1
Session-1
Concept & need of community involvement
Objective
The objective is to help the group understand the word “community” and to recognize
the inherent homogeneity amongst themselves that makes them a “community”. By the
end of the session participants will come to an understanding on what is a community
& the need for a community involvement.
Time: 1hour
Material required:
Charts, markers, Handouts, Power Point Presentation
Steps:
This is a discussion based session and requires active facilitation. This process can be
run in different ways depending on the skill and experience of the facilitator.
1. Divide the participants into two or three groups and assign each group topics
like what is community, need for community.
2. Ask the groups to discuss about the given topics and list out the points on charts.
3. The groups should then be asked to present their respective discussions for
larger group dissemination and discussion
4. Use the presentations to sum up the discussions on the given topics.
5. Make a PPT presentation on what is a community, the need for community.
Contents to be covered:
1. The concept of community
2. What is the need for a community?
Key messages:



A community can be defined as "a specific group of people, often living in
a defined geographical area, who share a common culture, values and norms,
are arranged in a social structure according to relationships which the
community has developed over a period of time.”
For NACO the term “community” refers to core high risk groups (HRGs) –
female sex workers, men who have sex with men, Transgenders and injecting
drug users.
The targeted intervention design of NACP III aspires to initiate and
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strengthen community led or community owned programming. This is intended
to enhance the utilisation of services as well as create sustainable impact among
high risk and vulnerable populations.
Handout
What is a Community?
There are several definitions for the term “community” in literature but the ones
relevant to us are as follows.
1. As per World Health Organization (WHO), a community can be defined
as "a specific group of people, often living in a defined geographical area,
who share a common culture, values and norms, are arranged in a social
structure according to relationships which the community has developed over
a period of time.”
2. The Webster's New World dictionary defines a community as:
 All the people living in a particular district, city, etc.
 A group of people living together as a smaller social unit within a
larger one, and having common interests and work
 A group of nations loosely or closely associated because of
common traditions or for political or economic advantage.
 Society in general, the public
 Ownership or participation in common;
 Similarity or likeness of norms
Communities can be geographical entities, such as urban neighborhoods or
villages, or groups with common interests, such as water user associations, parentteacher associations, members of a micro credit society, or women’s groups, Sex
workers or Men having sex with Men etc.
Thus it can be summed up that communities are




Often geographically defined - but not necessarily e.g. men who have sex with
men or sex workers are a community
Affected communities will have different priorities within and between them
depending on age, gender, social or economic status
Includes individuals, households and groups but also…
Formal and informal, public and private services
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b. What is a not a community?
Merely a group of people getting together or with likeness does not form a
community. Mobs or group with no common interest and values even with same
geographical locations or sharing same occupation may not be considered as a
community. Similarly people living in one area do not necessarily comprise a
community.
School children for example cannot be considered a community irrespective of
many similarities such as age, clothing, living style etc. Similarly
persons
involved in similar occupation like trading do not form a community until they are
united formally and exhibit similar behavior for a long period.
The group that is formed for a temporary period such as relief agencies coming
together for coordination and linkages in the aftermath of disasters is not a
community irrespective of the common mission.
For TI purpose according to NACO , “A community can often constitute a very diverse
set of individuals who are identified under one category or label based on one or more
of the features that define the community. In such a case, the group may not
necessarily see itself as a community. An example of this is FSWs. FSWs hail from
different backgrounds, religions, etc. The feature of commonality is the occupation
they practise. The nature of the occupation is such that it fosters shame and does
not naturally allow congregation. Basic acceptance of self is however essential for
FSWs to own their life patterns and problems.”
NEED FOR A COMMUNITY
Members of a community gain their personal and social identity by sharing common
beliefs, values and norms, which have been developed by the community in the past
and may be modified in the future. They exhibit some awareness of their identity as
a group, and share common needs and a commitment to meeting them.
The broader social perspectives that have a bearing on health emerge as important
dimensions in the program when community members take the initiative to decide
the focal areas of a health-related intervention. HIV interventions among FSWs need
to address socioeconomic, cultural, and political issues that determine the lives and
behavior of the community. The process of community mobilization enhances
communities’ control over their health and lives by challenging the “status quo”
within sex work. It also challenges the social, political, and legal systems that restrict
the basic human, and civil rights of this marginalized community.
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In a group process, the members gradually start involving themselves in the
mobilization process. As a result, all the community members join the movement
to bring about changes within their own community and in the external society.
Even though some community members may lack drive or offer resistance, they are
usually pulled in by the group spirit of the majority, into the process of mobilization
and movement. Through the process of mobilization, healthy behavioral norms and
practices that are sustainable are established.
Comprehensive development of the community is possible when a community gets
mobilized and motivated. This development leads to improvement in the quality of
life that has a positive effect on their health status, and reduces their vulnerability.
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SESSION-2
Understanding the community we work with
Objective:
By the end of the session participants will come to an understanding of the community
we work with including the typologies, etc.
Time: 1 hour
Material required:
Charts, markers, Handouts, Power Point Presentation
Steps:
1) Divide the participants into two or three groups and ask them to select one HRG
group that we work with
2) Ask the groups to discuss about the community that we work with and list out
the points on charts.
3) The groups should then be asked to present their respective discussions for
larger group dissemination and discussion
4) Based on the presentations try to build a profile of the communities that we work
with..
5) Make a PPT presentation on the nature of the community that we work with.
Contents to be covered:
1) What are the HRG communities that we work with?
2) What are the features of the HRG groups that we work with?
3) Different typologies of the community that we work with
Key messages:


A female sex worker (FSW) is an adult woman who engages in consensual sex
for money or payment in kind, as her principal means of livelihood.
The term “men who have sex with men” (MSM) is used to denote all men who
have sex with other men as a matter of preference or practice, regardless of their
sexual identity or sexual orientation and irrespective of whether they also have
sex with women or not. Coined by public health experts for the purpose of
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

HIV/STI prevention, this epidemiological term focuses exclusively on sexual
practice.
Sex workers can be categorised into 6 main typologies, based on where they
work and more specifically on where they recruit or solicit clients and not where
they live or actually entertain the clients
It is important to note that certain typologies (brothel­ and
lodge­/dhabha­based sex workers) tend to have higher client volumes than
home based sex workers, and they therefore have a higher risk profile,
requiring special focus even within the category of female sex workers. New
entrants into these categories also warrant special focus.
Handout
FEMALE SEX WORKERS
For the purpose of TIs, a female sex worker (FSW) is an adult woman, who engages
in consensual sex for money or payment in kind, as her principal means of livelihood.
FSWs have many sexual partners concurrently. Generally, full­time FSWs have at least
one client per day, or at least 30 clients per month, and nearly 400 per year. Some
FSWs have more clients than others, having several clients per day and 100 or more
clients in a month. The higher risk of FSWs is reflected in a substantially higher
prevalence of HIV among them than in the general population. In India, Sentinel
Surveillance data has shown that HIV prevalence is generally 10­20% or more, which is
more than ten times higher among FSWs than among pregnant women attending
antenatal clinics.
The relative importance of FSWs as a HRG can be summarized by estimating the
number of sexual contacts occurring between FSWs and clients. Within one year, 1,000
FSWs will have sexual contact with 300,000 to 1,000,000 clients. In contrast, 1,000 “high
risk” men who have 6­12 sexual partners in a year will have a total of 6,000­12,000
sexual partners in a year. Since the HIV prevalence is much higher among FSWs, a
higher proportion of their sexual partnerships could result in HIV transmission. This
demonstrates the strategic importance of focusing prevention programmes on FSWs.
Sex workers can be categorised into six categories based on where they work (i.e. recruit
clients) and not where they live or actually entertain the clients. Programmes that
attempt to reach out to sex workers in their residences can be problematic, especially if the
sex worker is “anonymous” at her home and practices sex work without the knowledge of
her family.
Typologies of Female Sex Workers (FSWs): The major typologies of FSW in India are
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described below.
1. Street­based sex workers are those who solicit clients on the street
or in public places such as parks, railway stations, bus stands,
markets, cinema halls. They may live in a brothel and may entertain
their clients in a lodge, car, truck, hotel room, at the client’s home, in
a cinema or in a public place.
2. Brothel­based sex workers are those whose clients contact them in
recognised brothels, that is buildings or residential homes where
people from outside the sex trade know that sex workers live and
work. This includes sex workers in Kamathipura in Bombay and
Sonagachi in Calcutta, and also smaller scale brothels in Districts
such as Sangli, Bagalkot and Guntur. Typically, a brothel is a place
where a small group of sex workers is managed by a Madam
3.
4.
5.
6.
(gharwali) or an agent. Usually the sex worker pays a part of her
earnings to the gharwali.
Lodge­based sex workers are those who reside in what is known as a
lodge (a small hotel) and their clients are contracted by the lodge
owner, manager or any other employee of the lodge on the basis of
sharing the profits. These sex workers do not publicly solicit for
clients.
Dhaba­based sex workers are those who are based at dhabas (roadside
resting places for truckers and other long­distance motorists) or
road­side country motels. Like lodge­based sex workers, these sex
workers do not publicly solicit clients, but rather are accessed by
clients who come to these locations. In some cases, dhaba­ based
sex workers are also contracted by the dhaba owners and could move
from dhaba to dhaba based on their contracts..
Home­based or “secret” sex workers operate usually from their
homes, contacting their clients on the phone or through word of
mouth or through middle­men (e.g. auto drivers). Generally, they
are not known to be working as sex workers within their
neighbouring areas. In fact, they could have an entirely different
“public” identity – e.g. housewife, student. While many sex workers
operate “secretly” given the level of harassment, violence and
stigmatisation they experience from the police, the rowdies and the
members of general public, for the purpose of TIs, the term
“secret” sex worker refers to a specialised category of sex workers, as
explained above. They are only “secret” or “anonymous” in terms of
their identity in their immediate context (e.g. family, neighbourhood)
– not in terms of accessibility to programmes or their clients.
Highway­based sex workers are those who recruit their clients from
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highways, usually from among long distance truck drivers.
There are other sex workers whose primary occupational identity may vary, but a
large proportion of their occupation group, but not all, often engages in commercial sex
regularly and in significant volumes. Bar girls, Tamasha artistes and Mujra dancers
come under this category.
The categories used here are often overlapping and fluid. For example, a sex worker
may be street­ based for some time and then go into a contract with a lodge owner to
become lodge based. Or a brothel­based sex worker may move to another town or city
temporarily and work as a street­based sex worker. For the purposes of mapping and
designing TIs we must categorise sex workers according to their primary identity
and terms of engagement in the sex trade.
Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) and Transgenders (TGs)
MSM/TGs are another important HRG who are highly vulnerable to HIV and are also a
strategically important group for focusing HIV prevention programmes. It is important
to know that not all MSM have many sexual partners, and are therefore not at a
substantially increased risk for HIV compared to others. However, there are MSM
sub­populations which do have high rates of partner change as well as high number of
concurrent sexual partners, and those that often engage in anal sex with multiple
partners are at particularly high risk, since HIV is more transmissible through anal sex
than by other sexual practices. Members of the transgender population who have many
male partners are also at high risk, since many of them engage in
anal sex. Because many men who have sex with high­risk MSM and transgendered
individuals also have other partners, both male and female, targeted interventions for
these HRGs are strategically critical to controlling the HIV epidemic.
Typologies of High Risk Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) and Transgenders
(TGs)
The term “men who have sex with men” (MSM) is used to denote all men who have
sex with other men as a matter of preference or practice, regardless of their sexual
identity or sexual orientation and irrespective of whether they also have sex with
women or not. Coined by public health experts for the purpose of HIV/STI prevention,
this epidemiological term focuses exclusively on sexual practice. This term does not
refer to those men who might have had sex with other men as part of sexual
experimentation or very occasionally depending on special circumstances. It should be
noted that not all of those who engage in male­to­male sex do not necessarily identify
themselves as homosexuals or even men.
There are several sub­groups among MSM. For the purposes of TIs, these groups
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are defined as below.


Hijras: Hijras belong to a distinct socio­religious and cultural group,
a “third gender” (apart from male and female). They dress in
feminine attire (cross­dress) and are organised under seven main
gharanas (clans). Among the hijras there are emasculated (castrated,
nirvan) men, non­ emasculated men (not castrated, akva/akka) and
inter­sexed persons (hermaphrodites). While one sub­set of hijras is
involved in blessing and gracing during births, marriages and
ceremonies, another is involved in begging, and a third group is
involved in sex work. For the purposes of TIs, hijras are covered
under the term “transgenders” or TGs.
Kothis: The term is used to describe males who show varying
degrees of “femininity” (which may be situational), take the
“female” role in their sexual relationships with other men, and are
involved mainly – though often not exclusively – in receptive
anal/oral sex with men. Some proportion of Kothis has bisexual
behaviour and many may marry a woman. Self­identified hijras may
also identify themselves as kothis. Many kothis assume the gender
identity of a woman.
 Double Deckers: Kothis and hijras label those males who both insert and
receive during penetrative sexual encounters (anal or oral sex) with
other men as Double Deckers. These days proportion of such persons
also self­identify as Double Deckers. Some equivalent terms used in
different States are Double, Dupli­Kothi (West Bengal) and Do­Paratha
(Maharashtra).
Panthis: The term panthi is used by kothis and hijras to refer to a “masculine” insertive
male partner or anyone who is masculine and seems to be a potential sexual (insertive)
partner. Some equivalent terms used in different States to denote masculine insertive
partners are Gadiyo (Gujarat), Parikh (West Bengal) and Giriya (Delhi).
Session-3
10
Community Mobilization and NACP-III
Objective:
By the end of the session participants will internalize the purpose of community
mobilization as envisaged by NACP-III and state the benefits of mobilizing themselves
as a group.
Time: 1 hour
Material required:
Handouts, Power Point Presentation
Steps:
1. Ask the participants to state what they understand about community
mobilization and list out the points.
2. Conduct the activity of breaking a stick by inviting a volunteer from the
group
3. Give one stick to the volunteer and instruct her/him to break the stick and
next give a bundle of sticks and ask the volunteer to break the bundle. Ask
them to hold on to the observations.
4. As a next activity pass the picture given in the handout to all the participants
5. Ask the participants to share the observations from both the activities
6. Sum up the rational of NACP-III using the chart or Ppt.
Contents to be covered:
1. Who are the at risk communities?
2. Why NACP intends to bring the at risk communities together?
3. Rationale of NACP-III
Key messages:


Since HIV is the issue of high risk communities, the community is the best to act
on the problem as it is a priority for them. The organic bonding between the
communities helps to achieve the scale and coverage.
Community mobilization strengthens collective bargaining power, ensuring safe
practices between people with unequal power relations; in the process they act as
pressure group to maintain and reinforce quality of services and not just as
beneficiaries.
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
When the community mobilization is strong, each member shares responsibility
for consolidation and continuation of intervention through mobilization of
resources and evolving innovative mechanisms to sustain the prevention efforts.
Handout
NACP-III AND COMMUNITY MOBILISATION
Introduction and Rationale
Targeted Intervention (TI) strategy in containing the spread of HIV among
marginalized and vulnerable high risk populations has been an essential part of the
National AIDS Control Programme (NACP). NACP will continue to place emphasis on
prevention approach to attain scale, coverage and quality through the involvement and
ownership of the at-risk communities themselves.
NACP-II has been supporting TIs that are primarily implemented by Non
Governmental Organisations (NGOs) which reach populations at highest risk, high risk
groups (HRGs), such as sex workers (male and female), men who have sex with men
(MSM) and injecting drug users (IDUs), to promote safe behaviour, provide condoms
and refer to services. NACP-III will bring in the at-risk communities to play a more pro
active role in implementation as community based organizations (CBOs), while the
NGOs will continue to play a role of capacity builders and support agents there by
putting the prevention responsibility on those who are themselves at risk.
The programme will have a greater emphasis on community mobilization, enabling
community leadership development and community self-organising and for the
community to take the lead.
Why a Community Led Response to HIV prevention
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To achieve Scale and
coverage
Improving quality


Makes HIV prevention a community priority
Uses organic bonding through which individuals share
emotions and understand /share responsibility so that
their colleagues utilize services

Strengthens collective bargaining power, ensuring safe
practices between people with unequal power relations
Community acts as pressure group to maintain and
reinforce quality of services and not just as
beneficiaries

Sustainability


Each member shares responsibility for consolidation
and continuation of intervention
Community takes active initiative to mobilize resources
and evolve innovative mechanisms
The targeted intervention design of NACP III aspires to initiate and strengthen
community led or community owned programming. This is intended to enhance the
utilization of services as well as create sustainable impact among high-risk and
vulnerable populations. This helps to make a transformation from service provision to
demand generation leading to greater utilization of services and commodities.
The community led process helps to make HIV prevention a priority issue for the
community. As long as programmes are driven by community members who are not
themselves at risk, members of the at-risk population do not give adequate importance
to the issue of HIV. When the community members fully understand the issues, obtain
control and ownership over the processes of intervention then the community starts
defining HIV as its own agenda. The community led interventions thrive through
organic bonding among community members where individual take the initiative to
support their colleagues in accessing information and services.
In addition to this, the process of collectivization strengthens collective bargaining
power which is immensely important in ensuring safer practices between individuals
with unequal power relations. This approach leads to rapid expansion and greater
saturation.
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CBOs are found to be most effective in scaling-up HIV prevention programmes
covering large geographical areas and in dealing with various structural barriers.
Coming together as a group helps members of marginalized communities strengthen
their personal and social identity and enhance their self-esteem.
The Sonagachi project through DMSC sex worker orgnaisation in DMSC was able to
expand the programme in 45 red-light districts in West Bengal within a span of two
years. Similar experience occurred in Bangladesh during the period 2001-2003, when the
programme was handed over to the sex worker organization Durjoy. Following the
transition, they took the initiative to scale up the prevention programme across
Bangladesh, covering all the country’s major sex work sites.
Community owned initiatives enable the HRG to play the role of a pressure group as
consumer to maintain and reinforce quality services. The empowered community
thereby plays the role of a ‘gatekeeper of services’ and not merely that of recipients or
beneficiaries.
Sustainability of a programme depends on various factors, including the ownership of
the community. If CBOs lead the process, individual members of the community share
the responsibility to consolidate and continue. Programmatic sustainability is thus
ensured as the community can take the initiative to mobilize resources or evolve
innovative mechanisms sustain the intervention effort. Durjoy, sex workers
organization was able to sustain basic minimum services through its resources even
after the withdrawal of the donor’s support.
Session-4
Community committees
Objective:
By the end of the session help the group understand as to what constitutes a community
committee, the different roles and responsibilities of the community committees and
how they can contribute to the process of community mobilisation
Time: 1.5 hours
Material required:
Charts, markers, Handouts, Power Point Presentation
Steps:
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This is a discussion based session and requires active facilitation. This process can be
run in different ways depending on the skill and experience of the facilitator.
1. Ask the participants on what they think constitute community committees and
also to list how many different kinds of community committees can exist
2. List down the identified community committees and divide the participants into
groups accordingly and assign each group to.
3. Ask the groups to discuss about different community committees to draw the
roles and responsibilities of that particular community committee and list out the
same on charts.
4. The groups should then be asked to present their respective discussions for
larger group dissemination and discussion
5. Use the presentations to sum up the discussions on the given topics.
6. Make a PPT presentation on what are community committees, the different roles
and responsibilities of the community committees and how they can contribute
to the process of community mobilization
Contents to be covered:
1. What is a community committee?
2. The different kinds of community committees as per NACO guidelines…
3. What are the roles and responsibilities of community committees
Key messages:





CBOs need to accomplish and manage multiple tasks in the processes of
providing services to members; no individual can perform them without the
support of members. Community Committees are formalized means to carry
out specific activities in a coordinated manner.
Community Committees (CCs) are a model for empowerment of high risk
groups (HRGs) as well as a key tool for effective provision of services
Community Committees should be formed in close consultation with
members of the community, and the structures, roles and responsibilities of the
committees and their members should be developed by the NGO/CBO jointly
with the community members.
Creates strategies that are effective in reaching underserved populations in the
community by directly involving people from those populations.
Creates ownership among the community members and strengthens collective
bargaining power.
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Handout
Community Committees
CBOs need to accomplish and manage multiple tasks in the processes of providing
services to members; no individual can perform them without the support of members.
Community Committees are formalized means to carry out specific activities in a
coordinated manner.
Why do we need community committee?
Community Committees (CCs) are a model for empowerment of high risk groups
(HRGs) as well as a key tool for effective provision of services. As such, they should be
formed in close consultation with members of the community, and the structures, roles
and responsibilities of the committees and their members should be developed by the
NGO/CBO jointly with the community members.
A CC is based in each intervention location (NGO) with one representative from each
site. The committee acts as a monitoring agent for the programme in each location and
holds periodic meetings to address issues that arise.
Effort is required to bring people together, build trust and encourage participation on
the part of the community. Community Committee members (CCMs) should represent
the different typologies of sex workers so that each group’s interests are sustained.
They should be rotated every 3 to 6 months so that the maximum number of
community members has an opportunity to serve.
The structures, roles and responsibilities of the committees and their membership are
developed jointly by the NGO/CBO consultative processes.
Objectives of the Community Committee
 Identifying the needs of the key population members in their area
 Helping members of high risk groups attain goals of health, socio­economic
empowerment and improved quality of life
 Assisting in planning and implementation of the programme
 Working on advocacy, legal help and issues such as prevention of trafficking
 Creating demand for quality STI and HIV/AIDS services
 Motivating members of HRGS to have regular medical checkups
 Organising cluster­level events such as a Women’s Day and an annual day on
other issues which affect the life of FSWs
 Promoting the collectives of the community and strengthening them
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 Promoting Self Help Group formation
Method of Functioning
 CCs meet once every fortnight; the venue and time are fixed by members for
their convenience.
 A meeting can be conducted only with 60% attendance
 The CCs maintain an attendance register, minutes book and follow-up file of
their meetings and activities
 A Community Advisor participates in one CC meeting each month as an
observer
 The minutes of the meeting are given to the NGO
 The project/NGO may take action in the programme or respond to issues based
on the recommendations of the CC
Community Committee Members (CCMs)
A Community committee member (CCM) is an elected representative of 100 members
of the key population, and/or may be elected from a particular site. Inorder to create an
organic link with the Executive board, General body members elected by the key
population can be the members of community committees. Qualifications include:
 Good communication skills, good relations with peers and a commitment to the
Community Committee process
 Willingness to attend all the trainings and meetings of CC and to participate
actively in all CC activities
 A CCM can be removed by citing justifiable reasons, e.g. poor attendance, poor
participation, involvement in unlawful activities
COMMUNITY COMMITTEES & THEIR ROLES
Standing
Roles
committees
Members
Project
Advisory
Committee
Project
director
Project
manager
2
board
members
5
community
members
Review
the
core
quarterly targets.
Identify the gaps in
achieving the quarterly
targets
and
plan
strategies to overcome
them.
Review
budgetary
aspects.
Looks
after
staff
Indicators
Frequenc
y
of
meetings
Once in 3
months.
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Advocacy
Committee
Crisis
Interventio
n
recruitment.
Analyze the training
needs of the project
staff.
Indicators for review
and achievement by
the committee :
Plan and organize
advocacy programs.
Organize need based
advocacy
programs
targeting
trouble
creating elements.
Attend the hotspot
level and individual
problems sexual and
non sexual problems.
Crisis
intervention
team (CIT) supports
the members from
various
kinds
of
discrimination
and
rights violation. The
team is on alert always
and
reaches
the
complainant within a
few hours. The CIT
works in coordination
with
external
stakeholders, such as,
ORW
Advocates
Project
Director
Project
Manager
2
Peer
Educators
and
3
community
members
Both
community
and noncommunity
members
are part of
this
committee.
Police
officials,
lawyers,
social
workers,
Systematic stakeholder Monthly.
analysis.
Conduction of advocacy
programs on regular
basis –proactively.
Conduction of advocacy
programs as per the
need –reactive.
Documentation
of
advocacy initiatives.
Rapport building with
the
police,
layers,
political
leaders,
government and other
agencies.
Networking with the
aligned
CBOs
and
organizations.
organizing events for
mass mobilization,
Organizing sensitization
programs.
Sensitivity
of Monthly
community
towards
crisis and violencereporting of violence.
Addressing crisis within
24 hrs.
Responding
to
the
issues of community.
Rapport
with
the
relevant
stakeholders
and advocacy.
Proper maintenance of
books of records to all
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Health
Committee
the police, government
officials, lawyers, social
workers, and human
rights activists.
and human
rights
activists
are part of
this team.
The ratio of
community
to
noncommunity
members
should be
50:50
to
start with
and
increase to
80:20 as the
program
matures.
discrimination, denial,
violence,
harassment
etc.
Legal education of the
community members.
Manages health service
delivery
system.
Ensures quality of
services.
Ensures that services
are friendly to the
community.
Ensures
that
services
are
provided in the time
and place suitable to
the community.
Seek periodic feedback
from the community
members about the
quality of the services.
Be
able
to
take
disciplinary
action
against doctors and
clinic
staff
who
misbehave with the
community.
Support
the management of
STIs and HIV by
Both
community
and noncommunity
members
are part of
this
committee.
The project
manager
and doctor
are
also
part of this
committee.
The ratio of
community
to
noncommunity
members
should be
50:50
to
start with
and
Clinic attendance.
Monthly.
RMC
Targets
and
achievements
ICTC
targets
and
achievements.
Maintenance of clinic.
Responsiveness
and
behavior of clinic staff
towards community.
ICTC and referrals
Pre-ART registration.
ART treatment and
adherence.
Referral follow-up.
linkages with the health
department,
government and non
government
health
departments
and
agencies,
care
and
support centers
Procurement of drugs
and monitoring.
19
following
up
on
patients. Serve as a link
between the board, and
members
concerning
health services.
increase to Proper maintenance of
80:20 as the books of records.
program
matures.
Resource
Oversees development
Mobilizatio and implementation of
n
the
resource
mobilization plan in
accordance
with
strategic
plans.
Identifies and solicits
funds from diverse
external sources of
support. The resource
mobilization can have
smaller subcommittees,
which can look after
other
fund
raising
activities,
such
as,
community
kitchen,
and travel agency.
Only
members
of the CBO
are usually
part of this
committee.
A member
of
the
executive
committee
is part of
this
committee
Availability of specific Monthly.
resource
mobilization
plan.
Initiatives for internal
resource mobilization.
Initiatives for external
resource mobilization.
Conduction
of
community events.
Raising
community
contribution.
Condom
committee
Only
members
of the CBO
are usually
part of this
committee.
A member
of
the
executive
committee
is part of
this
committee
Proper maintenance of Monthly.
condom
stock,
procurement.
Regular and systematic
condom analysis.
Proper
condom
distribution.
Ensuring correct and
constant use of condom.
Proper maintenance of
books of records.
Condom
quality
checking.
Social marketing of
condoms.
Regular meetings of the
committee.
Oversees the condom
planning
and
monitoring.
Does condom analysis.
Supports
the
CBO/NGO
in
procurement and stock
management,
maintenance of books
of records.
20
Cultural
Committee
Acts as a cultural wing
of the organization. It
gives opportunities to
people
within
the
community to learn
and display their skills
in singing, dancing,
and drama. It also
serves as a fund raising
arm
of
the
organization.
Only
members
of the CBO
are usually
part of this
committee.
A member
of
the
executive
committee
is part of
this
committee
Monthly.
DIC
Committee
Ensure the DIC is
maintained clean every
day.
Pool up recreation
facilities required for
DIC.
Arrange facilities for
meetings. Participate in
DIC meeting.
Evolve strategies to
increase
DIC
attendance.
ORW
2
Peer
Educators
2
Communit
y members
DIC management Monthly.
committee
Proper
management of
DIC.
Display
and
availability
of
essential
information
Maintenance of
DIC.
21
Session-5
Community Based Organisation
Objective:
By the end of the session participants will understand the meaning of community and
community based organization and the key elements of an ideal CBO.
Time: 1 hour
Material required:
Handouts, Charts
Steps:
1. Ask the participants what they understand about the word ‘community’ and
‘community mobilization’ and sum up the definition.
2. Ask the participants to brief on the process they followed in forming their CBO.
 What made them to come together?
 How did they name their CBO?
 What is the process followed for electing their leaders?
1) Explain them about the key elements of an ideal CBO with the help of Chart
2) Ask the participants to state one action that they would do immediately to
become an ideal CBO.
Contents to be covered:


Meaning of community and Community Based Organisation
Key elements of an ideal CBO
Key messages:



Community is a group of people connected by shared experiences, challenges,
living situations, culture, religion, identity or values.
CBO is a collective of people coming together with a shared concerns, threats or
common need to take action in order to create shared benefits
The CBO provides a democratic space for all members of the community to vent
their views, choices and rights of participation in all decision making processes
22
Handout
Community Based Organisations
Communities consist of people who are connected to each other in distinct and varied
ways – ‘community’ has no single or fixed definition. Community members may live in
the same area or they may instead be connected by shared experiences, challenges,
living situations, culture, religion, identity or values. Communities are both diverse and
dynamic, and one person may be part of more than one community. In the context of
this guide, communities refer to most at high risk groups for HIV and AIDS.
Building them as organizations is a process for identifying and organising themselves
towards working for their own betterment of their own members. By developing a
process of institutionalization through democratic mechanisms, communities through
the medium of the CBO could articulate their vision and mission; lay down policies and
principles to govern; run their own institutions; perform, define and delegate
responsibility and authority; and establish relationship for the purpose of enabling
community members to work most effectively together in accomplishing objectives.
Building a CBO is not an end in itself, but a means to achieve an end. Whether the CBO
is good or bad depends on how efficiently and promptly it is in a position to achieve its’
goal. An effective and efficient organization can be built through the active cooperation
of all its members. Equally important is on how the organization is using sound
knowledge and principles of management and maximizing the capacities of the
individuals to work for the common good. A well conceived and developed CBO is
rewarding to its’ leaders as well as its’ members.
What a CBO Is
What a CBO Is not
 A process of coming together
 An organization set by an
of HRGs who share common
external agency (NGO) for the
threats and seek common
sake
of
project
benefits.
implementation.
 The process brings incremental
 A small group of community
engagement of the community
members with or without the
members over a period of time
support
of
the
NGO
implementing members
 The CBO moves through the
collective
knowledge
and
 The NGO or implementing
wisdom of the community
partners registering another
organization (society) through
 The
CBO
provides
a
inclusion of a couple of
democratic space for all
community members of their
members of the community to
23







vent their views, choices and
rights of participation in all
decision making processes
Members
are
primarily
accountable to the community
Office bearers of the CBO are
members of the community
and elected by the community
They plan for the organization
and steer the community’s
agenda
CBO enables, empowers and
promotes
egalitarian
leadership
as
well
as
democratic
functioning
through which office bearers
are changed after certain
period of time (The same
individual is not to hold a
position for more than two
terms)
Accountability of CBO leaders
is not just to the implementing
agencies (NGOs) but to the
community at large
There is a built-in system to
develop 2nd/3rd generation of
leaders
CBO empowers a larger,
broader constituency of the
community to exercise their
rights






choice
Promoting a certain set of
individuals
Office bearers overtly or
covertly chosen by the NGO or
implementing agency
Peer Educators or outreach
workers also being office
bearers
Executive positions in the
organization
occupied
by
community members through
personal
relationship
or
maneuvering
The capacity building process
directly
or
indirectly
maneuvered by a third party
to keep control over the
organization
No efforts to develop second
line
leadership-which
maintains the status quo and
impedes the empowerment
process
24
Session-6
Steps in Transitioning from an NGO led intervention to CBO led intervention
Objective:
By the end of the session participants will state the key steps in transitioning an NGO
led intervention into a CBO led intervention.
Time: 1 hour
Material required:
Handouts, Power Point Presentation
Steps:
1) With the help of the Ppt explain each and every steps of transitioning NGO led
TI to CBO led TI with examples.
2) At the end of presentation ask them to list out the steps in transitioning NGO
led TI to CBO led TI.
Contents to be covered:



Guiding principles of actualizing transition
Steps in actualizing transition
Criteria for selection
Key messages:


CBOs should go through a rigorous process of capacity building to manage a
CBO led intervention.
CBO should equip themselves with appropriate Governance, leadership,
community participation, decision making, financial management and
documentation systems to enable themselves to take over the ownership of TI.
25
Handout
Steps in actualizing the Transition from an NGO to a CBO led TI
Introduction
NACP II strategy implementation of targeted interventions focuses on setting up
interventions through the NGOs, who in turn set up community based organizations.
The community mobilization process that was visualized and remained weak got re
looked at under the NACP III. This led to a process where programmatic decision was
taken to ensure that at least 50% of all HRG interventions are transitioned to the
communities and community based organization directly manage the program.
Successful community led approaches through Ashodaya in Mysore, DMSC in Calcutta
emphasized on the need for community led response to contain the HIV/AIDS
epidemic in India.
Criteria
Guiding principles in Actualizing the Transition from an NGO to a CBO led TI
Guiding principles
1.
Should follow the principle of ‘by the community, of the community and for the
community.
2.
Should be based on community aspirations
3.
Should not be restricted to the Peer Educators of the project but draw as many community
members as possible who aspire to take part.
4.
Assist the community to learn from experiences and resources of other CBOs that have
proven experience of setting up as well as functioning.
5.
Do not underestimate community capacity, but at the same time invest in capacity building
among the community members for self-organising
6.
Community members employed by the project should not be the office bearers of the CBO
or in the governing body of the CBO
7.
Ensure appropriate representation in decision making processes and the governing body of
community members of different types, sects and locations
8.
Keeping in view the incremental engagement of community members, there should be a
process for creation of space/positions through change in the management structure and
functioning
26
Steps in Actualizing the Transition from an NGO to a CBO led TI
1) Seek endorsement from the community
2) Prepare road map and build consensus
3) Make structural adjustments
4) Develop Leadership
5) Institutionalize community mobilization
6) Initiate process of transition
7) Follow up and monitor
1) Seek endorsement from the community
A) Develop trust and instill confidence with community members. Constitute a core
team of community members who will assist in transition
 Always adhere to the principle of giving respect and dignity to all community
members establish through your actions that you respect their views
 Help existing PEs to comprehend their new role as change agents as opposed to
health educators only
 Identify critical problems faced by community members, seek solutions from the
community and help implementing activities through peers and other project
staff members with the inclusion of interested community members
B) Initiate process of community mobilization through sharing common threats and
opportunities

Define purpose of community mobilization by identifying areas where
community members and PEs can find common ground
27





Invest in community building so that community members develop unity, so
that the entire community sees itself as a body and establishes itself as an
occupational group as well as being citizens of the country
Facilitate a series of consultative meetings on various topics to help the
community develop process of democratic decision making
Help the community comprehend the shift in paradigm through vision building
Initiate process the informs the community about the shift in paradigm through
PEs, volunteers and staff
Based on the suggestions, aspirations and dreams of the community assist them
in articulating the community vision through workshops
2) Prepare road map and build consensus

Develop a road map/work plan with community members for transition
planning and initiation involving the community members.
3) Make structural adjustments
A) Create positions in the project for community members
 In consultation with the staff, PEs and other community members, identify
positions in the project(in outreach, services, coordination etc.) for which
community members can be selected
 Make the process transparent and give equal opportunity to all community
members
B) Develop committees, designate authority and provide a budget
 Identify areas of the programme where the project can constitute committees
with the community members who will oversee implementation e.g DIC
committee, Health committee, Crisis committee, PE review committee, providing
inputs on improvements, enhancing scope of utilization, quality and community
satisfaction and addressing issues of discrimination
 Develop a project steering committee with representation of 33% HRG staff, 33%
non HRG staff and 33% community members who are not project staff
 Allocate the budget line for the components which are overseen by the
committee and provide support through the project’s human resource staff
4) Develop leadership
Develop community structures and train leadership
 Help identify community members (PEs and non PEs) who have the potential to
become community leaders
 Help develop community based structures (branch committees, SHGs, etc) which
have representative drawn from different domains
28


Promote leadership skills and build appropriate capacity for organization
building, conflict resolution, management of different processes and systems etc
Develop skills in all community members (not just the chosen one or two) to
represent the project and its activities to the outside world
5) Institutionalize community mobilization
Facilitate formation of CBO with office bearers in a democratic way
 Through nomination, identify a working group drawn from several committees
to develop process of CBO formation
 This group will prepare the constitution and the election of the board
 Assist the group in holding democratic elections of the board
 Connect the group with a lawyer to develop by-laws and register the
organization
 Develop and promote capacity for CBO office bearers to manage the CBO
 Develop a work plan and capacity building plan for the CBO functionaries in
CBO management
 Develop a capacity building plan for other set of community members to manage
the intervention programme
6) Initiate process of transition
Identify components that can be sub-contracted to a CBO and develop a joint
proposal to SACS for the first round, or a new proposal to be managed
predominantly by the CBO with the assistance of the NGO
 Work closely with the CBO management and develop a simple project that can
be implemented by the CBO, e.g running the DIC or implementing outreach,
referrals, community led advocacy, etc.
 Transition the community members/committees from the NGO to the CBO and
provide technical, financial and mentoring support for them
 Develop a joint proposal with full involvement of the CBO to be funded in the
next funding cycle of the SACS, with clearly articulated areas that will be
managed and delivered by them, and the role of the NGO delineated as capacity
builder, facilitator and mentor.
 Develop systems and support to enable the CBO to develop a stand-alone
proposal for implementation in which the facilitative role and responsibility of
the NGO is clearly laid out.
7) Follow up and monitor
Commission a joint monitoring process with clearly defined process and outcome
indicators with SACS/TSU with the inclusion of CBO representatives.
29
NACO, SACS, TSU and the NGOs (selected for transitioning) must undergo the above
stages of preparation over a period of six months. A set of criteria for transitioning
NGOs has been finalised by NACO. NGOs that have been implementing the TIs for at
least 3 years and have community members as peer educators for delivering
information and other prevention services will initially be short-listed.
Criteria for short listed NGOs




Performance of the project implemented by the NGOs as measured through
standard indicators provided by SACS/TSU
Ability to create an enabling environment in and around the community
HRGs overall presence in the project
Implementing NGOs interest in and staff member’s attitude towards building
community ownership.
To select the NGOs for transitioning, NACO conducts an assessment at field level (CBO
scoring sheet-Annexure 20 Operation Guidelines for Core Risk groups)
30
SESSION-7
Rights of HRGs
Objective:
By the end of the session participants would list the rights of HRGs.
Time: 1.5 hour
Material required :
Charts, markers, Handouts, Power Point Presentation
Steps:
1. Divide the participants into two or three groups
2. Ask the groups to discuss about the rights of the HRG and list out the points on
charts.
3. The groups should then be asked to present their respective discussions for
larger group dissemination and discussion
4. Based on the presentations try to summarize the understanding of the group on
the rights of the HRG
5. Make a PPT presentation on the rights of HRGs.
Contents to be covered :
What are the rights of the HRG communities?
Key messages:


HRGs have all Rights as any other citizen
All these rights conferred on Indians by the Constitution of India are equal
to all the citizens, without discrimination on the basis of gender, caste,
class, religion, race, profession and place of birth.
31
Handout
HRGs Have All Rights of a Citizen
Being a HRG does not make one forego any of the rights entitled to a citizen. Within
the family and outside in the society, they are entitled to enjoy all the rights like any
other citizen. Further, the Constitution of India and different Acts and different Sections
of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) have conferred special rights on women. Women in sex
work are not barred from enjoying all these rights. The human and citizen rights are not
decided or given based on the profession, religion, caste, creed, sect and place of a
person.
Whenever a person in sex work feels her human rights are infringed upon or taken
away by somebody or suppressed by the police or private persons or any other
institution or individual, she has got the right to seek protection of such right.
HUMAN (CITIZEN) RIGHTS Definition:
Human Rights are the minimum civil, cultural, economic, political and social
entitlements that every human being should be able to claim and enjoy only by the
qualification of being a human being. While there are several international conventions
on human rights, let us know the rights conferred on Indians by the Constitution of
India. All these rights are equal to all the citizens, without discrimination on the basis of
gender, caste, class, religion, race, profession and place of birth. Only qualification to
enjoy these rights is to be a human being.
The basic Human (Constitutional) Rights Are:
 Right to Life and Personal Liberty
 Right to Education
 Right to Freedom of speech, expression, assembly, form associations (unions),
move freely throughout the territory of India, to reside and settle in any part of
India
 Right to Equality Before Law
 Right against exploitation
 Right against Discrimination on basis of gender, caste, place of birth, religion,
race
 Right to Carry on Profession
 Right against Trafficking
 Right Against Forced Labour
 Right against Untouchability
 Right to Freedom of Religion
 Right to Equal Opportunities in Public Employment
32


Right to freedom of conscience, religion - practice and propagate
Right to cultural freedom
Right to life and Personal Liberty
This is the most valuable right conferred on every citizen through the Article 21 of the
Constitution. Everybody born in this country is entitled to lead a decent, respectful and
free life, however, not affecting the rights of fellow beings. Despite this assurance by the
Constitution, there are a lot of situations where the right to life of individual persons,
sects and groups has been taken away.
For example: In certain areas and cultures female persons are not allowed to take birth
also. People in these cultures practice pre-natal tests when the child is in the mother’s
womb and if the test discloses that the child in the womb is a female, they kill her
through traditional means of abortion. In the second case, if the girl is allowed to take
birth, the parents and their families adopt certain traditional and highly atrocious /
barbaric means to kill the female infant.
Right to Privacy:
The Supreme Court also has declared the Right to Privacy as a part of the Right to Life
and Personal Liberty.
Here is an interesting example in which the Supreme Court delivered a historical
judgment on the Right to Privacy of a woman from Bhiwandi area of Maharashtra.
Local Police Inspector Mardikar went to the house (poor hut) of a Muslim woman and
pressurized her for sex. When the woman refused to oblige, he attempted rape on her
and the woman raised Alarm. Neighbours gathered and the Inspector ran to the police
station and summoned more police force. He told the community that the woman was
involved in making arrack in violation of the law. He registered a case of manufacturing
illicit arrack on the women and got her arrested. The Inspector gathered evidence
against the women to prove that she had relationships with a lot of men in the locality.
The woman went to the District Superintendent of Police and complained against the
Inspector with two allegations: 1. The Inspector attempted rape on her. 2. The Inspector
inflicted her in a wrong case of making illicit liquor.
The Superintendent of Police instituted an enquiry on the allegations and the enquiry
officer found that both the allegations against the Inspector were wrong. With regard to
the first allegation, the Inspector was found to have gone to the woman’s house
between 10.15 pm and 10.30 pm. The enquiry officer pointed out that normally an
Inspector does not go to raid or arrest a person in small case of this kind (making illicit
liquor) and hence, the Inspector had bad intention in barging into the house of the
33
woman. With regard to the second allegation, the enquiry officer found no material
evidence to establish that the woman was a manufacturer of illicit liquor.
Based on this report, the police department dismissed the Inspector from service. The
Inspector moved the Maharashtra High Court. The High Court cancelled the dismissal
of the Inspector from service, on the ground that the Inspector was not given a chance
to give his version.
When the women went to the Supreme Court seeking justice, the Supreme Court
reversed the High Court order and upheld the dismissal of the Inspector from service.
It was in this context, the Supreme Court made several observations:
Equality before Law:
Rights given by the Constitution are all same and equal to all citizens, regardless of
their profession, gender, religion, caste, creed and culture. When any of the rights is
infringed upon, the aggrieved person or group or sect can seek relief under Article 14 of
the Constitution of India
In fact, the Government can provide special facilities and opportunities for women to
encourage them in any field. (Article 15(3) of the Constitution)
The legal rights of women
The Indian laws have provided a lot of protection and security to women at all levels.
Article 39 (F) of the Constitution has assured protection for children and adolescent
girls from being subjected to physical and moral abuse.
Even in a marriage, a woman cannot be forced for sex by her spouse, if she is not
interested. A complaint by the woman that her husband had forced her for sex against
her wish will be dealt with under the laws pertaining to Rape (Section 376 of Indian
Penal Code).
Right against Exploitation:
Every citizen has the right against being exploited. The Article 23 of the Constitution of
India prohibits trafficking in human beings and beggar and other forms of forced
labour. Any contravention of this provision is an offence punishable in accordance with
the Law.
The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956



Keeping brothel or allowing premises to be used as a brothel
Living on the earnings of prostitution
Procuring, inducing or taking a person for the sake of prostitution
34
Detaining a person in premises where prostitution is carried on
Seduction of a person in custody
…………are all punishable offences under this
Act. If a person is found carrying out prostitution or seducing or soliciting purpose of
prostitution in the vicinity of public places, buildings and houses, will be detained in
corrective institutions. Special police officer or trafficking police officer can search
premises without a warrant, if waiting for warrant is will delay the process thus
affecting the purpose. However, such search should be conducted in presence of two or
more respectable inhabitants. One of these persons should be a woman. There should
also be two women police officers while conducting the search. Interrogation should be
done by a woman police officer only. If a woman police officer is not available, the
interrogation should be done only in the presence of a lady member of a recognized
welfare institution or organization (Section 6A)
A simple Sub-Inspector must not conduct any proceedings, including investigation and
arrest.
In Mumtaz alias Behri vs. State (MCT of Delhi) case in 2003, the Delhi High Court held
that investigation and arrest by a simple Sub-Inspector was “illegal”.
If a minor (below 18 years of age) is rescued under this Act, the girl should be placed in
a recognized children home.


Amendment to the Act on cards…
‘The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Amendment Bill, 2006’ has been introduced in the
Lok Sabha on 26th May, 2006 and has been referred to the Parliamentary Standing
Committee for examination. This Act was amended twice, once in 1978 and second time
in 1986. Representations have been received that the implementation of the Act is
hampered by the existence of certain provisions of the Act, such as sections 8 and 20,
which are the most commonly invoked provisions for any enforcement being done
under the Act. These provisions are directed towards prosecution of the trafficked
persons and result in further victimizing the victim. It is represented that instead of
prosecuting the trafficker under Sections 3,4,5 and 6 of the Act, most prosecutions take
place under Section 8 of the Act. Thus, with a view to removing these lacunae and to
provide for stringent punishment, the Bill seeks to amend various provisions of the
Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956.
Section 377 of IPC
Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code prohibits unnatural sex. A person who voluntarily
has carnal intercourse against the order of the nature with a man, woman or animal is
dealt with under this Section. The guilty is liable for life imprisonment or for a term of
ten years and is also liable to fine. Penetration is sufficient to constitute the carnal
intercourse. This is a cognizable offence and non-bailable offence.
35
In a case in the Supreme Court, the Government of India said in its reply that deletion
of the section can well open flood gates of delinquent behavior and be misconstrued as
providing unbridled license for the same. Law does not run separately from society. It
only reflects the perception of the society. Public tolerance of different activities,
changes and legal categories get influenced by those changes. In fact, the purpose of
Section 377 IPC is to provide a healthy environment in the society by criminalizing
unnatural sexual activities against the order of nature. If this provision is taken out of
the statute book, a public display of such affection would, at the most, attract charges of
indecent exposure which carry a lesser jail sentence than the existing imprisonment for
life or imprisonment of 10 years and fine. While the Government cannot police
morality, in a civil society criminal law has to express and reflect public morality and
concerns about harm to the society at large. If this is not observed, whatever little
respect of law is left would disappear, as law would have lost its legitimacy”.
Section 294 of IPC
Creating nuisance in public places with obscene gestures is a crime. Most of the times,
the police book sex workers under Section 294 of Indian Penal Code. This Section talks
of a person causing annoyance to somebody by doing any obscene act in any public
place or singing, reciting or uttering any obscene song, ballad or words in or near any
public place. The offender is liable to be punished with three months imprisonment or
fine or both. This is a cognizable (means police can arrest without a warrant) and
bailable offence and is non-compoundable. Any Magistrate can try a case under this
Section.
If a co-sex worker is found missing…
In some instances, a sex worker goes missing for days and weeks together and the
fellow members or the neighborhood or the family draw their own conclusion that the
person has gone away in search of ‘work’ or had died or being taken away or arrested
by the police. There is no need to arrive any such imaginary conclusions. There is a legal
provision to trace the missing woman. A complaint of the person missing should be
lodged in the police station of the area concerned. If the police do not act, a Habeas
Corpus petition can be filed in the High Court. The High Court will direct the police to
trace the missing person and produce him / her before the Court.
Women not to be kept in police station between Sunset and Sunrise
When a woman is arrested on any charge, she should not be kept in the police station after 6 pm
and before 6 pm. A female accused should be handled only by female police but, no male
police. Whether it is an offence related to excise or sex work or any theft or murder or any other
crime, these rules apply. A woman can complain to the Court, if she is kept in the police
custody after Sunset and before Sunrise or handled by male police.
36
The Right not to be exposed in the media
The Press Council of India has banned disclosure of identity of persons, including
photos and names, while reporting crime involving rape, abduction or kidnap of
women/ females or sexual assault on children, or raising doubts and questions
touching the chastity, personal character and privacy of women (Press Council of India
Guidelines).
If a person falls victims of violation of this norm, they can file a civil or criminal suit in
the local courts seeking relief for themselves or punishment to the culprits. They can
also move the Press Council of India, at Delhi.
37
SESSION-8
LEGAL ISSUES AFFECTING THE HRGS
Objective:
By the end of the session participants will gain an understanding of the legal issues
affecting the HRGs and also know of the ways and means to address them.
Time: 1 hour
Material required :
Charts, markers, Handouts, Power Point Presentation
Steps:
1. Divide the participants into two or three groups
2. Ask the groups to discuss about the legal issues affecting HRGs and list out
the points on charts.
3. The groups should then be asked to present their respective discussions for
larger group dissemination and discussion
4. Follow this up by asking the groups to identify means of redressal for the
issues identified by them
5. Ask the groups to present their discussions
6. Based on the presentations try to summarize the understanding of the group
the legal issues affecting the HRGs and the ways and means to address them
7. Make a PPT presentation on the legal issues affecting the HRGs and the ways
and means to address them
Contents to be covered :
1) What are legal issues affecting HRGs?
2) What are means of redressal for the legal issues affecting HRGs?
Key messages:




Difference between Solicitation and Public Nuisance
Difference between Sex work and rape
Property Rights of HIV / AIDS Women
Free legal aid
38
Handout
Difference between Solicitation and Public Nuisance:
Soliciting:
A person inciting, counseling, advising, urging, or commanding another to commit a crime with
the specific intent that the person solicited commit the crime. The crime of encouraging or
inducing another to commit a crime or join in the commission of a crime. Solicitation may refer
to a prostitute's (or her pimp's) offer of sexual pleasures for a pay.
Public Nuisance:
Creating nuisance by singing or reciting or uttering any obscene song or ballad or words at a
pubic place or in the vicinity of a public place, causing annoyance to others is creating public
nuisance.
Examples for public places: Place of public religious worship, educational institutions, hostel,
hospital, nursing home, parks, tourism spots, public conveyances like bus, train, railway
stations, bus stands, cinema theatres, any place where public have access and the public is
entitled to use the place.
What is seduction?
Tempting, or endeavouring to tempt, or attracting or endeavouring to attract the attention of
any person using words, gestures, wilful exposure of her person by sitting by a window or on
the balcony of a building or house or in any other way or in any public place for the purpose of
prostitution is seduction, according to Section 8 (a) of the Immoral Traffic Prevention Act
(ITPA), 1956
Lodge a Complaint with the Police:
The moment you realize that damage has been done to your right to enjoy your right,
immediately go to the police station of your area and lodge a simple complaint in your mother
tongue with facts in brief. The police will register the First Information Report on the incident
and send it to the court concerned in your area. The police will also arrest the person or persons
who had caused injury or inconvenience to your right. The arrested person(s) will be produced
before the Magistrate. The Police are responsible for protection of law and order at any place.
When it comes the case of sex workers, the police have to rescue / protect sex workers from a
forced sex work or exploitation.
How to lodge a Complaint?
If a sex worker or a group of sex workers face an assault, exploitation, attacks, teasing, attempt
to murder, kidnap, trafficking, cheating, or any other crime, lodge a complaint in the police of
the area where the crime had taken place or is taking place. In situations where the victim is not
able to complain to the local police in her hurry to escape from the situation, she can go to the
police station of the area where she resides and lodge the complaint there. Such complaints will
be registered with the police station where the complaint is made. But, the FIR (First
39
Information Report) will be sent to the police station of the area where the incident is alleged to
have taken place. The investigation will be carried out by the police who have jurisdiction over
the area of incident. The complaint can be made in writing or orally. If the woman is educated,
it is always safe to lodge a complaint in writing so that she can narrate everything in it. If the
woman prefers to lodge a complaint orally because she cannot read and write, such complaint
will be reduced to writing by the police officer of the station concerned and the same will be
read out to her before they obtain her signature on it. The complaint should have name, age,
residential address, occupation (if any), phone numbers (if any), date, time and place of the
incident, facts in brief about the incident, signature / thumb impression. Do not forget to take
acknowledgment for any complaint you lodge with the police. Acknowledgment will help you
as evidence for all future actions. If the police do not register the complaint, and ignores or
neglects the complaint or colludes with the accused, the victim can approach the Magistrate
Court of the area concerned and file a private complaint under Section 200 of the Criminal
Procedure Code. The Magistrate will direct the police of the area concerned to investigate into
the allegations and submit report.
Understand the difference between Sex work and rape so as to seek relief.
Rape:
A sex worker cannot be forced for sex against her wish. If a man has sexual intercourse with a
woman:
 Against her will
 Without her consent
 With her consent when her consent has been obtained by putting her or any person in
whom she is interested in fear of death or of hurt
 With her consent when the man knows that he is not her husband
 With her consent when at the time giving such consent she is intoxicated
 She is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that to which she gives
consent
 With or without her consent when she is under 16 years of age
It constitutes rape.
According to Section 376 of Indian Penal Code (IPC).


If a police officer commits a rape;Within the limits of the police station to which he is
appointed ,in the premises of any Police House, on a woman in his custody or any other
of his subordinate officer’s custody,he is liable for punishment.
No public servant or any Person being on the management or on the staff of a jail,
remand home or other place of custody, established under any law, on the management
of a women’s or children’s institution ,Management or staff of a hospital, taking
advantage of his official position, should commit a rape on a woman in his custody or in
the custody of a public servant subordinate to him.
40
Property Rights of HIV / AIDS Women
Women in sex work have been facing a very serious problem of maintaining themselves and
their children (if any), once they are infected with HIV / AIDS.
In majority of the cases, such women complain that their parents are not allowing them back
home and the in-laws throw them out of their house, soon after their husband’s die of HIV /
AIDS. These people are also facing the social boycott. They thus take to sex work. These are
social problems but, they have legal remedies.
A HIV / AIDS infested widow has got the right to claim a share in the movable or immovable
property held by the father-in-law, which he acquired through ancestral means. ‘Ancestral’
means acquired from their predecessors, and how many people have got the right over it. This
is very important aspect, as the woman (widow) can claim right over the property held by the
father-in-law. If the property is undivided, the widow can claim share in it as a widowed
daughter-in-law. If the widow also has children, they can also claim right over the ancestral
property. The children have the right to claim maintenance from their grand father under
Section 125 of Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC). The women will not have the right to
maintenance as she is earning and is leading adulterous life.
Remember:
In any maintenance case, the woman has to prove that she is unable to maintain herself and her
children (if any) out of her own earnings or other property or she does not own any property. If
a woman leads adulterous life, she is not entitled for maintenance from the husband. The
burden of proof lies on the widow, to prove that the in-laws have sufficient means of income
and property to part something with the widow. The woman will, however, lose the right over
the in-laws property and maintenance, if she gets married to some other person. The amount of
maintenance will be decided by the Court based on the facts presented by both the parties – i.e.,
the widow and the in-laws. All this is according to the
Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956 for Hindus. Women belonging to other religions
and also Hindus can make these claims under Civil Suit (Civil Procedure Code).
Living with Temporary Husbands
Hitherto women living with unwedded partners lacked a legal status to their living relationship
with such partners. But, the NEW “Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005” has
conferred legitimate status on such living together relationships. A sex worker living with a
temporary husband can make use of this Act to seek reliefs. Under this Act, she is entitled to
claim the right to residence (means, she can obtain court orders directing the husband or the
male person with whom they are living together under one shelter, not to neck her out. If the
husband is beating, harassing, torturing, abusing or resorting to verbal or economic abuse, the
woman can seek protection orders against all such harassments. The woman can also obtain
orders from the Court desisting the husband from coming home drunk. The Act also empowers
he woman to demand that the husband should not ‘touch’ her. She can also secure the right to
custody of her children.
Any order obtained from the Court under this Act stands good till she gets it amended or
totally removed, by moving a petition in the court once she is convinced that she has full
41
protection. But, only women entertain only against men and all complaints under this Act. This
is a civil case and the woman will get the benefit of protection, without any punishment to the
husband or father or son or any other male relative. There is no police involvement in cases
under this Act.
How to Complain:
Lodging a complaint under this Act is a very simple procedure. The woman can approach the
Protection Officer (in all districts, Women Development and Child Welfare Department project
directors are appointed as Protection Officers) and explain them the case. The woman can also
complain to the Protection Officer over telephone or orally (through Email also) and the
Protection Officer will come to her place and prepare the Domestic Incident Report in a
prescribed format. If the complainant is illiterate, the Protection Officer will read out to her the
contents of the Domestic Incident Report and then will take the signature/ thumb impression of
the complainant. The Protection Officer will then forward the Domestic
Incident Report and the complaint, with the application for relief’s to the Magistrate of the area
for further action.
How Long Wait to Get Relief?
The woman will get relief immediately. The Court will send summons to the Respondent
(husband or father or father –in-law or father or brother or son) within two days. Enquiry in the
court will commence on the third day and the case will be settled in a maximum of two months.
But, the woman can get immediate and interim reliefs from the Court for protection.
Free legal aid:
Every victim of Immoral Traffic is entitled to free legal aid. This apart, every woman has a
legitimate right to free legal aid, according to the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1976. This Act
was enacted by the Parliament and it is applicable throughout India. Victims of immoral traffic,
who are in protective homes and in juvenile homes (as mentioned in the Section 2(g) of the
Immoral Trafficking Prevention Act, 1956) can seek free legal aid from the Legal Services
Authorities. Those having a family income of less than Rs 50,000 per annum are also eligible to
free legal aid.
How to apply?
A woman who wants to make use of the free legal aid should file a simple affidavit in their
mother tongue or in English or Hindi, explaining her case details, what are the reliefs she wants
and how she is entitled to free legal aid. (If any documents pertaining to the eligibility to free
legal aid are available - example: white ration, SC caste certificate, the woman should enclose it
to the affidavit). The application should be made to the Secretary of the Respective District
Legal Services Authority.
42
Addresses and Cell phone Numbers of District Legal Services Authorities in the State.
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
ADILABAD.
Ph No.: 085732-230243
Fax No. 08732-227588
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
ANANTAPUR.
Ph No : 08554-244166
Fax No. 08554-274622
E Mail ID: dlsa.apr@indianjudiary.gov.in
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
CHITTOOR.
Ph.No. 08572 - 231688
Fax No. 08572-227140
E Mail ID: dlsa.ctr3@gmail.com.
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
KADAPA.
Ph.No. 08562 - 244622
Fax No.08562 -245706
E Mail ID: dlsakdp@gmail.com
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
EAST GODAVARI DISTRICT AT
RAJAHMUNDRY.
Ph.No.0883-2470185
Fax No.0883-2444736
E Mail ID: dlsa.eg rjy@yahoo.in
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
GUNTUR.
Ph.No.0863-2323886
Fax No. 0863-2256527
E Mail ID: dlsagnt@yahoo.com
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
KHAMMAM
Ph.No.08742-222766
Fax No.08742-229455
E Mail ID: dlsa.kmm@gmail.com
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
KRISHNA AT MACHILIPATNAM.
Ph.No. 08672-223049
Fax No.08672-223089
E Mail ID: krishnadlsa@ymail.com
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
KURNOOL.
Ph.No.08518-248821
Fax No.08518-227715
E Mail ID: knldlsauthority@yahoo.com.
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
KARIMNAGAR.
Ph.No.0878-2250144
Fax No.0878-2243190
E Mail ID: dlsa.karimnagar@gmail.com
43
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
MAHABUBNAGAR.
Ph.No.08542-221629
Fax No.08542-244459
E Mail ID: mbnr.dlsa@gmail.com
mbnr.dlsa@yahoo.com
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
MEDAK at Sanga Reddy.
Ph.No.08455-271401
Fax No.08455-276361
E Mail ID: dlsamdk@yahoo.in
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
NALGONDA.
Ph.No.08682-230101
Fax No.08682-245208
E Mail ID: nlg.disauthority@yahoo.in
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
NELLORE.
Ph.No. 0861-2330579
Fax No.0861-2331862
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
NIZAMABAD.
Ph.No.08462-250337
Fax No.08462-232102
E Mail ID: dlsa.nizamabad@yahoo.in.�
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
PRAKASAM AT ONGOLE.
Ph.No.08592-280511
Fax No.08592-234006
E Mail ID: prkdlsa@yahoo.com
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
RANGA REDDY DISTRICT AT L.B.NAGAR,
HYDERABAD.
Ph.No.040-23446798
Fax No.040-23446100
E Mail ID: rrdlsa@yahoo.com
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
SRIKAKULAM
Ph.No.08942-224675
Fax No.08942-233810
E Mail ID: dlsasklm@gmail.com
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
VISAKHAPATNAM
Ph.No.0891-2575046
Fax No. 0891-2525649
E Mail ID: dlsavizag@yahoo.com
dlsavizag@rediffmail.com
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
VIZIANAGARAM.
Ph.No.08922-255767
Fax No.08922-255823
E Mail ID: vzm.dlsa@gmail.com
44
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
WARANGAL.
Ph.No.0870-2550074
Fax No.0870-2577959
E Mail ID: dlsa.wrngl@indianjudiciary.gov.in
The Secretary,
District Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
District Court Buildings,
WEST GODAVARI DISTRICT.
Ph.No.08812-224555
Fax No.08812-231250
E Mail ID: dlsawgdisteluru@gmail.com
The Secretary,
City Civil Court Legal Services Authority,
Nyaya Seva Sadan,
CITY CIVIL COURT COMPLEX, AT
PURANIHAVELI, HYDERABAD.
Ph.No. 040-24568627
Fax No.040-23446210
E Mail ID: hlsauthority@gmail.com
45
Session-9
Networking
Objective:
By the end of the session participants would understand the necessity networking and enlist the
stakeholders they can network with.
Time: 1 hour
Material required:
Handouts, Power Point Presentation
Steps:
1) Conduct the following activity to help them understand the purpose of networking
Ask the participants to stand in a circle. Take a bundle of long thread. Ask the first person to
hold one end of the thread and say what they understand by networking before throwing it the
person he likes, the activity continues until every one gets the chance. Participants should
continue to hold one end of the thread. When every one completes you can say a beautiful web
that explains about the importance of networking. Sum up the purpose of networking with the
enlisted words from the participants.
2) Brainstorm the participants to list out the groups they can network with.
3) Discuss strategy for networking with the identified groups.
Contents to be covered:
•Meaning of networking
•Benefits of networking
•Groups they can network with
Key messages:
•Networks bring together FSWs from different areas and helps in evolving a strategy to
respond to their needs.
•Networking widens the partnership and thus enhances our support base, and lobby with
stakeholders to get our demands met.
•Networking instils confidence among the FSW/MSM community and opens gates for the
hidden population to come out.
46
Handout
Networking
Introduction and Rationale
Communities across interventions and projects face similar concerns, for which they need to
partner with other similar organizations.
They may need services from not only from its
internal resources but may need to access a wide range of services which are provided with
other organizations. Standing alone may not help hear their voice and hence partnering with
other organizations can help build and create reciprocal relationships at the local, district and
national level.
Networking is a matter of creating useful linkages, both within and among communities,
organizations, and societies, in order to mobilize resources and achieve various goals. A
network is any group of individuals and organizations who on a voluntary basis, exchange
information or goods or implement joint activities and who organize themselves for that
purpose in such a way that individual autonomy remains intact. A network is different from a
federation, where several organizations merge together to form an organization. For e.g., the
mandal samakyas, a union of political organizations
Networking is an important component of community organizing. This requires that diverse
members of the population build relationships, share resources, and work together in an
organized way for social change. Networking can occur among members of a single
organization or social group, among people from many different communities and identity
groups, and among organizations. It is a matter of forging connections with other individuals or
groups who face similar problems and issues and want to work together toward solutions.
How does networking benefit?
Networks are derived from the type of functions, needs and aspirations listed out by the
community. These social connections allow individuals, groups, and organizations to find
allies, access tools, share practical wisdom, and build collaborative strategies. Networking thus
helps those working for social change to share resources and information, devise an agenda,
and engage in collective action within their society.
Other benefits of networking are:
•Brings together FSWs/MSMs from different areas and settings
•Helps in sharing common problems and concerns pertaining to the profession
•Can help in assessment of the needs and aspirations for groups from different areas to identify
an appropriate action to respond to needs
•Can help in evolving a strategy to improve the situation
47
•Helps in widening the partnership which will further enhance support base to lobby with
stakeholders to get demands of the group met.
•Networking instills confidence among the FSW/MSM community and opens gates for the
hidden population to come out.
•By sharing and pooling resources, maximum impact can be achieved.
Every CBO and its’ members are part of some network; however, the crux is how to make the
network work for the benefit and growth of the CBO and its’ members. This needs to be a
conscious process and a planned activity, monitored and evaluated for the results that it gives.
The purpose is on how it adds value to the existing activities or on how it helps CBOs/members
to grow and expand. Several organizations take a complacent role and get into a comfortable
zone of making a single contact and let it be. For a network to be vibrant there is a need for
continued engagement and a conscious planned activity that can keep the network live and
going.
Existing networks of FSWs and MSMs
Andhra Pradesh: Nava Tejam & Ushassu
India: (To be collected)
48
Session-10
Linkages
Objective:
By the end of the session participants would list out the health and non health needs of female
and male sex workers, identify local support groups and resources and prepare a service
booklet that can help the KPs to create access to health and non health services.
Time: 1 hour
Material required: Handouts, Power Point Presentation
Steps:
1) Brainstorm the participants about the purpose of linkages and sum up its importance in
getting needs of the community fulfilled.
2) Divide the participants into region wise groups and give them a chart and markers to do the
mapping of needs.
3) Instruct the participants to sit in groups and draw a first circle and list out health needs on
first half of the circle and non health needs on the second half of the circle.
4) Ask the participants to draw an outer circle and list out services/resources available against
the needs
Ex: If STI treatment is a need, list the nearest STI clinic in the outer circle, similarly if ration card
is an issue, list the nearest revenue department.
5) While listing the resources ask the participants to list out the address, service hours, contact
person and contact numbers.
6) Once the list is exhaustive, ask the groups to consolidate in the format attached
7) Ask the participants to share the consolidated format, this allows for cross learning of various
needs and services available.
Content to be covered
•Purpose of linkages
•Listing out health and non health needs
•Mapping services available
•Preparation of service booklet.
 Role of DAPCU in creating Linkages
Key messages:
•Linking helps in creating an access to services and thus enhances the optimum utilization of
services.
•Through linkages partnership emerges and it paves a way for mutual growth of the partners.
49
Handout
Linkages mean establishing a connection or a relationship or an association. Establishing
linkages with appropriate health care services ensures sex workers to access range of
promotive, preventive and curative services that meet the diverse needs of the community.
Establishing linkages with community based health services, organizations and support groups
increases the range of resources available to the community.
Effective functioning of any health or non health service requires an extensive co-ordination
and collaboration between the stakeholders providing service and the community for which the
service is meant. As the poor linkages result in gaps in service utilization and duplication of
service, it is important to foster linkages. In order to build strong linkages it is important to have
proper co-ordination and communication system between the service provider and recipient of
the service.
Linkages can be fostered through integration of services, referrals and follow up.
Steps in fostering linkages
Identification of community health and non health needs
Listing of services/resources available
Forging a relationship by initiation of dialogue
Establish partnership with service provider
Create an access to service utilization through referrals
Establish a communication system with the service provider
Be in touch with service provider and consistent follow up with recipient
Some of the stakeholders for Linkages
Health
1) Government Health services: Primary health Centers, Area Hospital, PPTC, ICTC, ART
centre, STI clinic, DOT centres, District hospitals and DAPCU.
2) Private health providers/NGOs: Community Care Centres, PLHA networks, NGOs working
with PLHAS-World Vision, Balasahyoga partners, Faith based organizations, Faith based
hospitals, private hospitals, Pharma companies and Pharma Dealers.
50
Non-health
Government: ICDS centres, Women Development and child welfare departments, DRDA,
Mandal office, Revenue office, District collectorate, SC/ST corporations, Police Departments,
Small scale industry departments and etc.
Non-Government: NGOs working for micro-credit, skill development, Income generating
projects, Corporates, anti trafficking NGOs, philanthropists, Religious groups, FBOs.
Session-10 (A)
Role of DAPCU in creating Linkages
Objective:
By the end of the session participants would internalise the role of DAPCU and ways to work
with DAPCU to optimise linkages for health and non health services.
Time: 1 hour
Material
required:
Handouts, Power Point Presentation
Steps:
1) Explain the rationale of initiating DAPCU as envisaged in NACP-III.
2) Ask the participants to state ways of working with DAPCU to optimise access to services.
Contents to be covered:
• Rational of initiating DAPCU
• Role of DAPCU in creating linkages
 Ways of working with DAPCU to optimise service utilisation
Key messages:
•DAPCUs are set up at district level to decentralise HIV/AIDS Prevention, Care and Treatment
efforts as part of NACP-III.
• One of the important roles of DAPCU is to create linkages with non health departments for
optimum utilisation of non health services for vulnerable groups.
51
Handout
DAPCU and Its role in Linkages
Introduction
In order to decentralize HIV/AIDS prevention efforts, NACO in NACP-III initiated District
AIDS Prevention Control Unit (DAPCU) across the country. The DAPCU will ensure
implementation and supervision of ongoing NACP-III activities related to prevention, care and
treatment, and further facilitate civil society partnership at the district with NGOs, CBOs, Red
Ribbon Clubs and PLHAs network, private sector organization and academic institutions
working in the area of HIV/AIDS in the district.
NACP-III envisages mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS issues with the general health system
upto the village level through grassroot workers like ANM, ASHA, and MPW etc. The
HIV related issues will be included in the IEC, training curriculum, monitoring and
evaluation indicators and reporting formats in the health system; and issues of family
planning, nutrition and triple protective role of condoms, referrals etc. in the NACP
activities at all levels.
Structure of DAPCU
NACP –III institutionalizes the District program implementation framework for
HIV/AIDS prevention and control through the introduction of the DAPCU. Based on
the expected scope of activities, the structure of DAPCU in the four categories of
Districts A, B, C, and D will be as follows;
District Level Staffing Structure (Category-wise)
Staff
Categories of Districts
A
B
C
D
1
1
1
1
Assistant-cum-accountant
2
2
1
1
M&E Assistant
1
1
1
-
Support Staff
1
1
1
1
District Programme
(HIV/AIDS)
Manager
52
Supervisors
Programme
for
the
ICTC
1
1
-
-
THE ROLE OF DAPCU IS THREEFOLD:



Implementation of NACP strategies;
Convergence with NRHM activities; and
Convergence with the other related Departments in the District.
INTERSECTORAL CONVERGENCE FOR NACP
NACP-III envisages expansion in outreach and effectiveness of the prevention and support
strategies through wider convergence with different Departments functioning at the District
level. The table below, attempts an indicative menu of suggested activities that can be
incorporated in the District AIDS Action Plan.
Suggested list of activities
Department
Convergence Issues
Women and
Child
Department
 Anganwari worker to counsel pregnant women
for PPTCT
 SHGs to support PLHA
 Integrate HIV into all training programs
 Establish Red Ribbon Clubs among adolescent
girls
 Train Anganwadi workers to detect and report
HIV related discrimination in villages
 Training to departmental functionaries and
elected representatives for sensitization and
community ownership, participatory planning,
care and support
 Advocacy
 Issue instructions to Panchayats to protect
infected persons and affected households from
discrimination and protect the inheritance of
widows and orphans
 Issue guidelines to Panchayats to discuss HIV
related issues relevant to the village in Gram
Sabhas and other meetings
 Request Panchayats with their own budget to
allocate resources to supplement HIV prevention
and control programme
 Integrate HIV into all training programs
 SHGs to work with Red Ribbon Clubs to support
efforts for prevention, treatment & support to
Panchayati Raj
Rural
Development
Nodal Officer
Deputy Director,
ICDS
CEO Zila
Parishad
PD DRDA
53
Department
Youth Affairs &
Sports
SC/ST Welfare
Tourism
Labour/Mines/Fi
sheries
/Industry
Police & Jail
Convergence Issues
women
 Integrated IEC efforts
 Promote Voluntary blood donation
 Undertake condom promotion
 Conduct special campaigns/ programmes by the
NSS on safe reproductive health and HIV for
rural youth
 Train all NSS Programme Officers and NYK
coordinators
 Undertake social marketing of condoms through
Youth Clubs, Youth Development Centres.
 Reorient Youth Development Centres at
university/ college level youth centres to
provide Young People Friendly Information
Services.
 Preparation of ST component plan especially
for TADA/MADA Blocks in the District
 Provide technical support to ITDASs to analyse
the vulnerability & risk perception for
HIV/AIDS
 Train traditional healers and unqualified
doctors with influence in the community on
management of STIs and referrals to ICTC
centres.
 Increased surveillance in tourist spots for HRGs
 Condom promotion
 IEC
 Condom Promotion
 IEC
 Provide the package of services including
prevention and treatment services in all major
ESI hospitals
 Advocate with and facilitate trade unions to
manage provision of services to migrant labour
and workers in the informal sector and to lead
on reducing stigma of infected workers and
their families
 Integrate HIV prevention in all training
programmes undertaken in labour department
 Promote AIDS prevention with industry under
CSR
 Support in identification of HRGs
 Orientation for HIV threat perception and
Nodal Officer
District Sports
Officer
District Social
Welfare Officer
District Tourism
Officer
District Industry
Officer,
CII/FICCI
District
Coordinator
Superintendant
54
Department
Education
Convergence Issues




Transport
(including Bus
stands & railway
stations)
Revenue
Municipal
Corporation &
Urban Local
Body
Civil Supplies




sympathetic dealing with HRGs & HIV patients
including to affected and migrant women
Condom Promotion among jail inmates
Emphasis on Adolescent Health Education for
Life Skills
Include HIV awareness in Adult Education
Programme.
Emphasis on retention of HIV affected children
in schools
IEC at Bus Stand/Railway Station
Provision of Condom Vending Machines
Focus on routes used for migration & upscale
IEC on those routes, in buses & trains
Train all personnel on HIV
 Integrate HIV training in all Departmental
training
 Mapping of HRGs
 Awareness and Support for service provision
through NGOs and TIs
 Provision of Condom Vending machines
 Advocacy and support for AIDS program and
PLHAs
 Antyodaya cards for PLHAs
Nodal Officer
of Police
District
Education
Officer
District
Transport
Officer
ADM
Municipal
Commisioner
District Supply
Officer
For more details: Refer to DAPCU Operational Guidelines -NACO
55
Session-11
Role of TI staff in community mobilization
Objective:
By the end of the session staff of TI would list out their roles in promoting community
mobilization.
Time: 1 hour
Material required: Handouts, Charts and markers
Steps:
1. Divide the participants to into three groups i.e, PMs group, Outreach group
2. Ask each of the group to discuss the opportunities they have as a PM, ORW and PE to
promote community mobilization as part of their regular work.
3. Ask them to elect the group leader to moderate the discussion and consolidate the
discussion points.
4. After 20 minutes, ask the group leaders to present the findings to the larger group.
5. Invite questions on the presentation and give opportunity for the group leaders to
respond.
6. Conclude the session by reinforcing on how the TI staff can involve in enhancing the
community mobilization.
Contents to be covered
Role of PM/PD
Role of Outreach staff (ORW and PE)
Key messages



Community mobilization is one of the important and integral components of TI,
hence staff working in TI should give a high priority for this component.
TI staff should have a strong belief in the capacities of the community to lead their
prevention efforts.
Outreach and communication component has a huge role to reinforce the messages
on community mobilization and its benefits in addressing the community issues.
56
Handout
Role of TI staff in promoting community mobilisation
TI staff have a key role to play in enhancing community mobilisation at the TI level.
Staff need to develop a strong belief in the capacities of community to manage issues
they face in their day to day work. At risk groups need facilitation to develop selfrespect about their profession and to promote self-belief in their capacities to manage
problems they come across as part of their profession. Investment in the capacity
building of community members for self-organising can take them a long way in
developing community life competence to sustain HIV prevention efforts.
Project Manager/Project Director

Develop trust and instill confidence among the TI staff in believing the capacities
of the community members.
 Facilitate series of meetings with the staff, community members to understand
the need for self-orgnising.
 Identify community members who have potential to become community leaders.
 Facilitate formation of CBO with office bearers in a democratic way
 Conduct vision building exercise with the community members and assist them
to articulating their vision through regular meetings.
 Develop a road map by assigning roles for the community leaders to achieve
their dreams.
 Promote leadership skills and build appropriate capacity for orgnaisation
building, participatory decision making, and conflict resolution and to represent
the project and its activities to the outside world.
 Develop committees, designate authority and provide scope for the community
communities to manage components of TI.
 Allow the communities to develop plans, monitor execution of plans
periodically.
 Develop joint proposal with involvement of CBO with clearly articulated areas
that will be managed and delivered by them and the role of NGO as a capacity
builder and mentor.
 Follow up and monitor through established self-managed systems for managing
the TI.
Outreach staff (PEs & ORWs)
 Conduct FGDs with community members with a specific focus on self-organising
 Promote volunteerism among the community members to contribute for the
organizational development.
57






Identify community members with potential leadership skills
Conduct events that promote participation of the community members in large
numbers and build unity and solidarity among the group members.
Facilitate process of electing hot spot level leaders and Executive committee in a
democratic process.
Play a facilitative role to help the community members to identification,
prioritization and execution of their plans.
Seek support from the higher authorities to protect the interests of the
community members.
Adhere to the principle of giving respect and dignity to all community members
and be accountable for the assigned tasks.
List can be elaborated based on the group discussion with TI staff.
58