©OPYRIGHT Reality
for Academe
Donna L. Ferullo, J.D.
Director, University Copyright Office
Purdue University
ferullo@purdue.edu
Agenda
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Copyright basics
Copyright exemptions
Making it work
Copyright landscape
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COPYRIGHT
What is it?
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Copyright Law -Title 17, United States Code
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1976 Act
Purpose
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Copyright Requirements
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Must be an original work
Must be fixed in a tangible medium of
expression
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Copyrightable Works
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Literary, musical and dramatic works
Pantomimes and choreographic works
Pictorial, graphic and sculptural works
Sound recordings
Motion pictures and other AV works
Computer programs
Compilations of works and derivative works
Architectural works
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What is not copyrightable
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Ideas, procedures, methods, systems,
processes
Titles, names, short phrases, slogans
Facts, news, research
Works in the public domain
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Works created by US government employees
Works with expired copyrights
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Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Rights
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Reproduction
Distribution
Public performance
Public display
Derivative works
Sound recordings
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Divisible Rights –
Contracts/Licenses
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Negotiate
Understand all terms
Legally binding
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Copyright Duration
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Works created on or after 1/1/78
Life of author plus 70 years
 Corporate author – the shorter of 95
years from publication or 120 years
from creation
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Copyright Exemptions
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§107 - Fair Use Doctrine
§108 – Reproduction by Libraries &
Archives
§109 – First Sale Doctrine
§110 – Education Exemptions
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Fair Use Doctrine
Four Factor Analysis
Purpose and character
 Nature of work
 Amount of work
 Market effect
NOTE: Fair use is technologically neutral
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First Factor: Purpose & Character
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Nonprofit
Educational
Personal
Teaching
Research
Scholarship
Criticism
Commentary
News reporting
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Commercial use
Entertainment
For profit
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Second Factor: Nature of work
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Fact
Published
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Fiction
Unpublished
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Third Factor: Amount
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Small amount
Amount used is
not significant to
work
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Large amount
Amount used is
heart of work
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Fourth Factor: Market Effect
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No major impact
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Licensing/permissions
unavailable
Limited/restricted
access to work
User/institution
owns legal copy
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Major impact
Licenses/permissions
available
Work is made
available to world
Use is repeated or
long term
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Education Exemptions
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110(1) – Classroom or face-to-face
teaching
110(2) – TEACH – distance education
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Education Exemptions
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§110(1) – Face-to-face teaching
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All displays are allowed
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Pictures, charts, graphs, still works
All performances are allowed
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Videos, readings from text or poetry
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TEACH Act
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Technology, Education and Copyright
Harmonization Act of 2002
Total revision of distance education
exemption
Attempts to equalize distance education
and classroom teaching
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The TEACH Act
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§110(2) – Distance educationdigital transmissions
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All displays are allowed but only in
an amount comparable to what is
displayed in a live classroom setting.
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TEACH Act (cont.)
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Performances of the following are
allowed to be transmitted:
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non-dramatic literary or musical works
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Reasonable and limited portions of other
works
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Readings from novels, poetry and textbooks
Pop music, symphonies
Dramatic works
Audiovisuals
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TEACH Act Requirements
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Institution
Technology
Instructor
Materials
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Institution Requirements
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Accredited nonprofit educational
institution including K-12
Institute copyright policies
Provide informational materials to
faculty, staff and students on copyright
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Technology Requirements
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Transmission limited to students officially
enrolled in the course
Transmissions cannot be retained longer than
class session
Transmission cannot be distributed beyond
officially enrolled students
No material can remain on the system longer
than necessary to facilitate transmission.
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Instructor Requirements
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Performance (P) or display (D) must be made by, at
the direction of, or under actual supervision of
instructor
P or D must be an integral part of class session which
is offered as a regular part of systematic mediated
instructional activities
P or D must be analogous to what takes place in a
live classroom
P or D must be directly related to teaching content
Instructor must use lawfully made and acquired copy
Instructor must provide notice to students that
materials may be subject to copyright protection
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Material Requirements
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Materials not eligible for exemption
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Textbooks, course packs or other material
in any media, copies, CD’s which are
typically purchased by students for use in
one or more class session
Works that are marketed primarily for
education
Illegal works
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Materials (cont.)
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Analog works cannot be converted into
digital works unless
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No digital version is available
Digital version is subject to technological
protections that are not covered by TEACH
Only the amount that is authorized
under TEACH can be converted
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TEACH Exemption or ????
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All requirements must be met before
exemption can be used.
FAIR USE, FAIR USE, FAIR USE
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Break It Down
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Determine status of work
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Copyrightable
Copyrighted
Public domain
Analyze rights and exemptions
Apply exemptions
Request permission from copyright owner if
exemptions do not apply (Request and
permission should be in writing)
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Copyright Myths
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Everything on the web can be used
without permission
All educational use is fair use
Publication did not have copyright notice
so it must be in the public domain
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Is it Legal???
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Links
Personal tapes for educational use
Music in multimedia/PP presentation
Coursepacks
Copying work sheets – consumables
Blogs
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The Cost of Copyright
Infringement
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Actual damages & profits
Statutory damages $200 - $150,000
Attorney’s fees and costs
Injunction
Impoundment
Jail
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Copyright Landscape
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Turnitin
Orphan works
Clean Flicks
Google
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Copyright vs. Plagiarism
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Copyright – a legal
right that protects
original works
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Federal law
Legal penalties for
infringement
Fair use exemption
Plagiarism – passing
off someone else’s
work as one’s own
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Unethical but not
necessarily illegal
Misappropriation of
someone else’s work
Lack of attribution
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Words of Wisdom
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Only use legally acquired copies
Be aware of your audience – who has
access to the materials
Free access does not equal free use
Negotiate licenses/permissions carefully
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Copyright Resources
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Purdue University Copyright Office
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United States Copyright Office
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http://www.loc.gov/copyright/
Copyright Crash Course – University of Texas
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http://www.lib.purdue.edu/uco
http://www.utsystem.edu/OCG/IntellectualProperty/cpr
tindx.htm
Copyright Management Center – IU
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http://www.iupui.edu/~copyinfo/home.html
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Copyright Resources (cont’d)
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U. of Maryland U. College
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www.umuc.edu/distance/odell/cip/primer.h
tml
American Library Association
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www.ala.org/work/copyright.html
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TEACH Resources
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Purdue University Copyright Office
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University of Texas
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http://www.lib.purdue.edu/uco
http://www.utsystem.edu/ogc/intellectualproperty/teac
hact.htm
TEACH Toolkit – North Carolina State University
 http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/scc/legislative/teachkit
/
American Library Association
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http://www.ala.org/washoff/teach.html
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Question: ???
Answer: It depends…
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