the settlers.
 Autumn, 1621  both groups
celebrated the First Thanksgiving.