PSYC 200
Week #4
APA References (cont’d),
Basic Research Methods, &
The Main Parts of a Manuscript
Agenda
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Roll call
Collect and discuss graded assignments
Finishing up references
Some quick and dirty grammar
Basic research methods
Manuscript components (Part 1)
Assignments Recap
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Reading assignment
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Single article summary assignment
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Gram ch 3 – 8
APA ch 3, 7
Was due last week or later, depending on your
situation.
Stragglers?
Essay #1 Graded
Essay #1 – Common Issues
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Missing title on body
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You must put the title, centered, on the 1st page of
the body.
Pronoun issues (will discuss later)
Non-descriptive title
Running head: NEEDS TO LOOK RIGHT
Extra space between paragraphs
CITATIONS AND
REFERENCES CLOSURE
Six or More Authors
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First use:
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Subsequent use:
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Jones et al. (2003) examined....
...are more likely to see a difference (Jones et al.,
2003)
Jones et al. found
...greater understanding (Jones et al., 2006)
First use in a new paragraph:
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Jones et al. (2003)
Different Sources That Could Be
Confused When Shortened
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Jones, Jackson, Martin, Howard, and Simms
(1999)  Jones et al. (1999)
Jones, Madison, Howard, and Brown (1999)
 Jones et al. (1999)
Jones, Jackson, et al. (1999)
Jones, Madison, et al. (1999)
More Than One Source
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... interactions between youth and their
parents (De Kemp, Scholte, Overbeck, &
Engles, 2006; Mount & Steinberg, 1995;
Walker-Barnes & Mason, 2001; WalkerBarnes & Mason, 2004).
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The order of authors in parenthetical citations
is alphabetical (identical to the reference
page).
Secondary Sources
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Citing a document implies that you HAVE
READ the original work (APA, 2010)
Did you actually read the original reference?
Smith (1978) originally found that...is more
likely (as cited in James & Andrews, 2001)
Don’t include Smith’s article on your
reference page.
Quotations
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When quoting from a source, “if the quotation
comprises fewer than 40, incorporate it into
text and enclose with double quotation marks”
(APA, 2010, p. 170).
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Quotes in the middle of a sentence have (p. #)
directly after the quote
Quotations
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Quotes with 40 or more words appear as an
indented block.
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The citation information follows the
punctuation of the quote.
Other Citation Hints
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Articles don’t say anything—authors do.
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Don’t say, The article found that…
Do say, Jones (2010) found
Don’t overload your reader with citations.
You should only be presenting ideas that are
relevant to your topic.
Practice…
Practice 1
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Authors:
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Seth D. Gosling
Orlando P. John
Kendra H. Craik
Robin Wright Robins
Year: 1998
 Situation: 1st parenthetical citation in paper
(Gosling, John, Craik, & Robins, 1998)
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Practice 1a
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Authors:
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Seth D. Gosling
Orlando P. John
Kendra H. Craik
Robin Wright Robins
Year: 1998
 Situation: 1st parenthetical citation in new
paragraph (already cited in paper)
(Gosling, et al., 1998)
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Practice 1b
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Authors:
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Seth D. Gosling
Orlando P. John
Kendra H. Craik
Robin Wright Robins
Year: 1998
 Situation: 2nd citation in paragraph, in-text
Gosling, et al. found…
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Practice 2
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Authors:
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Seth D. Gosling
Orlando P. John
Year: 1998
 Situation: 2nd citation in paragraph, in-text
Gosling and John found…
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Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp.,
hyphenate, Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate, Italicize,
don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate, Italicize, don’t italicize, period, abbreviate, parenthesize, period, pp., hyphenate,
FORMATTING REFERENCE
ENTRIES
Reference Page Format Rules
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Put the word References centered at top of new
page
Start references next
Each new reference is a new, hanging indent
paragraph.
Place references in alphabetical order
Each citation must have reference and vice versa
This is an example of a hanging indent paragraph.
In Word, go to Paragraph, Special Indent, and
select Hanging.
Components of a Reference
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Author’s or authors’ name(s)
Year of publication
Article or Chapter Title
Journal or Book Title
Volume Number
Issue Number
Location of Publication
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City, State or City, Country outside of US
DOI or web address or database name
Publisher Information
Last name and initials.
Journal Article
In parentheses, end with pd.
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Sentence caps, end in pd.
Author, A. A.
Title caps, italicized
(YEAR).
Italicized
Title of the journal article.
Title of The Journal, xx(#), pp-pp.
If retrieved electronically
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doi:xxx.xxxxx.xx/xxx
In parentheses
Start pg.,
hyphen, end
pg., period
or
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URL of journal home page
Retrieved from http://www.journal.edu/ref/filename
or
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Retrieved from Name of database
Journal Article Exercise
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Author: Tegan Best
Published in 2010
Title of article: Effects of Name Referents on
Childhood Experiences.
Title of journal: Journal of Alderian Psychopathology,
volume 6, issue 7, pages 22 to 33
Identifier: 10.1177/0093854806286208
Best, T. (2010). Effects of name referents on
childhood experiences. Journal of Adlerian
Psychopathology, 6(7), 22-33. doi:10.11….
An Entire Book
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Author, A. A.
(YEAR).
Title of the book.
City, State or Country (outside of US):
Publisher.
A Chapter in a Book
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Author, A. A.
(YEAR).
Title of the chapter.
In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.),
Title of the book (pp. xx-xx).
City, State: Publisher.
Technical or Research Report
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Author, A. A.
(YEAR).
Title of report (Report No. XXXX).
City, State: Publisher
or
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Retrieved from Agency Site:
http://agency.gov/location/filename
1.
2.
Headings
Language Guide
APA LANGUAGE STYLE
GUIDELINES
Headings – The APA Way
Using Headings
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Headings are used to create sections
Improves sense of organization
Improves accessibility of information
Simple transition between major parts of
paper
Heading styles are codified 
APA Headings (APA p. 62-63)
Centered Title Caps (b)
Left Title Caps (b)
Indented sentence caps ending w/ pd. (b)
Indented sentence caps ending w/ pd. (b,i)
Indented, sentence caps ending w/ pd. (i)
Quick APA Language Guide
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Word choice and usage – the right word in the
right place
Removing bias
Grammar / Punctuation
Common phrases
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Avoid these!!
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Feel, believe, think, prove, stated, wrote, said
Replace with:
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Hypothesize, conjecture, reason, support, found,
suggested
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage
Avoid Wordiness
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Clear & Concise
Write like a poet
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Make every word count
Avoid unnecessary transitions
Say what you want to using one word instead of
two
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Say it with one word rather than two
Say it with one word, not two
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage
Informalities and Slang
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No contractions—ever!
No colloquialisms
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Sky-high, bright idea, and the like
others?
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage
Using Conjunctions Correctly
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Since vs. Because
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Andrew has been excited about going to the zoo since last
Thursday.
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The dog salivated because Pavlov rang the bell.
While vs. Although
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Although I enjoy watching baseball on television, I would
rather be at the stadium.
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While Jack cleaned the garage, Mary dusted the living room.
Or vs. Nor
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The girl was allowed to have either a piece of candy or a sticker.
Neither the doctor nor the nurse could find the patient’s chart.
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage
Referring to People
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Do not use “You” to refer to the reader.
Do not use “We” to refer to general groups or
society.
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Use “One”
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If one chooses to engage in criminal activity, then one
must be ready to accept the consequences.
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One should not equate correlation with causation.
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage
Me, myself, and I
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Can you use first person?
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YES!!
Use the appropriate first person pronoun when
referring to yourself or the author(s) of your
paper.
Consider using passive voice
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I gave the survey to 70 participants
Seventy participants received the survey
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage
They All Sound the Same...
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They’re, There, and Their
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They’re going to the store this afternoon. (contraction
= they are)
I just returned from Dublin, have you ever been
there? (place, direction)
Their house is white with blue shutters. (possession)
To, Too, and Two
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Kent is moving to Massachusetts.
I want to go too.
He is taking his two dogs with him.
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage
They all sound the same...
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It’s and Its
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Whether and Weather
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It’s Jake’s birthday today. (It is)
Its hair was matted and mangled. (possession)
It does not matter whether or not Mandy stays for dinner.
The weather is supposed to be cold and damp.
Then and Than
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Men are more likely than women to watch UFC.
The students were instructed to clear their desks then begin the
examination.
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage
Often Forgotten.....
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Who vs. Whom
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Who vs. That
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Who is the person with the white lab coat?
With whom did you leave the key?
Individuals who study, often find exams to be easy.
Companies that give employees better benefits have higher
productivity.
The vase that broke is in the cardboard box.
Times when..., Places where...
Affect vs. Effect
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Psychology students often learn about the Hawthorne effect.
Amy wants study how energy-drinks affect performance and
cognitive ability.
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage
Anthropomorphizing
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Do not give human traits or abilities to
inanimate or non-human objects/creatures.
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Do not write
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The article shows...
 Instead try...Deci and Ryan indicate
The research explains...
 Instead...Pavlov explains
Quick APA Language Guide – Word Choice / Usage
Removing Bias
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One must be conscientious of how individuals
and groups are identified.
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Do not over generalize
Gender bias
Racial/Ethnicity bias
Mental health or disability status
Age
Quick APA Language Guide - Bias
Sexist Language
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When referring to an object that could be
either male or female (e.g., a participant, a
client, etc.) you MUST not exclude a gender.
For example, “When a therapist begins a
session, she introduces herself first.”
Try,
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“…the therapist introduces his or herself…”
“…self-introductions come first…”
Or: Make it plural  “When therapists begin
sessions, they introduce themselves first.”
Quick APA Language Guide - Bias
Irregular Plurals
Singular
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Plural
 Data
 Phenomena
Hypothesis
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Hypotheses
Phenomenon
Datum
Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar
Irregular Plurals
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Singular Form
Child
Mouse
Foot
Offspring
Formula
Datum
Stimulus
Index
Hypothesis
Criterion
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Plural Form
Children
Mice
Feet
Offspring
Formulae
Data
Stimuli
Indices
Hypotheses
Criteria
Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar
Abbreviations
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That is…
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And so on…
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Notes, books, pencils, etc.
For example…
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Study for your class; that is, if you don’t want to fail.
Study for your class (i.e., if you don’t want to fail)
For example, students in PSYC200.
…(e.g., students in PSYC200).
And other people (things) [used when have many
authors]
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…was found (Johns, et al., 2002).
Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar
Dirty Grammar
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They’re always there to hurt their grade
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Plural possessives
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their, there, and they’re
Individual, individuals, individual’s, and
individuals’
Pronoun shifting
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Someone cannot be a they
Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar
Parallel Construction
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Each statement must be able to stand alone and still be
grammatically correct.
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The student is required to read 30 pages of text, write a
report, and memorize a list of vocabulary words.
 to read
 to write
 to memorize
Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar
Dirty Grammar
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Make ‘em parallel
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My experience with psychology is mostly from
attending classes, working with children, and to
read books.
If you can’t pull it apart, then it ain’t parallel
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..from attending classes
..from working with children
..from read books
Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar
Dirty Grammar –
Comma use
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I expect to gain much experience in this class, and hope to
find out a direction for my career.
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I expect to gain much experience in this class, and I hope to
find out a direction for my career.
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I expect to gain much experience in this class
hope to find out a direction for my career
I expect to gain much experience in this class
I hope to find out a direction for my career
Mostly, whenever possible, use, or otherwise utilize, a comma
on introductory phrases
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At that time, I wanted to be a counselor
Quick APA Language Guide - Grammar
Resources for help
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The ARC – writing center
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(410) 837-6244
arc@ubalt.edu
Your peers
Your texts
Quick APA Language Guide
APA SCAVENGER HUNT
INTRO TO RESEARCH
METHODS
Research Methods
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There are 6 basic categories of scientific
method that virtually all research falls into
Research
Non-Experimental
Naturalistic Observation
Experimental
Quasi-Experimental
Field Study
Survey
Relational Research
Experimental
Research Methods –
Naturalistic Observation
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Addresses most basic scientific question:
“What is out there?”
Requires operational definition of events to be
observed
Observer must be unobtrusive, and
design must be nonreactive
Research Methods –
Field-Based Research
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Like naturalistic observation, conducted in
real-world settings
Goal is to establish natural relations among
events
Observer must be unobtrusive, but methods
are intentionally reactive
Research Methods –
Survey Research
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Appropriate to the study of private behaviors
Two primary styles:
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Interviews (structured/unstructured)
Questionnaires (structured/unstructured)
Research Methods –
Relational (Correlational) Research
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Goal to verify systematic (usually linear)
relations among events
Strengths/directions of relations
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generally expressed in form of correlation
coefficient (rxy)
Research Methods –
True Experiment
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Goal: to establish a cause-effect relationship
among events
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Does low-fat diet cause decrease in cancer risk?
Does exposure to violent video games cause
increase in violent behaviors?
Does spaced study cause increase in memory
accuracy and retention?
Do genetic variations cause sexual preference?
Research Methods –
True Experiment
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Requires:
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random assignment of participants to at least two
equivalent conditions
manipulation of one factor (independent variable, or IV)
in one condition (experimental), leaving it unchanged in
other condition (control)
measurement of one other factor in both conditions (factor
called dependent variable, or DV; measurement
instrument called dependent measure, or DM)
Research Methods –
True Experiment
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Concludes:
 if groups are NOT equivalent with
respect to DV, and
 if the difference between the groups is so big it
probably did not happen by chance, then
 manipulation of the IV caused the difference in
the DV
Research Methods –
Quasi-Experiment
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Goal also to establish cause-effect relations
among events
Required when random assignment is not
possible, because
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must use pre-existing groups, or
IV impossible to manipulate directly, or
IV unethical/illegal to manipulate directly
Research Methods Review
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Name 6 categories of scientific research
The parts of an APA manuscript
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Title Page
Abstract
Body
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Literature review
Method
Results
Discussion
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References
Tables
Figures
Appendices
Review
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General guidelines
Title page
Abstract
Body
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Purpose:
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Formatting:
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The “meat” of your article. You want to share your
experiences, knowledge, opinions with the world.
Title centered at top of first page
Double space, indent, and begin your text
Content:
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Discuss all necessary aspects of your topic
{see next slide}
Body –
Experimental / Research Paper
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Introduction
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Purpose:
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Identify previous work in the field relating to your
topic / study
Formatting:
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NO heading (e.g., “Introduction”) to start
May use headings to separate sections
Body –
Experimental / Research Paper
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Introduction (cont’d)
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Content
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Lit review
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Cite previous scientific work related to your article
Logical (usually not chronological) order
Purpose of study

What are you trying to accomplish / investigate?
Body –
Experimental / Research Paper
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Introduction (cont’d)
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Content (cont’d)
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Theoretical issues
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Definitions of variables
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How does your article impact the field?
How has previous work in the field influenced your article?
What do you mean by, “depression” or “efficient time use”?
Statement of hypotheses

What do you expect to find, given the previous work in the
field and your own personal twist?
Body –
Literature Review Paper
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Introduction
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Content
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Theoretical issues
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What previous work has been done in this topic?
Is there any controversy / disagreement about this topic?
What are the opposing view points?
Definitions of variables

What do you mean by, “depression” or “efficient time use”?
Body –
Experimental / Research Paper

Other Components of the Body
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Method Section
Results Section
Discussion Section
{to be continued…}
Review and Next Steps
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Review
Next week assignments
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Gram reading (ch 9) and assigments #1-3 in the
book
APA ch 4
APA Style Practice Test #1
Editorial style (the minutiae)