The Three Types of Blood Vessels
Section 37-1
Vein
Artery
Endothelium
Arteriole
Capillary
Venule
Connectiv
e tissue
Connectiv
e tissue
Smooth
muscle
Endothelium
Smooth
muscle
Endothelium
Valve
Chapter 18
Human Respiratory System
Section 37-1
Figure 37-2 The Circulatory System
Capillaries of
head and arms
Superior
vena cava
Pulmonary
vein
Capillaries of
right lung
Aorta
Pulmonary
artery
Capillaries
of left lung
Inferior
vena cava
Capillaries of
abdominal organs
and legs
Figure 37-3 The Structures of the
Heart
Section 37-1
Superior Vena Cava
Large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the
upper part of the body to the right atrium
Aorta
Brings oxygen-rich blood from the left
ventricle to the rest of the body
Pulmonary Arteries
Bring oxygen-poor blood
to the lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Bring oxygen-rich blood from each
of the lungs to the left atrium
Left Atrium
Pulmonary Valve
Prevents blood from flowing
back into the right ventricle
after it has entered the
pulmonary artery
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Prevents blood from flowing
back into the right atrium after it
has entered the right ventricle
Aortic Valve
Prevents blood from flowing
back into the left ventricle
after it has entered the aorta
Mitral Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back
into the left atrium after it has
entered the left ventricle
Left Ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava
Vein that brings oxygen-poor
blood from the lower part of
the body to the right atrium
Septum
Right Ventricle
Figure 37-10 Blood Clotting
Break in Capillary Wall
Clumping of Platelets
Clot Forms
Blood vessels injured.
Platelets clump at the site
and release thromboplastin.
Thromboplastin converts
prothrombin into thrombin..
Thrombin converts
fibrinogen into fibrin, which
causes a clot. The clot
prevents further loss of
blood..
Figure 37-11 The Lymphatic System
Section 37-2
Superior
vena cava
Thymus
Heart
Thoracic
duct
Spleen
Lymph
nodes
Lymph
vessels
The Respiratory System
Figure 37-14 Gas Exchange in the
Lungs
Section 37-3
Alveoli
Bronchiole
Capillary
Figure 37-15 The Mechanics of
Breathing
Section 37-3
Air
exhaled
Air
inhaled
Rib cage
lowers
Rib cage
rises
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Inhalation
Exhalation
Figure 37-15 The Mechanics of
Breathing
Section 37-3
Air
exhaled
Air
inhaled
Rib cage
lowers
Rib cage
rises
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Inhalation
Exhalation
Human Respiration video
What three things are required to
be a respiratory surface?
What three things are required to
be a respiratory surface?
1. THIN
2. MOIST
3. In contact with
exchanging material
Respiration
• Respiration- is
an organisms’ ability to create
energy. (ATP)
Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic
Respiration
Alcoholic
Lactic Acid
Fermentation
Fermentation
The path Oxygen must travel
along Your Respiratory System
Nose (nasal cavity)
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
alveoli
pleura
diaphragm
Human Respiration
• Involves the process of cellular
respiration and gas exchange
a) cellular respiration:
glucose + O2  H2O + CO2 + 36 ATP’s
b) gas exchange:
**exchange of gases between the
internal and external environment with
the use of lungs
(I) Human Respiratory System
• Composed of a network of
passageways which permits air to
flow from the external environment
and into the lungs
• Kept open By cartilaginous rings
Human Respiratory system
Diaphragm
Nasal Cavity
Structure
Function
Lined with:
The cilia and mucus:
• cilia
1. Filters air
• mucus membrane
2. Warms air
• hairs
3. Moistens air
•Olfactory Nerve endings (Warmed air diffuses
easier!!!)
Pharynx
Structure
*Known as the
throat region
Function
*It is an area in
which both air and
food pass through
Larynx
Structure
Function
*Also called the Adam’s
apple
*Humans use the
larynx as a voice box
which contains vocal
cords that vibrate and
produce sound as air
passes through
*or voice box
*2 pairs of vibrating
membranes
Epiglottis
Structure
*A cartilaginous/
muscular flap
Function
*Covers the trachea
when swallowing
food
Trachea
Structure
*AKA: windpipe
**Kept open by rings
of cartilage
**Lined with a
ciliated mucus
membrane
Function
Breathing tube
(One cigarette
paralyzes the cilia for
20 minutes)
Human Respiratory System
Bronchi (bronchus = singular)
Structure
Function
*Trachea divides into two
*Two tubes air
major divisions known as
leading to the lungs
bronchi
**also contain cartilage rings
***The bronchi subdivide
many times forming smaller
tubules known as bronchioles
Bronchioles
Structure
Function
*Lack cartilage rings *Smallest air
tubes within the
**Tiny bronchioles
lungs
subdivide and
terminate (end) with
structures known as
alveoli
Lung:
Smokers lung with cancer.
White area on top is the cancer,
this is what killed the person.
Above: Normal city dwellers lung.
Note black specks throughout indicative
of carbon deposits from pollution.
Human Respiratory System
Alveoli (s. alveolus)
Structure
Function
*thin, (like capillaries)
*gas exchange between
*moist
*surrounded by
capillaries
the lung and the blood
**increase surface area
for gas exchange
***O2 diffuses into the
blood from the alveoli
and CO2 and water
diffuse out of the blood
and into the alveoli
Alveoli
Gas Exchange in the Lungs
Alveoli
Bronchiole
Capillary
Lung Capacity Lab (Vital capacity):
My actual lung Capacity=4100cm3
(2) lungs measurements:
17cm x 6cm x 10cm = 2400 cm3
Balloon value= 3100cm3
Calculated Vital Capacity
My height 66’’x 2.54cm=167.64
167.64 x 29 = 4861.56 cm3
Height x factors = capacity
41%
Gas exchange
Gas exchange
Gas exchange
Using complete sentences describe
“how you breathe?”
Diaphragm
*Muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity
**Causes Pressure within thoracic cavity
(II) Breathing Process
• Lungs are highly elastic (stretchable)
• Breathing is controlled by the medulla
• Movement of the diaphragm and ribcage causes
pressure change in the chest cavity which moves
air into and out of the lungs
• The breathing rate is controlled by the
concentration of CO2 in the blood
• Inhalation- breathe in
• Exhalation- breathe out
When you breath you are inhaling and
exhaling….
• Inhalation = O2 (oxygen)
enters the body
system
• Exhalation =CO2 (carbon
is passed out of
the body
dioxide)
The Mechanics of Breathing
Air
exhale
d
Air inhaled
Rib
cage
lowers
Rib
cage
rises
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Inhalation
Exhalation
The Mechanics of Breathing
Air
exhaled
Air
inhaled
Rib
cage
lowers
Rib
cage
rises
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Inhalation
Exhalation
(II) Breathing Process
(IV) Gas Exchange
1. In the blood, hemoglobin binds
with oxygen from the alveoli to
form oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
2. Carbon dioxide is carried
primarily in the plasma of the
blood in the form of
bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
(IV) Gas Exchange
--Bronchitis
-Emphysema
-Bronchitis
-Asthma
Many respiratory diseases are
cause by abrasive agents:
Asbestos
-Cigarettes
Asbestos
•Asbestos fibers enter the body via inhalation or
ingestion.
•Many factors determine how exposure to asbestos
will affect health and how severely.
•These factors include:
•How many fibers entered the body
•How long the exposure to asbestos occurred
•Whether or not the asbestos was inhaled or
swallowed.
•Inhalation of asbestos fibers can result in
mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis, and impaired
blood flow to the lungs due to enlargement of the
heart.
Cigarettes
http://www.medbroadcast.com/video_ani/view_video_ani.html
• 4000 chemicals and toxins in one puff
on a cigarettes
• 50 cancer causing agents
• Tar, Nicotine, Ammonia,
Formaldehyde, Arsenic (Rat poison)
•Some other poisons in tobacco smoke that are
inhaled by both smokers and passive smokers
include:
•nitrogen oxides,
•hydrogen cyanide,(rat poison)
•arsenic (white ant poison),
•ammonia (floor cleaner),
•phenol (paints),
naphthalene (mothballs),
•cadmium (car batteries),
•urethane,
•Acetone (paint stripper),
•carbon monoxide (car exhaust),
•DDT (insecticide) and
•butane (lighter fuel).
Bronchitis
• Inflammation of the membrane of the
bronchial tubes
• Bronchitis is caused by viruses (common
cold viruses, influenza virus, adenovirus)
bacteria
– ( Bordatella pertussis, Mycoplasma
pneumoniae, Chlamydia pneumoniae,
Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus
pneumoniae) or by other infectious organisms
Asthma
http://www.medbroadcast.com/video_ani/
• An aggravated/allergic Reaction
• Constriction of the bronchial tubes
Asthma
•Cigarette
smoke
•Cockroaches
•Dust mites
•Mold
•Pets and
animals
•Pollen
•Cold air
•Exercise
•Stress
•Respiratory
infections
•Don't panic
•Breathe deep, slow and
easy
•Rest
•Take your prescribed
asthma medication
•Call for help
•Get to a doctor
Emphysema
*Disease in which the walls of the alveoli
breakdown,
**Decreasing surface area for gas
exchange
***shortness of breath, difficulty
breathing, and decreased lung capacity
*****Caused by:
Emphysema
Emphysema
Emphysema
Normal lung
capacity
Loss of surface
area
Emphysema
Normal lung
capacity
Patient 1
Patient 2
Pneumonia
• The alveoli become filled with
fluid, preventing gas exchange
between the alveoli and the
capillaries
Lung Cancer
What is C.F.?
Babies are born with (Cystic Fibrosis) CF when they inherit
faulty genes from both their parents. CF is a disease in which
the secretions from various glands are thick and sticky
instead of being watery and free flowing. The lungs and
digestive system are particularly affected. A build up of thick
mucus in the lungs reduces the ability to clear bacteria
leading to cycles of infection and inflammation which damage
the delicate lung tissues.
Lung function is progressively lost and respiratory failure is
the major cause of death in CF patients. The lower intestine
can also become blocked by a build up of mucus, but the
major digestive problem concerns the pancreas.
Why we breath?
You mean
that
respiration is
different
then
breathing??
When’s the
last time you
saw a tree
breath?
What three things are required to
be a respiratory surface?