369 AP U.S. HISTORY
AMERICA: PAST AND PRESENT
EIGHTH EDITION
CHAPTER 24: THE NATION AT WAR (P. 703)
LEARNING TARGETS
1.
Discuss the new role of the United States in Latin America and the various diplomatic approaches of the Roosevelt,
Taft, and Wilson
2.
List and explain the causes of the war in Europe and American reactions to the war.
3.
Compare and contrast the arguments of the preparedness advocates and the pacifists
4.
Understand the factors that brought the U.S. into the war and the extent to which German belligerence in the North
Atlantic was responsible
5.
Compare American military involvement and wartime losses with those of the major European nations
6.
Determine the reasons for the final military collapse of Germany
7.
Show the ways in which the wartime partnership between citizen ang government worked, and how the war affected
women and African Americans
8.
Define the different goals of the victorious nations at the Paris Peace Conference, and explain how Wilson’s goals
were incorporated into the treaty
9.
Discuss the reasons for the failure of Wilsonian global idealism and the Versailles treaty
10. Reflect on American disillusionment and the decline of the progressive spirit as the 1920’s set in
11. Describe the problems Wilson faced in Mexico and whether he handled them responsibly
12. Specify the steps by which America mobilized for war
13. Summarize the activities of the War Industries Board, the Committee on Public Information, and the War Labor
Board
14. Explain the concessions or sacrifices that Wilson had to make the other European leaders regarding the peace
structuring.
TERMS/NAMES TO KNOW
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)
Hoover’s Food Administration (1917)
Roosevelt Corollary of the Monroe Doctrine (1904)
Garfield’s Fuel Administration (1917)
Lodge Corollary to the Roosevelt Corollary of the
Frankfurter’s War Labor Board (1918)
Monroe Doctrine (1912)
Fourteen Point Program (1918)
Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
Henry Cabot Lodge
Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905)
League of Nations (1919)
Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy (1909)
Irreconcilable/Strong Reservationists (1919)
Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy (1912)
Joint Resolution of 1921
Jingoism
Archduke Ferdinand (1914)
Lusitania (1915), pgs. 711-12
Sussex Pledge (1916)
Election of 1916
Zimmerman Note (1917)
Selective Service Act (1917)
Creel’s Committee on Public Information (CPI), (1917)
Espionage Act of 1917
Trading With the Enemy Act of 1917
Sedition Act (1918)
U.S. Troops in Bolshevik Russia (1918)
Russian Revolution of November 1917
Baruch’s War Industries Board (1917)
CHAPTER 24 ID’S
1903
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
Pg. 705
Roosevelt wanted to build a canal to link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans through Central America. Great
Britain agreed to the idea and withdrew most of its military forces from the area. In 1901, Secretary of State
John hay signed the Hay-Pauncefort Treaty with Britain that permitted the U.S. to build a canal if it was open to
ships of all nations. An Isthmian Canal Commission examined all the possible routes for the canal and chose a
site through Colombian Panama. Hay signed a treaty with the Colombian chargé d’affaires, Tomas Herran that
gave the U.S. a 99 year lease for a down payment of $10 million and an annual rental fee of $250,000. The
Colombian legislature rejected the treaty. Roosevelt hinted that he would support a Panamanian revolt, and did
so when Panama revolted against Colombia. After Panama won its independence, it signed the Hay-BunauVarilla Treaty. It gave the U.S. control of a 10 mile wide Canal Zone across the Isthmus of Panama for the
same fees as the U.S. was going to pay to Colombia
1904
Roosevelt Corollary of the Monroe Doctrine
Pg. 706
By 1904, the U.S. had started a small empire in the Caribbean through the establishment of protectorates,
subsidizing, and buying islands. The U.S. also intervened in Latin America to protect the Panama Canal,
promote stability, and keep out foreign influence. Many of the Latin American countries were in debt to
European nations. They were very unstable and couldn’t pay off their debts. Roosevelt started the Roosevelt
Corollary to keep Europe out of the Americas. He said that Latin American countries had to keep their affairs
in order or America would intervene. By 1907, the Roosevelt Corollary caused America intervention in the
Dominican Republic, Cuba, and Panama.
1912-1930’s
Lodge Corollary to the Roosevelt Corollary
Pg. 706
In 1912, the Senate added the Lodge Corollary to the Roosevelt Corollary. The Lodge Corollary said that
foreign businesses couldn’t purchase harbors or other sites of military importance.
1905
Taft-Katsura Agreement
Pg. 706
In the Far East, the U.S. wanted to protect the Philippines against Japan’s growing power. Japan had been
fighting with Russia and winning. The U.S. wanted to balance the power of the two. When Japan came to the
U.S. to help mediate an end to a war between it and Russia, Roosevelt agreed. The agreement reached made
Japan dominant in the Far East. Roosevelt sent Secretary of War Taft to Tokyo. He negotiated the TaftKatsura Agreement in 1905 which recognized Japan’s dominance over Korea for Japan’s promise not to attack
the Philippines.
1908
Root-Takahira Agreement
Pg. 706
As Japanese-American relations improved the two countries signed the Root-Takahira Agreement in 1908.
The two countries promised to maintain the status quo in the Pacific, uphold the Open Door Policy, and support
Chinese independence.
1909
Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy
Pgs. 707-08
In foreign affairs, like domestic, Taft tried to continue Roosevelt’s policies. He called his foreign policy
dollar diplomacy. He wanted to promote and protect American financial interests outside the country. He tried
to replace European loans to Latin America with American loans so the ties would be more binding between the
countries. His policies helped start a rivalry with Japan for economic dominance in China.
1914
Jingoism
Pg. 710
Jingoism means extreme nationalism. It was used by Colonel Edward M. House to describe Europe just
before World War I. Every country seemed to think it was supreme to every other country on the continent.
They all hated each other and were ready to fight at the drop of a hat.
1914
Archduke Ferdinand
Pg. 710
All of the tensions in Europe caused by jingoism were set off when Archduke Franz Ferdinand was
assassinated by a Balkan in the service of Serbia on June 28, 1914. Ferdinand was the heir to the AustroHungarian throne. Because of alliance systems, the Allied Powers of England, France and Russia were at war
with the Central Powers of Germany, Turkey and Austria-Hungary. Wilson immediately proclaimed neutrality.
1915
Lusitania
Pgs. 711-12
Germany announced its submarine campaign in 1915. Wilson protested because he said that the unwarned
sinking of merchant ships was against international law. The Germans promised not to sink American ships.
U-boats started sinking ships of other countries that carried Americans, and Wilson started getting upset. In
1915, U-boats sunk the Lusitania and the Arabic. Wilson demanded that the Germans protects passenger ships
and compensate American for its losses. Germany declared submarine warfare against all armed ships.
1916
Sussex Pledge
Pg. 713
A month after the sinking of the Lusitania, U-boats sunk an unarmed French steamer called the Sussex.
Several Americans were injured, and Wilson was infuriated. He sent an ultimatum to Germany saying that the
U.S. would sever relations unless Germany agreed to stop attacking cargo and passenger ships. The Kaiser
agreed to shoot only ships of the enemy’s navy on sight, but he said that he wanted the U.S. to pressure Britain
into ending the blockade of Germany. Wilson agreed to everything except pressuring Britain.
1916
Election of 1916
Pgs. 713-14
During the election of 1916, the major issue was how prepared the country should be for war. At first,
Wilson was against any more preparedness than the U.S. already had. Roosevelt called for much more
preparedness. The Republicans nominated Charles Evans Hughes, a moderate Supreme Court Justice, as their
candidate for president. Wilson was nominated by the Democrats. Wilson ran on the fact that he kept the
country out of war. Wilson won by a small margin.
1917
Zimmerman Note
Pgs. 714-15
Immediately after Wilson won the election of 1916, he tried to end WWI. He failed because Germany was
trying to end the war quickly with a huge U-boat attack. The German ambassador told Secretary of State
Lansing that the U-boats would fire on any ship. Wilson broke off relations with Germany. On Feb. 25, 1917,
the British government gave Wilson a telegram form Arthur Zimmerman, the German foreign minister to the
German ambassador in Mexico. The telegram offered Mexico an alliance in case that Germany should go to
war with the U.S. It offered money and recovery of Mexican territory lost during the Mexican War. Wilson
asked Congress for permission to arm merchant ships. Progressive members threatened to filibuster, so Wilson
disclosed the contents of the Zimmerman note. Finally on April 2, 1917 Wilson asked for and received a
declaration of war from Congress.
1917
Selective Service Act
Pgs. 715-16
When Congress declared war against Germany, the U.S. was frightfully unprepared to go to war. In order to
help mobilize the country, Congress passed the Selective Service Act. It established a draft to help create a
military. Wilson chose a draft because he thought that it was democratic and efficient.
1917
Creels’ Committee on Public Information
Pg. 721
To help mobilize the country, Wilson also set up the Committee on Public Information and asked George
Creel, a progressive journalist, to lead it. The CPI recruited thousands of people in many industries to help
publicize the war. Creel worked out a system of voluntary censorship with the press, and used any medium
possible for rallying Americans behinds the Allies.
1917
Espionage Act of 1917
Pg. 721
As support for the war grew, people who didn’t support the war had a bad time of it. They were beaten,
threatened, and sometimes killed. Rather than condemning the atrocities, Wilson encouraged them. In 1917,
Congress passed the Espionage Act of 1917 which imposed sentences of up to 20 years for persons found guilty
of helping the enemy, obstructing the recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the
postmaster general to remove articles from the mail that incited treason or insurrection.
1917
Trading-with-the-Enemy Act of 1917
Pg. 721
After the Espionage Act, Congress passed the Trading-with-the-Enemy Act of 1917. The act allowed the
government to censor the foreign-language press.
1918
Sedition Act
Pg. 721
The Sedition Act gave harsh penalties to anyone that said anything wrong about the government, the flag, or
uniform. Many people were arrested because of it, and it was used to help crush Socialism.
1917
Baruch’s War Industries Board
Pg. 723
In order to meet the country’s economic needs during war, Wilson and Congress set up many federal
agencies to run the economy. One of those agencies was the War Industries Board headed by Bernard M.
Baruch. The board determined priorities, allocated raw materials, and fixed prices. It also told manufacturers
what to and what not to make, and regulated output. It was one of the most important agencies of the war.
1917
Hoover’s Food Administration
Pg. 723
Another agency set up was the Food Administration. It was led by Herbert Hoover. Its job was to feed the
armies overseas. Hoover called on people to sacrifice and set up meatless and wheat less days. He fixed prices,
bought and distributed wheat, and encouraged victory gardens.
1917
Garfield’s Fuel Administration
Pg. 723
The Fuel Administration was headed by Harry A. Garfield, president of Williams College. It introduced
daylight savings time, rationed coal and oil, and imposed gasless days. It also shut down nonessential factories
one day a week. It helped Americans save fuel for military vehicles overseas.
1918
Frankfurter’s War Labor Board
Pgs. 723-26
Just as other agencies controlled business, the War Labor board helped to organize the work force of the
country. It was headed by Felix Frankfurter. The board standardized wages and hours, protected the right of
labor to organize and bargain collectively, discouraged strikes, and ordered that women he paid equal wages for
equal work in war industries.
1918
Fourteen Point Program
Pgs. 726-30
After the war was over, Wilson wanted to have a peace settlement that wouldn’t punish Germany too hard. He
called this his fourteen points.
1. Open covenants of peace openly arrived at
not fulfilled
2. Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas in peace and war
not fulfilled
3. Removal of all economic barriers to the equality of trade among nations
not fulfilled
4. Reduction of armaments to the level needed only for domestic safety
not fulfilled
5. Impartial adjustment of colonial claims
not fulfilled
6. Evacuation of all Russian territory; Russia to be in the society of free nations
not fulfilled
7. Evacuations and restoration of Belgium
fulfilled
8. Evacuation and restoration of all French lands; return of Alsace-Lorraine to France
fulfilled
9. Readjustment of Italy’s frontiers along lines of Italian nationality
compromised
10. Self-determination for the former subjects of the Austro-Hungarian Empire
compromised
11. Evacuation of Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro; free access to the sea for Serbia
compromised
12. Self-determination for former Ottoman Empire; sovereignty for Turkish portion
compromised
13. Establishment of an independent Poland, with free and secure access to the sea
fulfilled
14. Establishment of a League of nations
not fulfilled
1918
Henry Cabot Lodge
Pg. 727
When picking the delegation that was to go to Europe to determine the Treaty of Versailles, Wilson skipped
Henry Cabot Lodge. Lodge was the Republican Senator from Massachusetts who opposed the Fourteen Points.
1919
League of Nations
Pgs. 726-30
Wilson’s last of the Fourteen Points was a League of Nations. It was like the first UN. It consisted of a general
Assembly; a smaller Council composed of the U.S., Great Britain, France, Italy, Japan, and four other nations;
and a court of international justice. Members of the league would pledge to submit to arbitration anything that
threatened peace. Article X said that the members would protect each other’s independence and territorial
integrity.
1919
Treaty of Versailles
Pgs. 726-30
The final version of the Treaty of Versailles completely changed the map of Europe. It also called for a League
of Nations. Finally, it destroyed Germany. It caused a huge debate in Congress. It ended up that the U.S.
didn’t ratify the treaty.
1919
Irreconcilable/Strong Reservationists
Pgs. 729-31
During the debate in Congress over the Treaty of Versailles, the Republicans were split. There were 14
irreconcilable reservationists who wouldn’t agree to the treaty at any cost. There were mild reservationists and
there were strong reservationists led by Henry Cabot Lodge. The strong reservationists wanted major revisions
that the Allies would agree to. Neither Lodge nor Wilson would compromise, so the U.S. never ratified the
Treaty of Versailles.
1921
Joint Resolution of 1921
Pgs. 730-31
Since the U.S. never did make peace through the Treaty of Versailles, they were still at war with Germany. In
1921, Congress passed a joint resolution ending the war.
WORLD WAR I
Nationalism/Patriotism
A new feeling shared by the masses; a consciousness of certain common ties—race, language, culture or
experience—and a devotion to the nation-state as the embodiment of those ties. These feelings are further
fostered in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries by public education which included the indoctrination of
national values, study of national history and singing of patriotic songs.
Power
Power was an acknowledged object of national policy. In peace and war power increasingly came to
depend on industrial might. A nation’s ability to wage war became more and more directly related to its
industrial strength, specifically its ability to produce arms and mobility (transportation of men and supplies).
Alliances
Alliances were meant to provide a balance between nations but before W.W.I. nations were antagonistic
towards one another. The two major alliances which we will be concerned with during W.W.I. were the
a. Triple Alliance
b. Triple Entente
Militarism
Militarism refers to military strength/arms building. In European countries prior to W.W.I. an arms race
was in effect. In addition there was already in place the existence of large standing armies and navy plus the
existence of a powerful military class which tends, especially in time of crisis, to dominate over civilian
authority.
Imperialism
The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring
and holding colonies and dependencies. Nineteenth century wards were concerned with acquiring other
territories because of the industrial revolution. Why?
Examples of wars based on imperialism--
WORLD WAR I TIMELINE
1914:
ASSASSINATION OF ARCHDUKE FERDINAND
(HEIR TO AUSTRIA-HUNGARIAN THRONE)
EUROPEAN DECLARATION OF WAR
1915:
NEW JERSEY PLANT BLOWN UP
LUSITANIA TORPEDOED AND SANK BY GERMANS
1916:
SUSSEX SUNK BY GERMANS-SUSSEX PLEDGE ISSUED (MARCH)
WILSON REELECTED PRESIDENT OF U.S.
1917:
GERMANS INSTITUTE UNRESTRICTED
SUBMARINE WARFARE (JAN.)
ZIMMERMAN NOTE (FEB.)
SUSSEX PLEDGE BROKEN (MARCH)/
4 AMERICAN MERCHANT SHIPS SUNK
U.S. DECLARATION OF WAR (APRIL)
SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
1918:
FOURTEEN POINT PROGRAM
ARMISTICE
1919:
TREATY OF VERSAILLES SIGNED