無線通訊技術與法規
報告人：許錫蘭
財團法人電信技術中心
中華民國九十三年十一月十二日
Outline
802.11 a/b/g
802.11 Global Regulatory Status
Wireless LAN Regulations in Taiwan
Regulatory and testing issues for 802.11
in the 2.4/5 GHz band
 RFID
Overview of Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID)
RFID International Regulatory
Requirements
2
802.11 Global Regulatory
Status
(802.11a/b/g and BlueTooth)
Key Conformance for Global Market
1. FCC Part 15
2. EN 300 328
3. EN 301 893
4. EN 301 489
5. Safety Report
4
Regions
1. North America
2. EU + countries following R&TTE Directive
3. Rest of Europe
4. Latin America
5. Asia ANZA
6. Asia Pacific
7. Middle East
5
North America
US and Canada:
- Test per FCC Part 15 and RSS 210 (Lead time – 4 wks)
- Submission can be made to TCB for 2.4GHz, 5.155.35GHz, 5.725-5.850GHz (Lead time – 2 to 4 wks)
- FCC submission is required for New UNII Band
5.470-5.725GHz (Lead time – 4 to 8 wks)
Mexico:
- No in-country testing
- Application submission with FCC test reports and
certification
- Local legal representation required
- Lead time – 6-8 wks
6
Europe
EU + countries following R&TTE Directive:
(Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Germany, Italy,
Ireland, Iceland, Luxembourg
Liechtenstein, Norway, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, Spain,
Switzerland, UK)
(New Additions as of May 1st, 2004 : Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Cyprus and Malta)
-Suggested testing per harmonized Radio, EMC and Safety
standards
-Self Declaration and CE marking Process
-Required to notify national radio agency 4 wks before
placing product in EU market
NOTE: National Restrictions on 2.4GHz and 5GHz frequency
Bands.
7
Rest of Europe
Russia:
- 802.11a is not allowed
- Test in GOST accredited lab
- Local legal representation required
- Lead time – 4-6 wks
Ukraine, Yugoslavia:
- Paper Submission
- Local legal representation required
- Lead time 6-8 wks
8
Latin America
Argentina: 802.11g ruling is pending
- Regulatory Body: Commicsion Nacional de
Comunicaciones (CNC)
- Test Lab: Any Accredited Lab (University Lab or
INTI)
- Test in Country (Conducted test based on RES
288)
- Submission to CNC in Spanish
- FCC test reports and grant required
- Local Agent required
- Lead time – 10-12 weeks
9
Latin America
Brazil: 802.11a ruling is pending
- Regulatory Body: ANATEL
- 3rd Party Review: Any OCD (Organization for
Certifications Designate)
- Test Lab: Any Accredited Lab
- Test in Country (Conducted test based on
RES 242)
- Submission to ANATEL with FCC Test Reports
and Grant
- User Guide – in Portuguese
- Local Agent required
- Lead time – 10-12 weeks
10
Latin America
Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Columbia, Venezuela, Uruguay
Paraguay, Ecuador:
- No in-country test required
- Paper submission with FCC Test Reports and
Grant
- Local legal representation required
- Some countries may require User Manual in
Spanish or Portuguese
- Lead time – 6 -12wks
11
Asia ANZA
Australia and New Zealand:
- Supplier Declaration of Conformity
Process
- Local legal presence required
- Lead time – 2 to 4 days
12
Asia Pacific
Japan:
-Test in Country (in any accredited lab).
- Conducted Test
- Submission to accredited certified body
(similar as TCB in US)
- US manufacturers can obtain certificate under
their name
-Technical Documentation in English is
acceptable
- Lead time - 4-6 wks
13
Asia Pacific
Korea:
- Test in Country (in any local accredited Lab)
- Conducted test
- Submission to RRL
- User Manual in Korean is required
- US manufacturers can obtain certificate under
their name
- Lead time – 4-6 wks
14
Asia Pacific
Taiwan:
- Test in Country (in any accredited Lab)
- Submission to DGT
- Lead time – 4-8wks
Indonesia:
-Test in Country by DGPT
- Conducted test
- Application review by DGPT
- Lead time – 85 working days
15
Asia Pacific
Philippines and Singapore:
- Paper submission with FCC/ETSI test reports and
FCC Grant
- Local legal agent needed
- Lead time – 4-8 wks
Thailand: 802.11a is not allowed
- Paper submission to PTD with FCC/ETSI test
reports and FCC Grant
- US manufacturer can obtain certification
- Lead time – 6-8 wks
16
Asia Pacific
Malaysia: 802.11a/g is not allowed yet
- Import Permit required for test samples
- Test in Country at SIRIM
- Conducted test
- Application reviewed by SIRIM
- FCC test reports and certificate required
- Local legal presence needed
- Lead time 6-8 wks
India: 802.11a is not allowed
- 2.4Ghz is de licensed – No approval required
17
Middle East
Turkey:
- No Test in Country but test samples are
required for evaluation
- Paper Submission to Turkish Telecom based on
ETSI & FCC
- DoC is required in Turkish language
- Manufacturers Maintenance Declaration
Required
- Local legal agent needed
- Lead time – 8-10 weeks
18
Middle East
South Africa (ICASA) and Jordan (TRC):
- Paper submission to with FCC & ETSI Test reports
- Local legal presence needed
- Lead time – 4-6 wks
Bahrain, Oman, Kuwait and Qatar: 802.11a is unknown
- Paper submission with FCC & ETSI Test Reports
- Local legal presence needed
- Lead time – 10-12 wks
19
Middle East
Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt: 802.11a is unknown
- Test in Country (functional test)
- Submission with FCC & ETSI test reports
- Local legal presence needed
- Lead time – 10-12wks
Israel: 802.11a/g is not allowed
- No in country test
- Restrictions on 2.4GHz band
- Submission with FCC & ETSI test reports
- Local legal presence needed
- Lead time – 6-8wks
20
Standard Technical Documentation
Technical Description
Block Diagram
Schematics
PCB Layout
Bill of Materials
User Manual
Data Sheet (if available)
Photographs
Test Reports – ETSI & FCC
FCC Certificate
21
Wireless LAN Regulations
in Taiwan
Wireless LAN Regulations
On June 5,2002, DGT announced “Interim
Administrative Guidelines on 2.4GHz and
5GHz WLAN”.
Per stipulation, DGT will review WLAN
market development and revise the interim
guidelines after one year trial.
23
Revised Administrative Guidelines
 DGT revised “Administrative Guidelines on
2.4GHz and 5GHz WLAN” and promulgated
on July 11,2003.
 Major revision:
1.Abolish the category classification of indoor/out-door usage for Public WLAN.
2.All of the Type I and Type II operators may
deploy PWLAN, but shall notify to and
register with the DGT in advance.
24
Revised Administrative Guidelines
3. Businesses with attached provision of WLAN,e.g.
coffee shops, restaurants, hotels, airports and
etc., which are not involved in the offering of
telecom services, need not apply for licenses.
4.For consumer protection, operators shall:
Clearly inform consumers of the fact that
PWLAN have a characteristic of having to endure
interference.
notify its prices for PWLAN services to the DGT
in advance and the prices to be published in the
public.
25
Regulatory Principles of Guidelines
Unlicensed Band and No Frequency Fee at
present.
WLAN equipment used shall be subject to
type approval.
No regulatory restriction on WLAN usage
for non-profit purposes.
26
Regulatory Principles of Guidelines
Provision of PWLAN shall possess a license
or permit.
All of the Type I and Type II operator may
deploy PWLAN to offer telecom services
subject to registration with DGT before the
commencement of the provision of the
service.
To deploy WLAN access equipment such as
access points etc. and their extension
networks shall obey relative regulations.
27
Frequency Band Available
 2.4-2.4835 GHz
Shared with ISM equipment
Suitable for IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g
 5.25-5.35 GHz
indoor use only
Shared with ISM equipment
Suitable for IEEE 802.11a and HiperLAN I and II
 5.725-5.825 GHz
Shared with ISM equipment
Suitable for IEEE 802.11a
28
Frequency Band Available
5.47-5.725 GHz
Newly allocated for Wireless access system
incl. WLAN
29
Spectrum Allocation
 WLL
 3.4GHz~3.7GHz
 4.41GHz~4.43GHz
 4.71GHz~4.73GHz
 24GHz~42GHz
 WLAN
 2.4GHz~2.4835GHz
 5.725Hz~5.875GHz
 5.25~5.35GHz(Indoor use)
30
Spectrum Allocation
The 2.4 GHz band
Industrial, Scientific
and Medical(ISM) equipment
2,400
2,4835
IEEE 802.11 b/g,Bluetooth
Low power device
31
Spectrum Allocation
The 5 GHz Band
Newly allocated for
WAS, incl. WLAN
Radiolocation
5,250
5,350
UNII
WLAN(IEEE 802.11a)
HiperLAN I, II
In-door only
5,470
5,725
Amateur Radio
5,805
ISM
5,825 5,850MHz
UNII
WLAN(IEEE 802.11a)
UNII : Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure
PWLAN Deployment Status
(Dec.2003)
No. of Locations
2.400 ~ 2.4853 GHz
No. of Operators
889
5.250 ~ 5.350 GHz
4
5.725 ~ 5.825 GHz
Total
889
33
4
DGT’s requirements for 802.11a/b/g(1/3)
Current requirements:
the frequency band for 802.11a (LP0002 section 4.7)
 5.25-5.35GHz (indoor, 50 mW)
 5.725-5.825GHz(indoor/outdoor, 1W)
the frequency band for 802.11b/g (LP0002 section
3.10.1)
 2.4-2.4835GHz (indoor/outdoor, 1W)
Future requirements:
The band for 802.11a extension
5.25-5.35 GHz (indoor/outdoor, 50mW, TPC/DFS):
under consideration
5.47-5.725 GHz (indoor/outdoor, 1W, TPC/DFS)
It is estimated that the amendment LP0002 will be
announced by the end of year 2004.
34
DGT’s requirements for 802.11a/b/g(2/3)
2.400
5.35 5.47
2.4835 5.25
Current requirements
Indoor/Outdoor
5.825GHz
Indoor/Outdoor
Indoor
50mw
1w
Indoor/Outdoor
5.725
1w
Indoor/Outdoor
Indoor/Outdoor
Indoor/Outdoor
50mw
1w
1w
Future requirements
1w
2.400
2.4835 5.25
5.35 5.47
35
5.725
5.825GHz
DGT’s requirements for 802.11a/b/g(3/3)
UNII
frequency
band
(802.11a)
FCC
DGT
DGT Regulations
5.15-5.25 GHz
-
-
5.25-5.35 GHz
5.25-5.35 GHz
LP0002
Section 4.7
5.47-5.725 GHz
-
-
Current
5.725-5.825 GHz 5.725-5.825 GHz
Future
LP0002
Section 4.7
5.15-5.25 GHz
-
-
5.25-5.35 GHz
5.25-5.35 GHz
LP0002
Section 4.7
5.47-5.725 GHz
5.47-5.725 GHz
LP0002 draft
36
Regulation (summary) 2.4GHz band
wireless LAN
Technical regulation,etc
Test Item
Assigned frequency or designated
frequency
2,471-2,497MHz
Frequency error (x10-6)
50
Occupied bandwidth tolerance
26,000kHz
Spurious
emission
intensity
tolerance
Over 1W
---
1W or less
2,458-2,471MHz 2,497-2,510MHz 25µW
2,458MHz or less and over 2,510MHz: 2.5µW
Specified value
10mW/1MHz or less
Error
+20%
Antenna power
-80%
Other equipment than transmitter/receiver
Carrier sense, Interface prevention device
Other
Collateral emission
1GHz or less: 4,000µµW
Over 1GHz: 20nW
37
Regulation (summary) 2.4GHz Wide
Band Wireless LAN
Technical regulation,etc
Test Item
Assigned frequency or designated frequency
2,400-2,483.5MHz
Frequency error (x10-6)
50
Occupied bandwidth tolerance
FH, FH+DS : 83.5MHz others : 26MHz
Spurious emission intensity tolerance
below 2,387, above 2,496.5MHz: 2.5µW
2,387-2,400MHz, 2,483.5-2,496.5MHz: 25µW
Antenna power
1) FH, FH+DS(2,427-2,470.75MHz) : 3mW/MHz
2) DS : 10mW/MHz 3) Except 1)&2) : 10mW
Antenna power tolerance
+20%
Spread Bandwidth(90%)
500kHz or over
Spread Bandwidth/transmitting speed of modulation
signal
5 or over
frequency stayingtime
0.4 sec or less
Other
Collateral emission
below 1GHz : 4nW above 1GHz : 20nW
note :
FH : Frequency Hopping system
DS : Direct Spread system
38
-80%
Summary
 DGT plays a minimal regulation in the
introduction of wireless LAN service
 Wireless technology plays a more significant
role in information infrastructure
 Wireless LAN as an extension of the fixed
networks, offer alternatives to the lastmile wire-line network.
 Integrating 3G and Wireless LAN provides
the opportunity to offer both ubiquitous
coverage with good voice telephony
support while providing local “hot spot”
connectivity in high demand areas.
39
Regulatory and Testing
Issues for 802.11 in the
2.4/5 GHz band
Protocols & Modulations
❧802.11b is Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
❧802.11a/g is Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplex
(OFDM)
❧All 802.11g devices must be
backwards compatible to 802.11b
41
FCC Requirements
❧2400 to 2483.5 MHz Band
Devices are covered under FCC
Part 15, Subpart C
❧Specific section is 15.247
❧All 802.11g devices must also
be tested in the 802.11b mode
42
FCC Requirements
❧ 6 dB Bandwidth
❧ Peak Power
Must use a power meter with a video
bandwidth greater than the EUT RF
Channel Bandwidth, or
a spectrum analyzer with channel power
integration
99% Bandwidth Measurement Required
to determine channel integration
bandwidth
❧ Peak Power Spectral Density
43
FCC Requirements
❧Bandedge and Spurious
May be either conducted or radiated
measurement
Conducted tests only applicable
outside of restricted bands
❧Restricted Bands
Must be radiated measurement
Typically plot the entire adjacent
restricted bands
44
FCC Requirements
❧For Radiated tests below 1 GHz, FCC
allows a single test of the worst-case
configuration and channel
FCC Class B Limits are specified for
Subpart C
❧AC Mains Line Conduction tests
Either FCC Class B or CISPR 22 Class B
Limits
CISPR 22 Class B Limits are
mandatory for products marketed
after July 11, 2005
45
FCC Requirements
❧5 GHz Band Unlicensed
Devices are covered under two
rule parts
FCC Part 15, Subpart C also known
as Digital Transmission System (DTS)
rules
FCC Part 15, Subpart E also known
as Unlicensed National Information
Infrastructure (U-NII or UNII) rules
46
FCC Requirements
❧5 GHz Authorized Bands
5150 to 5250 MHz (U-NII Band 1)
5250 to 5350 MHz (U-NII Band 2)
5470 to 5725 MHz (newly
authorized U-NII band)
5725 to 5825 MHz (U-NII Band 3)
5725 to 5850 (DTS Band)
47
FCC U-NII Requirements
❧Band 1 Requirements
Power Limits are lower than other
U-NII bands
EIRP Limits are lower than other
U-NII bands
Antenna must be Integral to EUT
Indoor Use Only
48
FCC DTS Requirements
❧15.247 requirements are the same in
both the 2400 to 2483.5 MHz band and
the 5740 to 5825 MHz band
❧EIRP limits in 5 GHz band are higher
than 2.4 GHz band
Output power limits are the same
Higher allowable antenna gain
49
FCC U-NII Requirements
❧26 dB Bandwidth
❧Peak Power
Measurement procedure yields a
result close to the average power
❧Peak Power Spectral Density
❧Peak Excursion
❧Except for BW, the above
measurements require a spectrum
analyzer that has an RMS detector and
a power averaging function
50
FCC U-NII Requirements
❧Bandedge and Spurious
May be either conducted or radiated
measurement
Conducted tests only applicable
outside of restricted bands
❧Restricted Bands
Must be radiated measurement
Typically plot the entire adjacent
restricted bands
51
FCC U-NII Requirements
❧For Radiated tests below 1 GHz, FCC
allows a single test of the worst-case
configuration and channel
FCC Class B Limits are specified for
Subpart C
❧AC Mains Line Conduction tests
Either FCC Class B or CISPR 22 Class B
Limits
CISPR 22 Class B Limits are mandatory
for products marketed after July 11,
2005
52
Industry Canada Requirements
❧ IC Standard is RSS-210
❧ Very similar to FCC requirements
 Must perform 99% bandwidth test
 Power Spectral Density test procedure is different
❧ Add Receiver Spurious Radiated Test
 Upper frequency of investigation is Third
Harmonic
❧ Radiated Limit below 1 GHz is FCC Class B
 Will not accept CISPR 22 Class B Limit
❧ AC Mains Conducted Limit is FCC Class B
 Will not accept CISPR 22 Class B Limit
53
Industry Canada Requirements
❧ IC RSS-210 (o) covers DTS
Authorized bands are the same as FCC
Regulations are very similar to FCC
The FCC/IC comparison comments
regarding the 2.4 GHz DTS band also
apply to the 5 GHz DTS band
❧ IC RSS-210 (q1) covers U-NII
Canada has not adopted the new FCC
band
Channel Tests are different from FCC
Spurious tests are similar to FCC
54
Industry Canada Requirements
❧IC Authorized Bands
5150 to 5250 MHz (U-NII Band 1)
5250 to 5350 MHz (U-NII Band 2)
5725 to 5825 MHz (U-NII Band 3)
5725 to 5850 (DTS Band)
55
IC U-NII Requirements
❧ IC Channel Tests
Different from FCC
99% Bandwidth
Average Power
Power Spectral Density
❧ Conducted Spurious, Radiated Spurious, AC
Mains Line Conduction
Similarities to FCC are essentially the
same for both DTS and U-NII
56
IC U-NII Requirements
❧Band 1 Requirements
Power Limits are lower than other
U-NII bands
EIRP Limits are lower than other
U-NII bands
Antenna must be Integral to EUT
Indoor Use Only
57
Taiwan Requirements
❧ RF is governed by DGT
Directorate General of
Telecommunications
Applicable Standard is LP0002
❧ EMC is governed by BSMI
Required for ITE Devices (for example,
Access Point)
CISPR 22 Class B Radiated
CISPR 22 Class B AC Mains Line
Conducted
58
Taiwan RF Requirements
❧Begin with FCC requirements
Must perform Channel Integration
test for Peak Power
❧Add Radiated Field Strength of
fundamental signal for all channels
(Low, Mid, High)
❧Add Receiver Spurious test for all
channels (Low, Mid, High)
59
Taiwan RF Requirements
❧Must use FCC Class B Radiated Limits
below 1000 MHz
❧Must perform a separate radiated
spurious test from 30 to 1000 MHz for
each Transmit Channel (Low, Mid,
High)
❧Must perform a separate radiated
spurious test from 30 to 1000 MHz for
each Receive Channel (Low, Mid, High)
60
Taiwan RF Requirements
❧Must use FCC Class B Limit for AC
Mains Line Conduction
A single test of the worst-case
configuration and channel is
allowed for this measurement
61
Taiwan RF Requirements
❧DGT Authorized Bands
5250 to 5350 MHz (U-NII Band 2)
5725 to 5825 MHz (U-NII Band 3)
5725 to 5875 (DTS Band)
62
Taiwan RF Requirements
❧ DTS Requirements
The FCC/DGT comparison comments
regarding the 2.4 GHz DTS band also
apply to the 5 GHz DTS band
❧ U-NII Requirements
5250 to 5350 MHz DGT in-band limits are
the same amplitude as 5150 to 5250 MHz
FCC in-band limits
Indoor use only allowed from 5250 to
5350 MHz
Spurious limits are similar to FCC
63
Japan Requirements
❧ Radio is governed by MPHPT
Ministry of Public Management, Home
Affairs, Posts and Telecommunication
Applicable Standards
RCR STD-33 for 802.11b
ARIB STD-T66 for 802.11b/g
ARIB STD-T71 for 802.11a
Authorized Band
5150 to 5250 MHz (U-NII Band 1)
64
Japan EMC Requirements
❧ EMC is administered by VCCI
Voluntary Control Council for
Interference by Information Technology
Equipment
Applicable to Access Points, for example
Limits
CISPR 22 Class B Radiated
CISPR 22 Class B AC Mains Line
Conducted
65
Japan Radio Requirements
❧ Low, Mid, and High Channels 1 to 13
❧ Separate Requirements for Channel 14
Legacy devices continue to be in service
Channel Center Frequency = 2484 MHz
Authorized Band
2471 to 2497 MHz
5150 to 5250 MHz (U-NII Band 1)
802.11b mode operation only
Indoor Use Only(5GHz)
66
Japan Radio Requirements
❧ All Testing is Antenna Port Conducted
Average Power
Power Spectral Density (dBm/MHz)
EIRP = PSD + Antenna Gain
99% Occupied Bandwidth
90%Spreading Bandwidth
Frequency Tolerance
Adjacent Channel Power (5GHz only)
Transmit Spurious
Receive Spurious
67
European Requirements
❧ 2.4GHz Radio Spectral Matters (RSM)
Standard is ETSI EN 300 328
Current Harmonized version is v.1.4.1
Version v.1.5.1 is released by ETSI, but not
yet published in Official Journal
Technical Construction File (TCF) is
required to use v.1.5.1
❧ 5GHz Radio Spectral Matters (RSM) Standard
is ETSI EN 301 893
Current Harmonized version is v.1.2.3
❧ EMC Standard is ETSI EN 301 489-17
Applies to the radio, even if not ITE
equipment
68
European 2.4GHz RSM Requirements
❧ EIRP
Peak and Average required under v.1.4.1
Only Average required under v.1.5.1
❧ Power Density
❧ Frequency Range
❧ Regarding all the above tests
May be Conducted plus antenna gain, or
radiated
Measured over Normal and Extreme
environmental conditions
69
European 5GHz RSM Requirements
❧Average Power / EIRP / TPC
❧Power Density
❧Regarding all the above tests
May be Conducted plus antenna
gain, or radiated
Measured over Normal and Extreme
environmental conditions
70
European RSM Requirements
❧Emission Mask(5GHz)
❧Transmit Spurious
❧Receive Spurious
❧Regarding the above tests
May test Antenna port conducted
plus Cabinet radiation (Radiated
with a load), or
Antenna and cabinet radiation
(Radiated with the Antenna)
71
European RSM Requirements
❧European Authorized Bands
5150 to 5350 MHz
5740 to 5725 MHz
72
European EMC Requirements
❧Emissions
Radiated 30 to 1000 MHz, CISPR 22 B
AC Mains
Line Conducted
Harmonic Currents
Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker
73
European EMC Requirements
❧ Immunity
Enclosure Port
ESD
RF Radiated Field
–80 to 1000 MHz and 1.4 to 2 GHz
AC Mains Port
Surge
EFT Burst
RF Conducted 150 kHz to 80 MHz
Voltage Dips and Interruptions
74
European EMC Requirements
❧Immunity
I/O Ports (If Applicable)
Surge
EFT Burst
RF Conducted 150 kHz to 80 MHz
75
An Overview of
Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID)
RF ID BASICS
❧ An RF ID tag is an IC attached to an antenna,
which is usually printed or etched on a substrate
material.
❧ An RFID system typically consists of a radioenabled device that communicates with or
"interrogates" a tag or label, which is embedded
with a single chip processor and an antenna.
❧ The "interrogator" or RFID reader may be a fixed
antenna or it may be portable
❧ Host computer stores all collected data within a
database.
77
RF ID BASICS
.
78
RF ID BASICS
.
Inductively coupled system
79
RF ID BASICS
Backscatter transponder system
80
How Do RF Tags Work ?
Continuous Wave Backscatter Modulation
1. Reader emits a “continuous” RF signal
2. RF energy provides power to the tag (for
passive systems)
3. Tag “modulates” a preprogrammed
message
4. Modulated signal is decoded by the
reader


81
Passive Tag RFID Operation
1. Reader sends power &
commands to the tag
2. Tag responds with
data
READER
3. Reader sends
data to host
82
TAG
Some tags can be very small!
83
Passive Tags
84
Passive Tag Antenna Examples
❧ Many different tag antennas for different
types of products.
❧ Many different antenna materials.
85
915 MHz Reader
Reader is half the size
of a laptop computer
86
AIDC Tag Classes
❧ Class-1
Identity code only, RF user programmable
Lowest cost (5¢ in 2-3 years)
❧ Class-2
RF READ and WRITE tags (256 bits to 16Kbits)
Medium cost (8-15¢ moving down to 5-8¢ in 3-5
years)
❧ Class-3
Self-Powered (battery, photovoltaic NanoBlock™
IC, etc)
Ability to monitor inputs and control outputs
Up to 100 meter range (Lots of Margin)
Higher cost – (but still less than transmitter tags)
❧ Class-4
Direct communication with other tags without
readers
87
Active Tags
❧Active
❧Battery powered
❧Read-write and read only versions
available
❧Longer read ranges (25 to 100 feet)
❧Higher tag costs ($ $ per tag)
❧2D location systems possible
❧Example: toll booths
88
Passive Tags
❧ Powered by reader
❧ Read-write and read only versions available
❧ Shorter read ranges (Inches to 20 feet)
❧ Lower tag costs (goal: <$.05 per tag)
❧ Item ID
❧ Example: item management
89
Tag Modulations
Some of the modulation patterns presently in use are:
❧ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying):
The absorption of power from the antenna coil (loading)
at a sub-modulation frequency directly constitutes
logical "1", the non-absorption (unloading) of power
constitutes a logical "0".
❧FSK (Frequency Shift Keying):
The tag signal varies at two different sub-modulation
frequencies, corresponding to logical "0" and logical "1".
❧PSK (Phase Shift Keying):
The tag signal varies at a single sub-modulation
frequency, but provides phase changes at specific time
intervals to denote logical "0" and "1".
90
Tag Types- Operating Frequency
❧ Low Frequency (LF) - 125 kHz
 Short range; good propagation
 Higher cost; slower data transfer
❧ High Frequency (HF) - 13.56 MHz
 Reasonable range; reasonable propagation
 Low cost; faster data transfer
❧ Ultra High Frequency (UHF) – 860-960 MHz, 2.45GHz,5.8GHz
 Low cost; fast data transfer
 Good range but regulatory restrictions may limit (passive
tags)
 Some propagation issues:
 Line of sight/shadow effect (one tag may obscure
another)
 Attenuation by water (paper based packaging)
91
Radio Frequency Assignment
ISM Bands for RFID use
Frequency
9-135kHz/400kHz
(Not ISM band)
6.78 (±0.015)MHz
13.56 (±0.7)MHz
RFID applications
Other uses
Inductive loop RFID
ISM band in most countries
ISM band inductive loop RFID
Long range radio services (marine,
navigation, military)
Short wave broadcast radio
Short wave broadcast radio
Partly shared by Citizen Band (CB)
radiko:27.125±(0.08)MHz
TV, PMR
27.12 (±0.163)MHz
ISM band inductive loop RFID
40.68 (±0.02)MHz
ISM band no RFID devices
Backscatter RFID, subject to
Popular for keyless entry, intercom,
interference from other users due
alarms, telemetry, car central locking, and
to long-range LOS propagation, no
amateur radio (433-430MHz)
multipath.
No commercial RFID services yet Recently introduced by CEPT for short
reported
range services
These frequencies are only available in the USA and Australia as ISM
frequencies. In Europe and most of the world GSM operates at 876-815MHz
(uplink) and 921-960MHz (Downlink)
433.42 (±0.79)MHz
869 (±1)MHz
915 MHz
888-889 MHz
902-928 MHz
2.44175 (±0.04175)GHz 1-10m Backscatter RFID
Also known as ISM LOS propagation subject
2.45GHz
multipath
5.8 (±0.075)GHz
24.125 (±0.125)GHz
ISM
uses:
telemetry
and
LAN.
to Microwave ovens. Some amateur radio
and radiolocation uses
ISM uses: movement detectors (door
openers, contact less toilet flushing),
Backscatter RFID
some amateur radio and radiolocation
services
No commercially reported RFID Some amateur radio and radiolocation
systems
services
92
RFID INTERNATIONAL
REGULATORY
REQUIREMENTS
Worldwide Regulatory Environment
North
America
Europe
(current)
Europe
(future)
Japan
(new)
Korea
(new)
Australia
Argentina
Brazil Peru
New
Zealand
Band
size
902-928
869.5
866868
950-956
910-914
918-926
902-928
864-929
spotty
Power
4W
EIRP
.5W
ERP
2W
ERP
4W
EIRP
4W
EIRP
4W
EIRP
4W
EIRP
.5 – 4W
EIRP
Channels
#
50
1
10
12
16
16
50
varied
Class 0
Rate
1000
200
200
1000
400
1000
1000
varied
OOB
spurious
-50dBc
63dBc+
63dBc+
-54dBc
-50dBc
-50dBc
?
?
No Global Solution
94
FCC RFID Requirements
❧ Traditional RFID
 Operate under Section 15.225 (13.553-13.567 MHz)
 Passive devices (Authorization not required) or self-
powered transmitter
❧ New Rules (2nd R&O and MO&O) in FCC 01-149
(Docket 01-278)
 Allows data transmission in Section 15.231
 Modifies the FS limit for 13 MHz RFID systems
Harmonize limits with European
Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI)
Allows operation in the 13.11-14.01 MHz band
– Including the 13.36-13.41 MHz Restricted
Band
95
FCC RFID Requirements
❧ Third R &O FCC 04-98 (Docket 01-278)
SAVI Petition for Reconsideration (Under
15.231)
RFID in the 433.5-434.5 MHz Band
(433 MHz Band)
Commercial and Shipping
Increase field strength for control
signals
Increase the 15.231(e) transmission
duration to 120 seconds
96
FCC RFID Requirements
❧ New Final Rules (Section 15.240)
 Commercial and industrial shipping containers (ie:
ports, rail terminals, and warehouses
 Two way operation to interrogate and load data into
devices
 FS 11,000 microvolts/meter @ 3m (average
detector)
 Peak not to exceed 55,000 microvolts/meter @ 3m
 Transmission duration not to exceed 60 seconds
 Reinitiate interrogation in case of transmission error
 Silent period between transmissions not less than
10 seconds
 Section 15.209 limits outside band
 Tag can be authorized with device or separately
97
FCC RFID Requirements
❧ Additional Provisions to the Rule
40 kilometer distance from certain DoD
radar sites
FCC and NTIA receive device location
information
98
FCC RFID Requirements
RFID and FCC Certification
BELOW 30 MHz:
15.209 Radiated emission limits, general
requirements
15.223 Operation in the band 1.705 - 10 MHz
15.225 Operation within the band 13.110 –
14.010 MHz
99
FCC RFID Requirements
RFID and FCC Certification
General Requirements
2.1091 Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: mobile devices.
2.1093 Radiofrequency radiation exposure evaluation: portable devices
15.31 Measurement standards.
15.33 Frequency range of radiated measurements.
15.35 Measurement detector functions and bandwidths.
15.101
15.107
15.109
15.111
Equipment authorization of unintentional radiators.
Conducted limits.
Radiated emission limits.
Antenna power conducted limits for receivers.
15.203
15.204
15.205
15.207
15.209
Antenna requirement.
External radio frequency power amplifiers, antenna modifications.
Restricted bands of operation.
Conducted limits.
Radiated emission limits, general requirements.
100
FCC RFID Requirements
15.209 Radiated emission limits, general requirements
F(MHz)
E, uV/m
Meas. Distance, m
0.009 - 0.490
0.490 - 1.705
1.705 - 30.0
30 - 88
88 - 216
216 - 960
Above 960
2400/F(kHz)
24000/F(kHz)
30
100 **
150 **
200 **
500
300
30
30
3
3
3
3
** No fundamental emissions in 54-72 MHz, 76-88 MHz,
174-216 MHz or 470-806 MHz.
101
FCC RFID Requirements
15.209 Radiated emission limits, general requirements
-
125 kHz RFID systems for many years under
these rules
-
25.7 dBuV/m at 300m
-
Interpolates to 105.7 dBuV/m at 3m
-
Useful for close range applications
e.g. keyless door access
102
FCC RFID Requirements
15.223 Operation in the band 1.705 - 10 MHz
(a)Field Strength 1.705-10.0 MHz :
E limit: 100 uV/m (40 dBuV/m) in general
E limit: 15uV/m (23 dBuV/m) if EBW < 10% CF
EBW is determined 6dB down from modulated carrier
Meas dist: 30m
Average detector
15.35(b) applies
(b)The field strength of emissions outside of the band
1.705-10.0 MHz shall not exceed the general radiated
emission limits in Section 15.209.
103
FCC RFID Requirements
15.225 Operation within the band 13.110 – 14.010 MHz.
(a) The field strength of any emissions within the band
13.553-13.567 MHz shall not exceed
 15,848 uV/m (84 dBuV/m) at 30 meters
(b) Within the bands 13.410-13.553 MHz and 13.567-13.710
MHz, the field strength shall not exceed
 334 uV/m (50.47 dBuV/m) at 30 meters.
(c) Within the bands 13.110-13.410 MHz and 13.710-14.010
MHz the field strength shall not exceed
 106 uV/m (40.5 dBuV/m) at 30 meters.
(d) Outside of the 13.110-14.010 MHz band:
general radiated emission limits in § 15.209.
Measurement detector: Quasi-peak
(e) Frequency tolerance:
Carrier signal within +/- 0.01% of the operating frequency:
–20 degrees to +50 degrees C at normal supply voltage
85% to 115% of the rated supply voltage at 20 degrees C.
104
FCC RFID Requirements
Active Tags: Separate or Combined Grants Allowed
15.225 (f) : For radio frequency powered tags (active
tags) designed to operate with a device authorized
under this section, the tag may be approved with the
device or be considered as a separate device subject
to its own authorization. Powered tags approved with a
device under a single application shall be labeled with
the same identification number as the device.
105
FCC RFID Requirements
15.240 Operation in the band 433.5-434.5 MHz
FCC 04-98
ET Docket No.01-278
RM-9375
RM-10051
THIRD REPORT AND ORDER
Adopted: April 15, 2004
Released: April 23, 2004
( Effective 30 days after publication in Federal Register)
106
FCC RFID Requirements
15.240 Operation in the band 433.5-434.5 MHz




Operation under the provisions of this section is
restricted to devices that use radio frequency energy to
identify the contents of commercial shipping containers.
Operations limited to commercial and industrial areas
such as ports, rail terminals and warehouses.
Two-way operation is permitted to interrogate and to
load data into devices.
Devices operated pursuant to the provisions of this
section shall not be used for voice communications
107
FCC RFID Requirements
15.240 Operation in the band 433.5-434.5 MHz
(b)In band field strength at 3m:
 11,000 uV/m Average
 55,000 uV/m Peak
Devices authorized under these provisions shall be
provided with a means for automatically limiting
operation :
 Duration of each transmission < 60 seconds
 May reinitiate an interrogation in the case of a
transmission error.
 Silent period between transmissions ≥ 10 seconds.
(c) The field strength of emissions outside the specified
band shall not exceed the general radiated emission
limits in § 15.209.
108
FCC RFID Requirements
Combined or Separate Certifications
15.240 (d)
Powered (active) tags designed to operate with a
device (reader) may be approved with the device or be
considered as a separate device subject to separate
authorization.
Powered tags approved with a device under a single
application
shall be labeled with the same
identification number as the device.
Protecting Incumbent Federal Radar Systems
15.240 (e)
Lists names and coordinates of 5 radar sites.
Tags must be located more than 40Km from these sites.
109
FCC RFID Requirements
RFID Registration: New procedure
f)





As a condition of the grant, the grantee of an equipment
authorization for a device operating under the provisions of
this section shall provide
Information to the user concerning compliance with the
operational restrictions in paragraphs (a) and (e) of this
section.
Information on the locations where the devices are
installed to the FCC Office of Engineering and Technology
FCC will provide this information to the Federal
Government through the National Telecommunications and
Information Administration
The user of the device shall be responsible for submitting
updated information in the event the operating location or
other information changes after the initial registration.
The grantee shall notify the user of this requirement.
110
FCC RFID Requirements
RFID Registration: New procedure
The information provided by the grantee or user to
the Commission shall include the name, address,
telephone number and e-mail address of the user,
the address and geographic coordinates of the
operating location, and the FCC identification
number of the device.
The material shall be
submitted to the following address:
Experimental Licensing Branch, OET
Federal Communications Commission
445 12th Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20554
ATTN: RFID Registration
111
FCC RFID Requirements
RFID Registration: Confidentiality Issues
1. Grantees will likely want to keep registration
information confidential (same info as a
customer list)
2. Normally, the party supplying registration
information would have to submit a request
for confidentiality each time it files with the
Commission, and the Commission would have
to act upon each individual request
3. Individual confidentiality requests would then
be required each time a grantee registers a
user’s location or submits updated information.
112
FCC RFID Requirements
RFID Registration: Confidentiality Issues
To prevent repetitive, duplicate confidentiality requests
for each update, FCC modified section 0.457:
§ 0.457 Records not routinely available for public
inspection.
*****
(d) * * *
(1) * * *
(vii) Information on the users and locations of radio
frequency identification systems submitted to the
Commission pursuant to § 15.240 will be made
available to other Federal Government agencies but
will not otherwise be made available for inspection.
113
FCC RFID Requirements
15.247: Operation in 900/2400/5800 MHz Bands
- No specific requirements for RFID
- Up to 4 W eirp (36 dBm eirp) allowed
- Passive and active tags
114
FCC RFID Requirements
15.247: Operation in 900/2400/5800 MHz Bands
902-928 MHz
2400-2480.5 MHz
5715-5850 MHz
DTS (digital transmission systems) Parameters
Peak output power = 1 watt
Maximum gain antenna for 1 watt point to multipoint = 6 dBi
Min 6 dB BW = 500 kHz
Max psd (power spectral density) = 8 dBm/3kHz
Out of band emissions: -20 dBc for non-restricted bands
Restricted bands limits (see sec. 15.205): 15.209 general
limits
115
FCC RFID Requirements
15.247: Operation in 900/2400/5800 MHz Bands
902-928 MHz 2400-2480.5 MHz
5715-5850 MHz
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
Parameter
900
2400
5800
Max power
1 W*
1W*
1W
Max 20 dB BW
500kHz
1MHz
1MHz
Min. number of channels
25*
15*
75
Max ch. occupancy time 0.4/10sec8 0.4/15sec* 0.4/20sec
* Depends on number of hopping channels or channel
bandwidth
116
FCC RFID Requirements
15.247: Operation in 900/2400/5800 MHz Bands
902-928 MHz
2400-2480.5 MHz 5715-5850 MHz
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
15.247(a)1:
The system shall hop to channel frequencies that are
selected at the system hopping rate from a pseudo
randomly ordered list of hopping frequencies.
Each frequency must be used equally on the average
by each transmitter.
The system receivers shall have input bandwidths
that match the hopping channel bandwidths of their
corresponding transmitters and shall shift
frequencies in synchronization with the transmitted
signals.
117
FCC RFID Requirements
15.247: Operation in 900/2400/5800 MHz Bands
For RFID systems
- DTS rules allow practical passive and active tag
operation
- 8dBm/3kHz psd requirement increases system
complexity and/or requires reduction in maximum
power levels
- FHSS output power not limited by psd, however,
systems would need to meet all rules including
15.247(a)1 - system complexity, cost
- Rule interpretation?
118
FCC RFID Requirements
15.249: Operation in 900/2400/5800 MHz Bands
Frequency
E, mV/m
E, uV/m
Fundamental Harmonics
__________________________________________________
902 - 928 MHz
2400 - 2483.5 MHz
5725 - 5875 MHz
24.0 - 24.25 GHz
-
50
50
50
250
500
500
500
2500
Out of Band: -50 dBc or general limits in 15.209, whichever
provides lesser attenuation
119
FCC RFID Requirements
15.249: Operation in 900/2400/5800 MHz Bands
- RF levels too low for practical passive tag
operation at large distance
- Active tags up to 1250 ft per some mfr
claims (900 MHz)
120
DoD RFID Requirements
Military RFID regulations
❧Testing requirements vary depending
on installation environment
❧Testing would normally include :
 Radiated susceptibility (MilStd 461)
 ESD (MilStd 461)
 Radiated emissions for EMCON under (MilStd
464)
 Testing would be on tags as well as readers
121
DoD RFID Requirements
Product Integrity Verification
❧ False Product
❧ Tampered Product
 Adulteration
 Substitution
 Re Labeling
❧ Unacceptable Status of Product
 Expired
 Discarded
 Recalled
 Poor Quality
122
DoD RFID Requirements
EPC Testing
❧ EPCglobal owns the Certification Program criteria
❧ Program Implementation will be through the
Member Organization network on a
national/regional basis
❧ Testing Centers will only be launched through
EPCglobal
❧ First Lab will be located in North America
❧ EPC testing does not include FCC regulatory testing
❧ DoD requires no additional testing beyond FCC
regulatory testing for inventory purposes at this
time.
123
IC RFID Requirements
Unlicensed devices specification: RSS-210
-Limits and operating frequencies almost identical to
U.S.
6.1 Momentarily operated devices
6.2.2(c) 1.705-10 MHz
6.2.2(e) 13.553 - 13.567 MHz
6.2.2(L2) 216-217 MHz (Auditory Assistance, Medical
Telemetry, Goods Tracking and Law Enforcement)
6.2.2(m2) 902-928, 2400-2483.5, and 5725-5875 MHz
(50 mV/m at 3m)
6.2.2.(o) 902-928, 2400-2483.5, and 5725-5875 MHz
(up to 4 watt EIRP)
7 Receiver tests and certification
124
EU RFID Requirements
Radio devices –
R&TTE Directive 1999/5/EC
Must test for/demonstrate compliance with
- EMC requirements
- Radio spectrum measurements (RSM)
- Safety
- RF exposure limits for humans
125
EU RFID Requirements
Radio devices - R&TTE Directive 1999/5/EC
Harmonized standards
- Published in the Official Journal of the EU
- If harmonized standards exist for product,
mfr may test to them, self-declare
compliance, affix CE mark
126
EU RFID Requirements
Radio devices - R&TTE Directive 1999/5/EC
Technical Construction File Route to Compliance
- If no harmonized standards exist or exist only in
part, mfr generally must follow technical
construction file (TCF) route to compliance
- Notified body (NB) or conformity assessment body
(CAB) involved in TCF process: review test plans for
acceptability, assess TCF against the Directive
127
EU RFID Requirements
EU Country Notifications
- Some frequency bands harmonized throughout EU
(ex: AM band)
- Non-harmonized frequency bands are those that
are allocated differently nation by nation
- For equipment operating in non-harmonized
frequency bands, national authorities must be
notified (web-based forms, email, snail-mail, fax)
- Notifications must be submitted at least 4 weeks
prior to placing products on the market
128
EU RFID Requirements
Unlicensed RFID in EU
- EU countries allocate unlicensed spectrum
differently
- CEPT Recommendation 70-03 has
information on how short range device
(SRD) spectrum is used in the EU
129
EU RFID Requirements
Harmonized RSM Standards Used for RFID
EN 300 330
Short Range Devices (SRD) 9kHz - 30 Mhz
EN 300 220
Short Range Devices (SRD) 25-1000 MHz
EN 300 440
Short Range Devices, 1 - 40 GHz
130
EU RFID Requirements
Proposed RSM Standards Used for RFID
Draft ETSI EN 302 208-1 V1.1.1 (2003-12)
Radio Frequency Identification Equipment
operating in the band 865 MHz to 868 MHz with
power levels up to 2 W
131
EU RFID Requirements
Harmonized EMC Standards Used for RFID
EN 301 489-03 V1.4.1
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
Spectrum Matters (ERM); ElectroMagnetic
Compatibility (EMC) standard for radio
equipment and services; Part 3: Specific
conditions for Short-Range Devices
(SRD) operating on frequencies between
9 kHz and 40 GHz
132
EU RFID Requirements
EN 301 489 Test Requirements
133
EU RFID Requirements
134
EU RFID Requirements
RFID Below 30 MHz
ERC/REC 70-03E
Annex 9, Inductive Applications
119-135 kHz :
66 dBuA/m at 10 meters
13.553-13.567 MHz :
60 dBuA/m at 10 meters
Other frequencies listed in Annex 1 and Annex 9,
but with lower output power/field strength and
more national restrictions
135
EU RFID Requirements
EN 300 330 Requirements
4.0 Technical requirements specifications
5.0 Test conditions, power sources, ambient temperatures
6.0 General conditions
7.0 Transmitter requirements
7.1 Transmitter definitions
7.2 Transmitter carrier output levels
7.3 Permitted frequency range of modulation output
7.4 Spurious emissions
7.5 Duty cycle
8.0 Receiver requirement
8.1 Adjacent channel selectivity-in band
8.2 Blocking or desensitization
8.3 Receiver spurious radiation
136
EU RFID Requirements
Harmonized EMC Standards Used for RFID
137
EU RFID Requirements
138
EU RFID Requirements
Receiver classification
139
EU RFID Requirements
RFID 30 - 1000 MHz
ERC/REC 70-03E
Annex 1 Non-specific Short Range Devices
433.050-434.790 MHz
10 mW e.r.p
869.4 - 869.650 MHz
500 mW e.r.p.
DRAFT EN 302 208-1 up to 2 W e.r.p.
140
EU RFID Requirements
EN 300 220 Requirements
4 Technical Requirements
5 Test Conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures
6 General conditions
8 Methods of measurement
8.1 Frequency error
8.2 Carrier power (conducted)
8.3 Effective radiated power
8.4 Response of the transmitter to modulation frequencies
8.5 Adjacent channel power
8.6 Range of modulation for wideband equipment
8.7 Spurious emissions
8.8 Frequency stability under low voltage conditions
8.9 Duty Cycle
9 Receiver Parameters
141
EU RFID Requirements
EN 300 220 Output Power Limits
142
EU RFID Requirements
143
EU RFID Requirements
RFID Above 1 GHz
ERC/REC 70-03E
Annex 11 Radio frequency identification applications
Frequency
2446-2454 MHz
Power
Duty cycle
500mW e.i.r.p
4W e.i.r.p.
144
up to 100%
<15%
EU RFID Requirements
EN 300 440 Requirements
4
5
6
7
Technical requirements
Test conditions, power sources and ambient temperatures
General conditions
Methods of measurements for transmitters
7.1 EIRP
7.2 Permitted range of operating frequencies
7.3 Spurious emissions
7.4 Duty cycle
7.5 Additional requirements for FHSS equipment
8 Receiver
8.1 Adjacent channel selectivity in band
8.2 Adjacent band selectivity
8.3 blocking or desensitization
8.4 Spurious emissions
145
EU RFID Requirements
146
EU RFID Requirements
147
EU RFID Requirements
Draft ETSI EN 302 208-1 Requirements
8.0 Methods of measurement for transmitter parameters
8.1 Frequency error for mains operated equipment
8.2 Frequency stability under low voltage conditions
8.3 Radiated power (e.r.p.)
8.4 Transmitter spectrum mask
8.5 Spurious emissions
8.6 Transmission times
9.0 Receiver parameters
9.1 Receiver threshold in listen mode
-”Listen before talk” capability required
9.2 Listen time
9.3 Adjacent sub-band selectivity in listen mode
9.4 Blocking or desensitization in listen mode
9.5 Adjacent sub-band selectivity in talk mode
9.6 Blocking or desensitization in talk mode
9.7 Spurious emissions
148
EU RFID Requirements
Draft ETSI EN 302 208-1 Requirements
149
EU RFID Requirements
Draft ETSI EN 302 208-1 Requirements
150
EU RFID Requirements
Draft ETSI EN 302 208-1 Requirements
151
EU RFID Requirements
Draft ETSI EN 302 208-1 Requirements
A ≤ 4 seconds
B ≥ 100msec
The manufacturer shall declare that the measured
length of transmission is no greater than is required to
read the tags present in the field and to verify that there
are no additional tags present.
152
EU RFID Requirements
Draft ETSI EN 302 208-1 Requirements
153
EU RFID Requirements
Draft ETSI EN 302 208-1 Requirements
9.1.1 Definition
The receiver threshold in the listen mode is defined as the minimum
level of un-modulated carrier at the antenna of the interrogator that
can be detected by its receiver.
154
EU RFID Requirements
Draft ETSI EN 302 208-1 Requirements
9.2 Listen Time
The manufacturers shall declare that immediately
prior to each transmission the receiver in the
interrogator shall first
monitor for a period of at least 1 msec for the
presence of another signal within its intended subband of transmission.
155
EU RFID Requirements
Draft ETSI EN 302 208-1 Requirements
9.3.1 Definition
The adjacent sub-band selectivity in the listen mode is a measure of
the capability of the receiver to detect satisfactorily
a transmission from another user on the wanted sub-band while
rejecting an unwanted signal in the adjacent sub-band.
156
EU RFID Requirements
Draft ETSI EN 302 208-1 Requirements
9.4.1 Definition
Blocking or desensitization in the listen mode is a measure of the
capability of the receiver to detect satisfactorily a
transmission from another user on the wanted sub-band while
rejecting an unwanted signal at frequencies other than
those of the spurious responses or the adjacent sub-bands or bands,
157
see clause 9.3.
EU RFID Requirements
Draft ETSI EN 302 208-1 Requirements
9.5.1 Definition
The adjacent sub-band selectivity in the talk mode is a measure of
the capability of the receiver to identify a tag while
rejecting an unwanted signal in the adjacent sub-band.
9.6.1 Definition
Blocking or desensitization in the talk mode is a measure of the
capability of the receiver to identify a tag in the
presence of an unwanted input signal at frequencies other than
those of the spurious responses or the adjacent sub-bands
or bands, see clause 9.1.
9.7.3 Spurious emissions limits
The limits are applicable to all receiver classes. The power of any
spurious emission, radiated or conducted, shall not
exceed the values given below:
2 nW below 1 000 MHz;
20 nW above 1 000 MHz.
158
Japan RFID Requirements
National Telecommunications AuthorityMPHPT: Ministry of Public Management,
Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications:
http://www.soumu.go.jp/joho_tsusin/eng/
“The Radio Use Website” - includes link to
radio equipment regulations:
http ://www.tele.soumu.go.jp/e/index.htm
159
Japan RFID Requirements
Japan Regulatory Framework
❧ As of January 26, 2004 major changes took place
 3 Certification Bodies may now issue Certificates in addition to MPHPT
 Telec
 DSP Research
 Telefication – The first CB outside of Japan!
 Label requirements have changed
WLAN Device 1234xlp
R
xxxxxxxxxxxx
Model Name
ID Number
XYZ Corporation
Company Name
The mark diameter must be 5mm or bigger.
If the equipment is 100cc or smaller in
volume, 100cc, the minimum size of the
mark is a diameter of 3mm.
160
Japan RFID Requirements
Japan Regulatory Framework
161
Japan RFID Requirements
Japan Regulatory Framework
162
Japan RFID Requirements
TELEC - provide a technical regulations
conformity certification service and a
calibration service for measuring devices
under designation by MPHPT
TELEC url:
http://www.telec.or.jp/ENG/e-002.htm
163
Japan RFID Requirements
TELEC url:
http://www.telec.or.jp/ENG/e002.htm
Website notice: Jan 2004 MPHPT is
updating certification rules, TELEC
site will conduct testing to new
regulations but descriptions on
TELEC website will not be changed
“for a while”
164
Japan RFID Requirements
165
Japan RFID Requirements
166
Japan RFID Requirements
167
Japan RFID Requirements
168
Japan RFID Requirements
Industrial Facilities Emitting Radio Waves
-Equipment that emits intentional radio waves but not
defined as radio equipment.
-Certifications/operating licenses not required
-Manufacturer or the import agent performs RF
measurements
- Obtains permission for each equipment from MPHPT
-MPHPT issue either designated or type confirmation
number
-Manufacturer puts the number on equipment to be
sold in Japanese market.
169
Japan RFID Requirements
*1 Manufacturer or agent must live in Japan
170
Japan RFID Requirements
171
Japan RFID Requirements
Proposed MPHPT 900 MHz regulations:
UNDER DEVELOPMENT
Proposed MPHPT 2.4 GHz regulations:
Next Slide
172
Japan RFID Requirements
173
China RFID Requirements
Standard under development.
Currently, RFID in
125 kHz - CEPT REC 70-03
300 330
EN
13.56 MHz - CEPT REC 70-03 EN
300 330
174
DGT’s requirements for RFID
RFID Product:
Passive RFID Tag
Active RFID Tag
RFID Reader
Transmit Power :
Passive RFID Tag: comply with the technical
regulations of DGT.
Active RFID Tag & RFID Reader: need more
powerful transmit power (at a distance of 100M)
practically.
The DGT is planning to open 922-928 MHz used as
dedicated RFID.
It is estimated that the amendment LP0002 will be
announced by the end of year 2004
175
RFID Requirements Comparison
for DGT- FCC - EN
DGT
Country
Frequency
135kHz
13.56MHz
433.92
MHz
Type of
Device
Any
radiated
devices
Any
radiated
devices
Any
radiated
devices
-
Regulations
LP 0002
FCC
EIRP/
Field strength
Section
2.8
2400v/m-kHz
@300m
Section
3.2
10mv/m@30
m
Section
2.8
2400v/m-kHz
@30m
-
-
Regulation
s
Type of
Device
Part 15
Unlicensed
radiated
devices
Unlicensed
radiated
devices
Unlicensed
radiated
devices
Dedicated
RFID devices
EN
EIRP/
Field strength
Type of
Device
Regulations
EIRP/
EN
Field strength
15.209
2400v/m-kHz Short-distanc
42dBA/m@10
EN300-330
e devices
@300m
m
15.225
15,848
Short-distanc
42dBA/m@10
EN300-330
v/m-kHz@30
e devices
m
m
15.209
2400v/m-kHz Short-distanc
EN300-220
e devices
@30m
15.240
PK:55,000v/
m-kHz @3m
AV:11,000v/
m-kHz @3m
Spread
spectrum
devices
Spread
spectrum
devices
10mW
-
-
EN300-328
4w FHSS
EN300-328
4w FHSS
865-868
MHz
-
-
-
-
-
-
870-875.4
MHz
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dedicated
RFID
922-928
MHz
drafting
Unlicensed
radiated
devices
15.249
50mv/m@3m
-
-
-
-
-
-
RFID devices
Part 90
30W(license)
subpart
(3W
M350-357 conducted)
-
-
-
Any
radiated
devices
Section
3.10.2
50mv/m@3m
Unlicensed
radiated
devices
902-928
MHz
2.45GHz
15.249
176
50mv/m@3m
Short-distanc
EN300-440
e devices
10mw
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