新世纪高等院校英语专业本科生系列教材
主讲人：王娜
A Listening Course 2
Unit 1
Section One Tactics for
Listening
Part 1 Phonetics – stress, Intonation
and Accent
script:
1. We haven’t got any in dark blue.
2. We can’t make it at nine tomorrow.
3. My telephone number is not 65031609.
4. I don’t like the black jumper.
5. He won’t come by the 7:30 train.
key:
a, b, a, b, b
Part 2 Listening and Notetaking
Script and key (1)
Drive carefully and slowly when pedestrians are
about, particularly in crowded shopping streets,
when you see a bus stopped, or near a parked mobile
shop. Watch out for pedestrians coming from behind
parked or stopped vehicles, or from other places
where you might not be able to see them.
pedestrian: n. a person who travels on foot 行人、步行
者
Three out of four pedestrians killed or seriously
injured are either under fifteen or over sixty. The
young and the elderly may not judge speeds very
well, and may step into the road when you do not
expect them. Give them, and the infirm, or blind or
disabled people, plenty of time to cross the road.
infirm: adj. lacking physical strength or vitality （虚）
弱的
the infirm 身体虚弱者；体弱者
Part 2 Listening and Notetaking
Script and key (2)
Drive slowly near schools, and look out for children
getting on or off school buses. Stop when signalled to
do so by a school crossing patrol showing a StopChildren sign. Be Careful near a parked ice-cream van
– children are more interested in ice-cream than in
traffic.
school crossing patrol: (护送学生过马路的)学校交通安全员
crossing 十字路口； patrol巡逻；van厢式货车
When coming to a zebra crossing, be ready to slow
down or stop to let people cross. You must give way
once they have stepped onto a crossing. Signal to
other drivers that you mean to slow down or stop.
Give yourself more time to slow down or stop on wet
or icy roads, never overtake just before a zebra
crossing.
zebra crossing：斑马线、人行道；overtake: 超车
Section Two Listening
Comprehension
Part 1: Dialogue 2 Fast Food Survey
Vocabulary
1. kebab:烧烤
2. litter: rubbish carelessly dropped or left
about (especially
in public places) 垃圾
litter bin 垃圾箱、废物箱 dustbin
3. packaging: material used to make
packages 包装
 Discussion:
What do you know about fast food? And
what do you think of it?
Part 2 Passage Snack
 Language focus
Here are four tips to keep your snacking
on the right track.
1. Know why you’re eating. Using food to
change your feelings can be a dangerous
habit. An order of French fries might
distract you from feeling sad for a while,
but it’s only a temporary cure. Once the
fries are gone, the problem is still there. If
you’re feeling lonely, don’t reach into the
refrigerator. Call a friend. If you’re feeling
stressed, take a 10-minute walk.
Part 2 Passage Snack (2)
 2. Find a healthy pick-me-up. If you’re
truly hungry, a healthy snack can give you
the boost of energy you need. If you like
fresh foods, bring a small bag of tomatoes
or apple slices to work with you. To tame
your sweet tooth, try a handful of dried fruit.
A serving of nuts can be a perfect pick-meup. They have the right combination of
nutrients to give you the energy you need.
But wait until you’re hungry to find
something to eat. Plan ahead and bring
something healthy with you.
Part 2 Passage Snack (3)
 3. Eat just one serving. Don’t open up a
whole box of crackers and start munching
away. Instead, pull out just one serving and
put away the box.
 4. Think of snacks as mini-meals. Eating
small, healthy snacks can keep you from
stuffing yourself at the next meal. Instead
of eating three big meals each day, split
them into four or five mini-meals. You may
actually eat less food overall.
Part 3 News
News Item 1
The Japanese electronic giant Sony has slashed its
annual earnings （年收益）forecast again. It’s
expected to report an annual operating loss （营业损失）
of almost three billion dollars. The company had
previously forecast a profit of two billion dollars.
If confirmed, this would be Sony’s first loss in 14
years, the second only since the company was listed
on （上市）the Tokyo stock exchange （东京证券交易所）
in 1958.
Like other Japanese exporters（出口商）, Sony is
taking a beating （遭重创、蒙受损失）from the global
slump. The yen’s （日元）appreciation （an increase
in price or value 增值 ）also means less profit – as the
company gets 80 percent of its sales from overseas.
Part 3 News
 News Item 2
World Trade Organization ministers are meeting in
Montreal, Canada. The trade ministers have been
debating （debate）the issue of reducing import
taxes （进口关税）and government aid（国家援助） for
certain services, especially farming. Major
agricultural exporters like the United States,
Australia and Brazil want all import duties （进口税）
cut to an average of 25%. Importers such as the
European Union, Japan and some developing
countries say import taxes should be cut by some
reasonable percentage based on the country. The
United States and the European Union are under
pressure to reach a farming agreement (reach an
agreement 达成共识）that other WTO members can
support. The WTO is also divided on the issue of
providing necessary drugs （药品）to poor countries.
Section Four Supplementary
Exercises
 Passage 1 World Sight Day （1）
 An estimated 135 million people have low vision.40 to 50
million others cannot see at all. Healthy experts warn that
the number of blind people will increase sharply as the
world population grows, and grows older. They say the
number of blind people could almost double by 2020.
Yet the World Healthy Organization says that in eight
out of ten cases, blindness can be cured or avoided.
October the ninth was World Sight Day. A campaign called
vision 2020 released* materials to help government and
health workers develop national plans to prevent blindness.
Vision 2020 is a joint effort of the WHO and
International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness. The
goal is to end prevention blindness by 2020. The campaign
targets four main causes.
Cataracts cause the lens （晶状体）of the eye to become
cloudy. In most of Africa and Asia, cataracts cause at least
half the cases of blindness that can be cured. A simple
operation can remove cataracts*.
Trachoma* is an infectious disease spread person-toperson and by insects. Trachoma causes about 15 percent
of all cases of blindness. Most of the cases are in Africa.
The disease can be treated with antibiotic medicines and
an operation to correct the damage.
Section Four Supplementary
Exercises
 Passage 1 World Sight Day （2）
The disease known as river blindness is also found
mostly in Africa. Flies spread the infection. A yearly
treatment of the drug Mectizan can control the
disease.
Finally, a lack of vitamin A as a result of poor
nutrition is the leading cause of preventable
blindness in children.
Vision 2020 says that every five seconds another
person in the world goes blind. Most blind people live
in developing nations. India has at least nine million.
About six million are in China, and seven million in
Africa. Officials estimate that the world economy
loses about 28,000 million dollars each year from
curable blindness.
A resolution passed by the World Health Assembly
in May urges all governments to develop national
 Passage 2 Tips to Healthy Eating and Physical Activity（1）





Breakfast fills your “empty tank” to get you going after
a long night without food. And it can help you do better in
school. Easy-to-prepare breakfasts include cold cereal with
fruit and low-fat milk, whole-wheat toast with peanut
butter, yogurt *with fruit, whole-grain waffles or even last
night’s pizza!
It’s easy to fit physical activities into your daily routine.
Walk, bike or jog to see friends. Take a 10-minute activity
break every hour while you read, do homework or watch
TV. Climb stairs instead of taking an escalator or elevator.
Try to do these things for a total of 30 minutes every day.
Snacks are a great way to refuel. Choose snacks from
different food groups—a glass of low-fat milk and a few
graham* crackers, an apple or celery sticks with peanut
butter and raisins*, or some dry cereal. If you eat smart at
other meals, cookies, chips and candy are OK for occasional
snacking.
Vigorous work-outs*—when you’re breathing hard and
sweating—help your heart pump better, give you more
energy and help you look and feel best. Start with a warmup that stretches your muscles. Include 20 minutes of
aerobic activity（有氧运动）, such as running, jogging, or
dancing. Follow up with activities that help make you
stronger such as push-ups or lifting weights. Then cool
down with more stretching and deep breathing.
Being active is much more fun with friends or family.
Encourage others to join you and plan one special physical
 Passage 2 Tips to Healthy Eating and Physical Activity（2）
 You don’t have to give up foods like hamburgers,
French fries and ice cream to eat healthy. You just
have to be smart about how often and how much of
them you eat. Your body needs nutrients like
protein*, carbohydrates*, fat and many different
vitamins and minerals such as vitamins C and A, iron
and calcium* from a variety of foods. Balancing food
choices from the Food Guide Pyramid and checking
out the Nutrition Facts panel on food labels will help
you get all these nutrients.
 Eat more grains, fruits and vegetables. These foods
give you carbohydrates for energy, plus vitamins,
minerals and fiber. Besides, they taste good! Try
breads such as whole-wheat, bagels* and pita*.
Spaghetti and oatmeal are also in the grain group.
 Bananas, strawberries and melons are some great
tasting fruits. Try vegetables raw, on a sandwich or
salad.
 A healthy eating style is like a puzzle with many
parts. Each part—or food—is different. Some foods
may have more fat, sugar or salt while others may
have more vitamins or fiber. There is a place for all
these foods. What makes a diet good or bad is how
foods fit together. Balancing your choices is
A Listening Course 2
Unit 2
Section One Tactics for
Listening
 Part 1 Phonetics – stress, Intonation and Accent
a. It’s on top of the bookcase.
b. With milk, please.
c. At five past one.
d. At five past one.
e. It’s on top of the bookcase.
f. With milk, please.
 1.f
2.c
3.e
4.b
5.a6.d
passage 1 Why Shouldn't you Go by First Impressions?
 Recently my young brother, who works for a
famous American airline, was reminded of
this truth. The plane was overbooked and
for once all the passengers turned up. So my
brother had the difficult task of choosing
three passengers and informing them that
they couldn't travel on the flight in
question*.
 question*.
 Knowing that the young are generally
impatient and often aggressive, my brother
chose three elderly travelers, an English
couple and a little old American lady.
 The English couple accepted the situation
and went to have a drink while waiting for
the next flight.
(To be
continued …)
passage 1 Why Shouldn't you Go by First Impressions?




Then my brother approached the American lady,
whose name was Mrs Pepper, with a sad smile on his
face, "Mrs Pepper? May I have a few words? I'm
afraid we have a problem."
"A problem? What de you mean, we have a problem,
young man?"
“Would you like to come into the office” asked
my brother, sensing that this was not going to be
easy.
"Oh, very well, but only for a moment. I have a
plane to catch, you know."
"Er ... yes." My brother explained the position
The little lady looked at him with steely, blue eyes.
"Young man," she said. "I don't believe you are
aware that you are talking to Mrs Katherine Pepper,
widow of General Arnold Pepper, of the United States
Army Air Force and I'd like to inform you, further,
that the President of your airline was a personal
friend of the General's. In the circumstances I'd
advise you to sort this out* right away, otherwise
you're going to be in a lot of trouble. Do I make
Part 3 News
News Item 1
The simultaneous (adj. occurring or operating at the same
time 同时发生) bombings of three underground trains and a
double-decker bus （双层公共汽车） in London three years
ago are imprinted on the minds of many people (imprint on
one’s mind/imprint on one’s heart；印在某人的脑海里/铭记在
某人心里)；in Britain.
But our memories of the attacks are unreliable (not
worthy of trust), according to a study from Portsmouth
University (朴茨茅斯大学). 40% of British students
questioned about the events remembered seeing CCTV
footage (连续镜头) of the bus bomb – footage which never
existed. A further 28% claimed to have seen a non-existent
(not existing) computerized reconstruction (重建、再建).
Some even recalled specific details of the attacks, which
none of then witnessed.
“Memories are not like videotape you can rewind (倒带、
倒回) and replay for perfect recall,” said lead researcher
James Ost. “Because of this, they are not reliable enough
to form the basis of legal decisions.”
Part 3 News
 News Item 2
China begins three days of mourning for (悼念；追悼)
earthquake victims in Sichuan province, with a threeminute silence and half-mast (mast桅杆；half-mast n.
降半旗;adj.降半旗的)flags.
For three minutes a collective wail (n. a cry of
sorrow and grief哀号、恸哭) was heard across the
town of Beichuan as air raid sirens （空袭警报）and car
horns （汽车喇叭）sounded the exact time when the
earthquake hit China one week ago. Workers here
laid wreaths outside the town’s school. At 2:28 in
the afternoon, last Monday, it was engulfed （淹没）in
a landslide（山崩、山体滑坡）, hundreds of children died.
To the side of the mourners（哀悼者）, bodies（人或
动物的尸体） lay waiting to be buried. Rescue work has
now resumed and two women were found alive here
this morning, but these glimmers of hope are
increasingly rare. The aftershocks （余震） continue.
Part 3 News
 News Item 3
 Indonesia is expected to announce stronger security
measures Wednesday after a deadly （adj. causing
death致命的）bombing in Jakarta*（印尼首都雅加达）. At
least 13 people were killed when a car bomb
exploded near a hotel. 149 people were injured. The
hotel is operated by a United States company. The
governor of Jakarta said it was very likely that the
bomber was killed in the attack. Indonesian
President Megawati Sukarnoputri visited the
damaged hotel. Buildings nearby also were damaged.
The explosion comes 2 days before an Indonesian
court decides the first case connected to the deadly
bombings last year in Bali（巴厘）*. Those attacks
killed 202 people.
 Exercise A:
 This news item is about the 2nd serious bombing that
took place in Indonesia within 2 years,
 Exercise B:
 1. F
2. T
3. F
4. F
5. T 6. T
Section Three Oral Work
 Retelling

As Susan and her daughter Jenny walked around
the park they were hounded by beggars. The girl was
shocked when she saw a skeletal (skeleton; very thin
骨瘦如柴的) young beggar woman wrapped in a gray
shawl*. Her eyes were sunken* and she held out a
bony hand like she was receiving communion, As she
did, her shawl fell away revealing a young child
standing under it. Jenny just started throwing her
money into that bony (very thin瘦骨嶙峋的) hand.
Susan grabbed her before she could start taking off
her jewelry, and the mother decided to have a talk
with her about the beggars when they got back to
the hotel.

They boarded the return bus. They were stopped
at a red light when Jenny stood straight up and
screamed, “Mother? Susan went to her window and
she pointed to a taxi next to the bus. There, in air
conditioned (air condition; air conditioner; air
conditioning) comfort, sat the beggar woman with
her child next to her, eating an ice cream cone (圆锥
体).
Section Four Supplementary Exercises
 Passage 1 World Sight Day （1）
 A new report says the cost of studies at public
colleges in the United States increased 14 percent
this year. This is the biggest increase in tuition* in
30 years. But the study also found that the average
student pays a lot less than the published costs of a
college education, because of grants*. And it points
out that American students received a record amount
of financial aid last year.
 Students do not have to repay grants, unlike
financial aid in the form of loans. About half of
American college students receive grants. This
means that education costs differ from student to
student.

The report is from the College Board. This is a nonprofit membership group of schools and other
educational organizations. One of its best-known
jobs is to administer* college entrance tests.

The College Board says tuition at two-year public
colleges rose at the same rate as four-years schools.
Section Four Supplementary Exercises
 Passage 1 World Sight Day （2）






The College Board says the increases were mainly
caused by cuts in state spending on education. But a
congressman says colleges have increased their prices in
both good and bad economic times. John Baehner of Ohio
is chairman of the House Committee on Education and the
Workforce. He says colleges do not want to talk about their
decisions to spend money to build things like rock-climbing
walls.
The College Board collected information from 4,000
colleges and universities. It says the average total charge
for students who live at a public college in their state is
10,600 dollars. While tuition rose 14 percent this year,
housing and other costs increased at a lower rate.
At a private college, total charges are almost 27,000
dollars. That is an increase of about six percent over last
year.
David Ward is president of the American Council on
Education. His group represents colleges and universities.
Mister Ward called the College Board findings bad news.
But he says percentage increases in tuition do not tell the
whole story. He says there was good news about grants
and other
student aid.
The College Board says financial aid for the last school
Passage 1 World Sight Day
 Exercise A:
 1. Because of grants, the average student pays a lot less than the
published costs of a college education.
 2. Two forms of financial aid for the students are grants and loans.
 3. When students receive loans, they have to repay them later.
 4. The increases in tuition are mainly caused by cuts in state
spending on education.
 5. The total charge for the students who live at a college includes
tuition, housing and other costs.
 Exercise B:
 l. This year the cost of studies at public colleges in the United
States increased 14 percent.
 2. The average total charge for students who live at a public
college in their state is 10.600 dollars.While at a private college,
total charges are almost 27.000 dollars.
 3. The above information is collected from 4.000 colleges and
universities.
 4. It is said that this year's increase in the cost of studies is the
biggest one in 30 years.
 5. American students received a record amount of financial aid last
year, which reached 105.000 million dollars~
Passage 1 World Sight Day
Discussion:
How will you attempt to cope with the
high tuition and living cost in the
university?
Passage My Grandfather（1）
Background Information
Ta-Na-E-Ka is a Kaw Indian tribe tradition
and a child would go through Ta-Na-E-Ka
around when they turned 11 years old. The
child would go out into the woods naked
with white paint over their body and they
could not come home until all the paint was
off their body (usually 5-18 days). This
shows how they will survive as "warriors" in
their Kaw heritage. So it is a test of survival.
 Passage 2 My Grandfather（2）
I opened the door. My grandfather was in the front
room. He was wearing the ceremonial beaded (bead
珠子;beaded饰以珠的) deerskin shirt which had
belonged to his grandfather. “Welcome back”, he
said.
I embraced my parents warmly, letting go only
when I saw my cousin Roger sprawled （摊开四肢躺着或
坐着）on the couch. His eyes were red and swollen.
He’d lost weight. His feet were an unsightly (adj.
unpleasant to look at 难看的；不雅观的）mass of blood
and blisters （水疱）, and he was moaning （If
you moan, you make a low sound, usually because
you are unhappy or in pain. 呻吟 ）, “I made it, see. I
made it. I’m a warrior（勇士；Terra Cotta Warrior兵马
俑；秦俑）.”
My grandfather looked at me strangely. I was
clean, obviously well-fed and radiantly healthy. My
parents got the message. My uncle and aunt gazed at
me with hostility(敌意/hostile; hospitable/ hospitality
殷勤好客).
I sucked in my breath and blurted out (脱口而出) the
truth: “Hamburgers and milk shakes（奶昔）.”
“Hamburgers!” my grandfather growled（咆哮；咆
哮着说）.
 Passage 2 My Grandfather（3）
“You didn’t say we had to eat grasshoppers（草蜢\蚱
蜢）,” I said sheepishly(羞怯的、懦弱的).
“Tell us about your Ta-Na-E-Ka,” my grandfather
commanded.
I told them everything, from borrowing the five dollars,
to Ernie’s kindness, to observing the beaver(海狸).
“That’s not what I trained you for,” my grandfather
said sadly.
I stood up. “Grandfather, I learned that Ta-Na-E-Ka is
important. I didn’t think so during training. I was scared
stiff of it. I handled it my way. There’s no reason in 1947
to eat grasshoppers when you can eat a hamburger.”
I was inwardly shocked at my own audacity(大胆).
“Grandfather, I’ll bet you never ate one of those
rotten(腐烂的)berries(浆果)yourself.”
Grandfather laughed!
“Those berries – they are terrible.” Grandfather
admitted. “I could never swallow them. I found a dead
deer on the first day of my Ta-Na-E-Ka – shot by a soldier,
probably – and he kept my belly (腹部、胃) full for the entire
period of the test!”
My grandfather called me to Roger. “You should have
done what your cousin did. But I think you are more alert
to what is happening to our people today than we are. I
think you would have passed the test under any
circumstances, in any time. Somehow, you know how to
A Listening Course 2
Unit 3
Section One Tactics for
Listening
Part 1 Phonetics-Stress, Intonation and Accent
1. A: Do you want some grapes?
B: No, thanks, I don't like them.
2. A: What do you think of Scotland?
B: I've never been there.
3. A: My son's called David,
B: How old is he?
4. A: Can I book a table for tonight, please?
B: Certainly. How many is it for?
A: There'll be three of them.
5. A: Can you get some cornflakes?
B: Do you want a large or small packet?
A: A small one.
Part 2 Listening and Notetaking
 A Territory (1)
 When we talk about a territory, we mean a
defended space. Animals have their
territories, which they mark out with their
personal scent（气味）. The scent is their
territorial signal. Human beings have other
territorial signals. There are three kinds of
human territory, marked by different
territorial signals.
 First, there are the Tribal Territories,
which in modem terms are known as
countries. Countries have a number of
territorial signals. The borders are often
guarded by soldiers and they usually have
customs barriers（关税壁垒）, flags, and signs.
Other signals of the tribal territory are
uniforms and national anthems（国歌）.
These signals are important, because they
Part 2 Listening and Note-taking
A Territory (2)
Second, there is the Family Territory, at the
center of which is the bedroom. This is usually as far
away as possible from the front door. Between the
bedroom and the front door are the spaces where
visitors are allowed to enter. People behave
differently when they‘re in someone else’s house.
As soon as they come up the driveway （n. （从建筑物，住房，
车库等通往大路的）私人车道）or walk through the front door -the first signals of family territory -- they are in an
area which does not belong to them. They do not feel
at home, because it is full of other people‘s
belongings -- from the flowers in the garden to the
chairs, tables, carpets, ornaments（装饰品）, and
other things in the house. In the same way, when a
family goes to the beach or to the park for a picnic,
they mark out a small territory with towels, baskets,
and other belongings; other families respect this, and
Part 2 Listening and Note-taking
A Territory (3)
Finally, there is the Personal
Territory. In public places, people
automatically mark out an area of
personal space. If a man enters a
waiting room and sits at one end of a
row of chairs, it is possible to predict
where the next man will sit. It won't
be next to him or at the other end of
the room, but halfway between. In a
crowded space like a train, we can't
have much personal territory, so we
stand looking straight in front of us
Part 3 News
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


News Item 1
Thousands of public workers have begun to
demonstrate violently against a retirement reform
plan passed by Brazilian lawmakers Wednesday.
Demonstrators clashed with riot police in front of
Congress after the chamber of deputies approved the
measure. Brazilian media reports say at least 60
people were injured.
Some demonstrators said the president had
betrayed them by seeking approval of the measure in
Congress. The measure is designed to cut retirement
assistance, raise the retirement age of public
workers and tax their retirement money. The
government says the changes are necessary to save
the government thousands of millions of dollars.
Exercise A:
This news item is about public workers' reaction to a
retirement reform plan passed by Brazilian
lawmakers.
Part 3 News





News Item 2
According to a report to Congress, more than 4.5
million students endure sexual misconduct*
（activity that transgresses moral or civil law 不端行为、
行为不检）by employees at their schools, from
inappropriate jokes all the way to forced sex.
The best estimate （最佳估计）available shows
nearly one in l0 kids faces misbehavior （improper or
wicked or immoral behavior不正当举止 ）ranging from
unprofessional to criminal sometime between
kindergarten and 12th grade.
The report, delivered to Congress on Wednesday,
is the first to analyze research about sexual
misconduct at schools.
Some educators took issue with （与某人争论、反对某
人）the way the report combines （sexual abuse 性虐待）
with other behaviors such as inappropriate jokes, in
one broad category of sexual misconduct.
Exercise A:
This news item is about prevalent sexual misconduct
endured by students according to a report to
Part 3 News
News Item 3
The recession (经济衰退/不景气) and the
prospect of another strike in Hollywood
could combine to make it a miserable New
Year for the entertainment business.
The global credit crunch (信贷危机、信贷紧缩
credit crisis) is making it much more
difficult for studios (工作室) to get funding
for big budget pictures. High-earning actors
are being asked to lower their expectations
and accept more modest salaries.
The Screen Actors Guild （美国影视演员协会）
has said it will ballot （投票表决）its 120,000
members on a possible strike, although it
needs a 75 percent vote in favor before a
walkout （strike）can be authorized by the
union’s leaders.
The mood of many is that now is not the
Section Four Supplementary Exercises
 Parent-Teacher Associations （1）

6 million people in the United States belong to parentteacher associations*, or PTA(家长教师协会). PTA's work is to
help schools and students in their communities.

Members give their time to serve on committees. They
plan school projects and special activities, such as sales
and other events to assist schools. Members also serve as
activists for children‘s issues* before government
agencies and other organizations. There are national, state
and local PTA organizations. PTA groups exist in the 50
American states and the District of Columbia. The PTA also
operates in the United States Virgin Islands and in
Department of Defense schools (美国国防部家属/附属学校; the
Pentagon; the U.S. Secretary of Denfense) in the Pacific
and Europe. These are schools for children of American
military families.

Three women are responsible for establishing the
Parent-Teacher Association. Two of them, Alice McLellan
Birney and Phoebe Apperson Hearst, established the
Congress of Mothers in 1897. Both women lived in
Washington, D.C.

Alice Birney proposed the plan for the group in 1895.
Two years later, she met Phoebe Hears who provided the
money to start the organization. Later, fathers, educators
Section Four Supplementary
Exercises
Parent-Teacher Associations （2）
Selena Sloan Butler is considered the third founder
of the PTA. She established and served as the first
president of the National Congress of Colored Parents
and Teachers. In 1970, the congress united with the
National PTA.

The National PTA provides members with, among
other things, information online about educational
issues. It publishes a free newsletter (组织定期发给成员的
内部通讯/时事通讯) called "This Week in Washington" on
its website. It tells about developments that affect
education.

There are critics of the National PTA. In a recent
book, education researcher Charlene Haar says the
positions of the group mainly serve the interests of
teachers unions (教师工会). PTA spokeswoman Jenni
Sopko says the group speaks for parents, students
and teachers, and is not influenced by the unions.
She also notes that other countries have used the
PTA in the United States as an example to develop
their own parent-teacher associations.
Section Four Supplementary
Exercises
Parent-Teacher Associations （3）
Exercise A:
1. It stands for parent-teacher associations.
2. Its work is to help schools and students in
their communities.
3. Six million people in the United States
belong to parent-teacher associations.
4. She established and served as the first
president of the National Congress of
Colored Parents and Teachers.
5. The National PTA can provide its members
with information online about educational
issues.
Section Four Supplementary
Exercises
Parent-Teacher Associations （4）
Exercise B:
1. The plan to establish PTA group was proposed in 1895 by
Alice Birney. Two years later, she met Phoebe Hearst who
provided the money to start the organization. Later, fathers,
educators and other interested citizens joined the group.
2. Members of PTA's should give their time to serve on
committees. They plan school projects and special
activities. Members also serve as activists for children's
issues before government agencies and other
organizations.
3. PTA groups exist in the 50 American states and the
District of Columbia. The PTA also operates in
Department of Defense schools in the pacific and
Europe. These are schools for children of American
military families.
4. The Nation PTA publishes a free newsletter called
"This Week in Washington" on its website. It tells
about developments that affect education.
5. There are critics of the National PTA. An education
researcher Charlene Haar says the positions of the
group mainly serve the interests of teachers unions.
Section Four Supplementary
Exercises
 Parent-Teacher Associations （5）
 Exercise C: Your opinion
 Directions: Listen to the passage again and give your
opinion on the following topics.
 1. Is it necessary for schools in China to
have PTA?
 2. What roles can PTA play at schools in
China?
 3. If your parent is selected as the member
of PTA. will you support him/her?
A Listening Course 2
Unit 4
Section One Tactics for
Listening
 Part 1 Phonetics – stress, Intonation and Accent
1 . A: Excuse me. Could you tell me where the secretary's
office is please?
B: Yes. It's up the stairs, then turn left, ... ↗
2. A: Excuse me. Can you tell me where the toilets are?
B: Yes, they're at the top of the stairs.↘
3. A: What did you do after work yesterday?
B: Ah, well, I went for a drink in the pub opposite the carpark. ↘
4. A: What did you do after work yesterday?
B: Oh, I ran into Jane and Tom ..... ↗
5. A: Excuse me, can you tell me how the machine works?
B: Certainly. Erm, first of all you adjust the height of the
stool, and then put four 10 pence pieces there, ...↗
6. A：Excuse me, can you tell me how the machine works?
B：Yes. You put 30 pence in the slot and take the ticket out
here. ↘
Part 2 Listening and Notetaking
Frog legs (1)
People want frogs mostly for food. Many Asian
cultures have included frog legs in their diets for
centuries -- or at least until they have run out of
frogs. But the most famous frog-eaters, and the
people who inspired frog-eating in Europe and the
United States are the French. By 1977 the French
government, so concerned about the scarcity
（insufficiency, shortage 不足、缺乏/scarce ）of its
native frog, banned commercial hunting of its own
amphibians（两栖动物）. So the French turned to India
and Bangladesh（孟加拉国）for frogs.

As happened in France, American frog-leg fanciers
(one who has a special enthusiasm for or interest in
sth. …迷; 饲养或贩卖动物的人) and restaurants also
turned increasingly to frozen imports. According to
figures collected from government agencies, the
United States imported more than 6.5 million pounds
of frozen frog meat each year between 1981 and
1984.

Part 2 Listening and Note-taking
Frog legs (2)
So many frozen frog legs were exported from India
to Europe and the United States. One of the
attractions of Indian frogs, apart from the fact that
they have bigger legs than French frogs, was the
price. In London, a pound of frozen frog's legs from
India cost about ￡1.75, compared with ￡3.75 for the
French variety.

Indian scientists have described as “disastrous”
the rate at which frogs are disappearing from the rice
fields （稻田）and wetlands（湿地、塘地）, where they
protect crops by devouring（V-T/ If a person or
animal devours something, they eat it quickly and
eagerly. 狼吞虎咽地吃） damaging insects.

since the India and Bangladesh frog-export bans,
Indonesia（印度尼西亚） has become the major
exporter of frog legs to the United States and Europe.
But no matter what country the legs come from, one
thing is usually constant: The legs once belonged to
frogs are taken from the wild, not from farms. Frogs
are nearly impossible to farm economically in the
countries where frogs are commercially harvested
Part 2 Listening and Note-taking
Frog legs (3)
Exercise A:
1. Many Asian cultures have included frog legs
in their diets for centuries.
2. By 1977 the French government banned
commercial hunting of its own amphibians.
3. Indian scientists have described as
"disastrous" the rate at which frogs are
disappearing from the rice fields and
wetlands.
4. The United States imported more than 6.5
million pounds of frozen frog meat each
year between 1981 and 1984.
5. One of the attractions of Indian frogs was
the price.
Part 2 Listening and Note-taking
Frog legs (4)
Exercise B:

People want frogs mostly for food. Many Asian
cultures have included frog legs in their diets for
centuries, The most famous frog-eaters, and the
people who inspired frog-eating in Europe and the
United States are the French. By 1977 the French
government banned commercial hunting of its own
amphibians. So the French turned to India and
Bangladesh for flogs. And the United States imported
more than 6.5 million pounds of frozen frog meat
each year between 1981 and 1984. One of the
attractions of Indian frogs was the price.

Indian scientists have described as "disastrous"
the rate at which frogs are disappearing from the rice
fields and wetlands, where they protect crops by
devouring damaging insects.

Since the India and Bangladesh frog-export bans,
Indonesia has become the major exporter of frog
legs to the United States and Europe. But no matter
what country the legs come from, one thing is usually
Section Two Listening
Comprehension
Part 1: Dialogue 1 Health Club

Yes, well we offer a choice of facilities --gym,
sunbed*, sauna* and Jacuzzi* -- that‘s also from
Scandinavia -- as well as our regular fitness (fit 健康的
/ fitness equipment/ fitness center健身设备/健身中心)
classes, that is. And there’s a wholefood (天然食物、未
经加工的食物) bar for refreshments (snacks and drinks
served as a light meal茶点、小吃) afterwards.

We have people of all ages here, from small
children to old-age pensioners（领养老金者）, though
of course the majority, about three-quarters of our
members, are in their 20s and 30s.
Section Two Listening
Comprehension
Part 1: Dialogue 1 Health Club
 That's me with the red bobble hat (顶部有绒球的帽子)
 Every day Werner used to take us to the nursery
slope* to practice, and to get to the top you had to
go up on a ski lift.
 Well, on that day we were all going up on the ski lift,
you know, we were just getting used to it, and, you
see there was this one woman in our class who never
got the hang of* it. She didn‘t have any sort of
control over her skis and whenever she started
sliding（slide）, she would sort of stick her ski sticks
(滑雪杖) out in front of her, you know, like swords（宝
剑）or something.
Sally: Did she? ~
Simon: Mmm, with her ski sticks waving around in
front of her!
Teresa: So of course everyone sort of let go and tried
to jump off the ski lift to get out of the way.
Simon: And that's how they all ended up in a pile at
the bottom of the slope -- it was lucky I had my
camera with me.
Part 3 News
News Item 1
France‘s busiest airport will reopen part of a
terminal（末端、终点站、航站楼）that was not damaged
when a segment （a part 部分）of the roof collapsed
(break down; fall apart 倒塌) in May, killing four
people.
The Transport Minister（交通运输部长） Gilles de
Robien said a segment of the three-building 2E
terminal at Charles de Gaulle airport would return to
service on July 15. In the May 23 disaster, failing
glass, steel and masonry* killed four travelers -- two
Chinese, one Czech* and one Lebanese*. Three
others were injured.
A preliminary report by experts said Tuesday that
a weakness in the concrete (混凝土) that formed the
futuristic (future) terminal‘s（vaulted roof 拱形屋顶；
穹顶）may have contributed to the collapse.
Officials are still unsure about what exactly caused
it to collapse.
Exercise A:
This news item is about the new information Of
Part 3 News
News Item 2
An Antonov 26 plane crashed in northwestern
Congo (刚果) shortly after take-off on Saturday,
killing all 22 Congolese (刚果人) passengers and the
crew.
It was not known how many crew members were
on the plane when it crashed near the town of
Boende, more than 600 km northeast of the capital
Kinshasa. The cause of the crash was unknown.
A string of (a series of 一串、一系列) accidents this
week has underlined （突出、强调）the parlous* state
of Democratic Republic of Congo‘s （刚果民主共和国）
transport infrastructure* after five years of war and
decades of misrule (government that is inefficient or
dishonest 执政不善).
More than 160 people drowned when a ferry (渡船)
sank during a storm on Lake Mai-Ndombe, north east
of Kinshasa (金沙萨), on Tuesday.
On Saturday, 18 people were killed or injured when a
small truck experienced brake trouble and crashed
near the eastern town of Goma (戈马—刚果东部城市).
Part 3 News
News Item 3
In the United States lawyers for Raed Jarrar, an airline
passenger forced to cover his T-shirt because it displayed
an Arabic script, say he has been awarded (be awarded sth.
被授予、给予) a total of $240,000 in compensation (补偿、补偿
金).
Lawyers representing Raed Jarrar say the payout（作为补
偿或奖励等的大量钱款、补偿款、抚恤金等）is a victory for free
speech（言论自由）and a blow（打击）to the practice of racial
profiling（种族定性）. Back in 2006 Mr. Jarrar was waiting to
board a flight at New York’s JFK airport wearing a T-shirt
that read “We Will Not Be Silent” in English and Arabic.
His lawyers claim he was ordered to remove the item of
clothing by staff who said other passengers felt
uncomfortable with the Arabic slogan（标语）. He eventually
agreed to cover the shirt and boarded the plane, but says
he was made to sit at the back.
racial profiling: n - a form of racism consisting of the policy of
policemen who stop and search vehicles driven by persons
belonging to particular racial groups; government activity directed
at a suspect or group of suspects based solely on race
Section Four Supplementary
Exercises
 Passage 1 Babies and Intelligence （1）
Some people thought babies were not able to
learn things until they were five or six months old.
Yet doctors in the United States say babies begin
learning on their first day of life.
Research scientists at the National Institute of
Child Health and Development note that babies are
strongly influenced by their environment. They say a
baby will smile if her mother does something the
baby likes. A baby learns to get the best care
possible by smiling to please her mother or other
caregiver (照料者、护理者). This is how babies learn to
connect and communicate with other humans. This
ability to learn exists in a baby even before birth.
They say newborn babies can recognize and
understand sounds they heard while they were still
developing inside their mothers.
The Finnish researchers used devices to
measures the babies' brain activity. The researchers
played recordings of spoken sounds for up to one
hour while the babies slept.
Section Four Supplementary
Exercises
Passage 1 Babies and Intelligence （2）
The head of the study believes that babies can learn
while asleep because the part of their brains called the
cerebral cortex*（大脑皮层） remains active at night. The
cortex is very important for learning. This part of the brain
is not active in adults while they sleep.
Many experts say the first years of a child's life are
important for all later development. An American study
shows how mothers can strongly influence social
development and language skills in their children. The
study involved more than 1,200 mothers and children.
Researchers studied the children from the age of one
month to three years. They observed the mothers playing
with their children four times during this period.
The researchers attempted to measure the sensitivity
of the mothers. The women were considered sensitive if
they supported their children's activities and did not
interfere unnecessarily. They tested the children for
thinking and language development when they were three
years old.
The children of depressed women did not do as well on
tests as the children of women who did not suffer from
depression（抑郁）. The children of depressed women did
Section Four Supplementary
Exercises
Passage 1 Babies and Intelligence （3）
Another study suggests that babies who are
bigger at birth generally are more intelligent later in
life. It found that the intelligence of a child at seven
years of age is directly linked to his or her weight at
birth. Study organizers say this is probably because
heavier babies received more nutrition* during
important periods of brain development before they
were born.
The study involved almost 3,500 children.
Researchers in New York City used traditional tests
to measure intelligence. Brothers and sisters were
tested so that the effects of birth weight alone could
be separated from the effects of diet or other
considerations.
The researchers found that children with higher
birth weights generally did better on the intelligence
tests （智力测试）. Also, the link between birth weight
and intelligence later in life was stronger for boys
than for girls.
A Listening Course 2
Unit 5
Section One Tactics for
Listening
 Part 1 Phonetics – stress, Intonation and Accent
Peter: You've been to Zanada, haven't you?↘
Peter: Oh yes, I remember. You went a couple of years ago,
didn't you ?↗
Peter: Now, let's see ... It's er, it's a mainly agricultural
country, isn't it? "↘
Peter: Well yes, I know, but there's not much industry once
you've left the coast, is there?↗
Peter: l see ... Mm, so the North would be the best place to go
to, wouldn't it? ↘
Peter: Yeah. Mind you, I should think the South is very
beautiful, isn't it? ↘
Peter: (laughs) Yeah. That's right. Oh and what about
transport? It'd be better to hire a car, wouldn't it? ↗
Peter: Really? That's cheap. It costs that much a day here,
doesn't it? ↘
Peter: Yeah, well that's fine, Maggie. Thanks a lot. Bye.
Section Two Listening
Part 1: Dialogue 2 LostComprehension
in Translation
 Man:
Here‘s one I wouldn’t have thought of. You know
those “before and after” commercials for laundry soap（洗
衣皂; laundry洗衣店、洗的衣服）?
 Woman: The ones with a pile of dirty clothes on one side
and then the same clothes after they've been washed?
Sure.
 Man:
There was an American company that had one of
those ads. It was really successful in North America. In the
ad there was a pile of dirty clothes on the left, a box of the
laundry soap in the middle, and a pile of clean clothes on
the right. So, the message was that a box of this
detergent*（清洁剂、洗涤剂） would make really dirty clothes
clean.
 Woman: Yeah?
 Man:
So what do you think happened when they used the
ad in the Middle East?
 Woman: I don't know.
 Man:
Think about it. In the Middle East, languages are
written from right to left. People look at things from right
to left.
 Woman: So it looked like the soap made the clothes dirty?
 Man:
"Our soap will make your clothes dirty !" Not a very
smart ad campaign.
Section Two Listening
Comprehension
Part 1: Dialogue 2 Lost in Translation
 Man:
Oh, here's another one. Some shirt maker put an ad in a
Mexican magazine.
 Woman: And?
 Man:
Well, the ad was supposed to say, "When I wore this shirt,
I felt good." But they made a translation mistake.
 Woman: What did they say?
 Man:
Instead of "When I wore this shirt," the ad said, "Until I
wore this shirt, I felt good."
 Woman: "Until I wore this shirt, I felt good"? Gee, changing one
little word gave it the opposite meaning.
 Man :
The article says sometimes it's not just the advertising
slogan that gets companies into trouble. Sometimes the company
name can scare off business.
 Woman: What do you mean?
 Man:
Well, there was a large oil company in the United States
called Enco: E-N-C-O.
 Woman: Yeah, I remember them.
 Man:
They opened some gas stations in Japan, and they
advertised using their American name. Unfortunately, they didn't
know what the word means in Japanese.
 Woman: What does it mean?
 Man:
"Enco" is a short way of saying "Engine stop" in Japanese.
 Woman: Great. Would you buy gasoline from a company that said
your car engine would stop?
 Man :
No, and neither did the Japanese.
Section Two Listening
Comprehension
Part 2: Passage Toothbrush (1)
Brushing our teeth -- such a commonplace (常见的、平凡
的ordinary) activity today, has been around for a long time.
Imagine: the ancient Egyptians were already concerned
about their dental hygiene (牙齿卫生)! We know this today
because they also had the good habit of being entombed*
with all their treasures ... So we were able to discover that
tombs from 3,000 years before Christ (公元前) contained
small tree branches whose ends had been frayed*(磨损)
into soft fibers. It's comical to imagine an Egyptian
stopping to brush his teeth after a meal, on his break from
building a pyramid!
The true ancestor of our toothbrush, however, was
invented by the Chinese in the 15th century and brought
back to Europe by travelers. This toothbrush was made of
hairs from the neck of a Siberian wild boar (西伯利亚野猪
Siberia） which were fixed to a bamboo or bone handle.
The people of the Occident (西方/西洋；the Orient and the
Occident东西方)*, however, found the wild boar hairs too
stiff (硬的). At the time, very few people in the Western
world brushed their teeth, and those who did preferred
horse hairs, which were softer than those of the wild boar!
In Europe, it was more customary after meals to use a
goose feather toothpick (牙签), or one made of silver or
copper. Other animals‘ hair was also used for dental care,
right up until this century. But it was the poor Siberian wild
Section Two Listening
Comprehension
Part 2: Passage Toothbrush (2)
In 1937, in the Du Pont laboratories in Nemours,
U.S., nylon was invented by Wallace H.Carothers. In
1938, this new material became a symbol of
modernism and prosperity through the
commercialization of nylon stockings (尼龙丝袜) and of
Dr. West‘s miracle toothbrush with nylon bristles (猪
鬃、刚毛、刷子的毛等）. The wild boars were finally off
the hook (free from danger or obligation脱身)!
At first, even if there were many advantages to
using this new brush instead of the one made with
wild boar hairs (which fell out, wouldn‘t dry very
well or became full of bacteria), the consumers were
not entirely satisfied. This is because the nylon
bristles were very stiff and hurt the gums（牙龈）. In
1950, Du Pont improved their toothbrush by giving it
softer bristles.
Today the brands, types, and colors of
toothbrushes on the market are almost endless. In
spite of this, certain African and American
populations still use tree branches to care for their
teeth!
Section 3 Oral Work
Retelling
Scheduled to (定于；被安排be scheduled to)
address the nation (If you address a group of people,
you give speech to them) one day, Winston Churchill,
running unusually late, hailed a cab (hail a cab叫出租
车) in London‘s West End (伦敦西区) and ordered him
to drive to the BBC as quickly as possible.
"Sorry, sir," the driver replied. "You'll have to
find yourself another cab.“
"And why is that?" Churchill asked.
"Ordinarily it wouldn't be a problem, sir," the
driver apologetically explained, "but Mr Churchill is
broadcasting at six o'clock and I want to get home in
time to hear him."
Churchill, greatly flattered, took a pound note
from his wallet and handed it to the cabbie (cab
driver). The man gladly took the tip: “Hop in (口语上
车), sir? he exclaimed (utter aloud usually with
surprise or joy)大声叫到. "The devil with Mr Churchill!"
A Listening Course 2
Unit 6
Section One Tactics for
Listening
 Part 1 Phonetics – stress, Intonation and Accent
American: W-e-ell, l just lo-o-ve rice and fish ...↗
American: Well, as I was saying, I just love rice and
fish and tomato sauce. ↘
American: And I suppose you want to know what
drinks I like and so on ... Well, I guess I don't
much care for whisky ...↗
American: And I don't care for rum ... ↗
American: And I don't like lemonade at all. ↘
American: And my favorite music is my own ... ↗
American: And Cat Stevens, I guess. ↘
Part 2 Listening and Note-taking
Identifying Criminals (1)

Can computers help the police to identify criminals (罪犯)?
Experts now think computers can make it easier for the
police to find people they want to question.

At present, the system most widely used by the British
police is called Photofit (警方根据证人描述的特征利用照片拼凑人像的方
法(等于Photo-Fit)). Witnesses (目击者、证人) describe a suspect
(嫌疑犯) and then a picture is built up like a jigsaw (拼图),
using five different sets of features. These are: hair, eyes,
nose, mouth and chin. This system can be very useful in
finding criminals, but only in one case out of twenty. Quite
often, almost half the time. In fact, Photofit pictures are
misleading. There are two reasons for this. Firstly, the
picture may look nothing at all like the suspect. Secondly,
the likeness may be so general that it is not at all helpful.
And unfortunately, a bad likeness can lead to the arrest of
an innocent (无罪的、无辜的) person.

Witnesses‘ attitudes can influence their descriptions.
In a recent experiment, a group of people was shown a
picture of a man and told that he was a mass murderer.
When asked to produce Photofit pictures of this man, they
made pictures that showed a murderous-looking individual.
But at the same time, a second group was shown the same
picture and told that the same man was a lifeboat captain
(救生艇/船船长) who had received a medal for bravery. When
the second group produced Photofit pictures, these showed
Part 2 Listening and Note-taking
Identifying Criminals (2)
The police have another way of identifying criminals.
Police records contain tens of thousands of photographs of
people convicted of crimes (证明犯了罪). Witnesses can look
through these in the hope of recognizing suspects;
however, it has been discovered that a witness begins to
forget the culprit‘s (犯人、罪犯) features after spending a
long time looking through these photographs.

A computer system called FRAME (Face Retrieval (检索)
and Matching Equipment) combines the best features of
both methods. All the photographs on record are put on the
computer file. When a witness describes a suspect, the
computer' searches the file for photographs that fit the
description. The witness is then presented with a small
number of photographs to look through.

Of course, this system, as it exists at present, will only
help to identify people whose photographs are already on
police files. So now, experts have to work on the problem
of getting accurate descriptions from witnesses. One thing
they have discovered is that witnesses give better
descriptions when they are encouraged to recall the scene
of the crime. They do not need to go there; just imagining
the scene works just as well.

Section Two Listening
Comprehension
Passage The Loch Ness Monster (1)
One of the strangest and most fascinating things about
Scotland* is the Loch* Ness Monster (尼斯湖水怪), Some
people believe in the monster‘s existence. Many do not!
However, very important bodies of people (一大群人) do
believe there is some truth in the famous monster story:
experts from Britain’s Royal Air Force*(英国皇家空军),
scientists from the Boston Academy of Applied Science*(波
士顿应用科学研究院) and computer specialists from NASA
(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, U.S.A.美国
国家航空航天局/宇航局), to mention but a few!

Loch Ness is an enormous lake in Northern Scotland. It is
about twenty-four miles long and one mile wide, and has
an approximate depth of 1,000 feet, which makes it very
difficult for anybody to find and examine the highly
elusive*(难找的；难以描述的) monster. In fact the first
convincing reports of people seeing the monster date from
only about six years before the beginning of the Second
World War. Since then there have been other sightings,
and photographs of the monster have been taken! Many of
these photographs have later been recognized as fakes -silly jokes played on an unsuspecting (不怀疑的、未猜想到的、
毫不知情的) public!

Section Two Listening
Comprehension
Passage The Loch Ness Monster (2)

However, other photographs have amazed the most
searching scientific minds. In fact, it seems certain that
something (and probably several of them) does exist in the
deep waters of Loch Ness. The most amazing photographs
show a flipper (鳍状肢、鳍)* -- the flipper perhaps of a very
large animal (twenty or thirty feet long, it is imagined).

From these photos British specialist in animal life, Sir
Peter Scott, who is also an artist, has constructed this
picture of what he believes the monster might look like.

But where did the monster come from? Did it
mysteriously climb out of a prehistoric (史前的) world
beneath the earth‘s crust*? Did it originally swim into the
lake from the sea? Before the Ice Age (冰河世纪、冰河时代),
Loch Ness opened into the sea. Was the young monster's
egg frozen into the ice of the Ice Age? And somehow did
the monster come alive again when the ice went away? We
just do not know! Can we ever find the answers to all the
questions surrounding the legend* of the Loch Ness
Monster, do you think?
Part 3 News
News Item 1
US Secretary of State (美国国务卿) Hillary Clinton
has said that the US is keen to broaden and deepen
its ties with Asia. Speaking to the BBC ahead of an
Asian tour, Mrs. Clinton said North Korea’s nuclear
plans, the economic crisis and climate change would
top the agenda (议程). Her week-long tour will take in
Japan, China, South Korea and Indonesia. The stops
reflect the diversity of ties the US has in the region.
Going to Asia signals that the US is not just a
transatlantic (横跨大西洋的) power but also a
transpacific (横跨太平洋的) power. She also stressed
that the US was keen to work more collaboratively
with China. Mrs. Clinton said there were real
opportunities to develop a good relationship with
Beijing on issues such as climate change and clean
energy. It is the first time in 60 years that a
Part 3 News
News Item 2





A new round of six-nation talks (six-party talks 六
方会谈) on North Korea's nuclear program will be held
next week in Beijing.
The talks involving China, Russia, Japan, the
United States, and North and South Korea have been
scheduled for June 23-26. Working group (工作小组/事
务委员会) talks set for June 21-22 will lay the
groundwork for (为…奠定基础) discussions later in the
week.
Beijing has already hosted two rounds of the socalled six-party talks, but both have made little
headway (前进、进步) into resolving the standoff*(僵
局).
China hopes all sides will deepen their
discussions based on previously reached agreements,
including to resolve the crisis peacefully through
dialogue and reaching the final goal of a nuclear free
Korean Peninsula (朝鲜半岛).
The United States and its key Asian allies (同盟国),
South Korea and Japan, have been pushing
Pyongyang(平壤) to abandon its nuclear program (放弃
Part 3 News
News Item 3
At a major security forum (论坛), Vice President
Joe Biden said the new US administration (美国政府)
was determined to (be determined to 下定决心…) strike
a new tone in its relations around the world. It also
wanted to press the “reset button”(复位按钮、重新启动
键) in ties with Russia after a “dangerous drift (漂流、
偏离)” in recent years, and was open to talks with
Iran. But while the US was ready to do more, it
would expect more from its partners. The new US
vice president also warned no strategy in
Afghanistan (阿富汗) could succeed without Pakistan
(巴基斯坦). He said that the deteriorating situation (日
趋恶化的局势) in the region was a security threat for all
countries, not just the US. Mr Biden’s wide-ranging
speech to international leaders and security experts
in Munich (慕尼黑) set out (阐述、提出) foreign policy
directions for the Obama administration and also
covered climate change and the global economic
crisis.
Section Three Oral Work
Mark Twain was thought by many knowledgeable
observers to smoke the worst cigars in the world.
“They bring their own cigars when they come to my
house,” he once remarked. “They betray （露出…迹象、泄
露秘密、背叛）an unmanly terror when I offer them a cigar;
they tell lies and hurry away to meet engagements which
they have not made when they are threatened with the
hospitalities*(热情好客、殷勤/hostility) of my box." Twain,
felt unhappy, conducted an experiment.
He invited twelve personal friends to supper one night.
One of them was as notorious* for costly and elegant
cigars as Mark Twain was for cheap and devilish* ones.
Before that day Mark Twain called at (拜访、访问) his house
and when no one was looking borrowed a handful of his
cigars which cost him forty cents apiece and bore (带有…标
记或特征) red-and-gold labels in sign of their nobility (noble).
Then Mark Twain removed the labels and put the cigars
into a box with his favorite brand on it. They took these
cigars when offered at the end of the supper, and lit them
and struggled with them -- in dreary* silence. Then they
made excuses and filed out, treading* on one another's
heels with indecent eagerness; and in the morning when
Mark Twain went out to observe results the cigars lay all
between the front door and the gate. All except one -- that
one lay in the plate of the man who could stand only one or
Section Four Supplementary
Exercises
Passage 1 “MegaSkills” for Children（1）




MegaSkills is a program used in schools across the
United States. This program trains adults to help children
develop the skills needed for what educators call lifelong
learning. MegaSkills is based on the idea that parents and
teachers can help children gain skills through normal, daily
activities.
Dorothy Rich created the program. She heads a
nonprofit organization in Washington, DC, called the Home
and School Institute.
Mizz Rich identified eleven major skills that children
need to succeed in life. She based them on information she
gathered from educators and employers. She describes
them as "inner engines of learning" for school and work.
These MegaSkills include feeling able to do what is
needed, and wanting to do it. Being willing to work hard
and doing what is right are other MegaSkills. So are
completing what you start, showing concern far others,
and using good judgment. Dorothy Rich says children also
need to learn how to solve problems, and how to work with
a goal in mind.
MegaSkills Education Online offers suggestions for
activities to build these skills. For example, there are ideas
Section Four Supplementary
Exercises
Passage 1 "MegaSkills” for Children（2）




A parent can suggest that the child think about all the
supplies needed for the project. What special supplies
might the child need? The child can write down each step
required for the project, then number the steps to help
follow them.
Other ideas offer ways to help younger children plan
their time. MegaSkills Education Online suggests that
parents and children list activities for a day when there is
no school. For example, the family might plan to wake up
at eight o'clock and eat breakfast by nine.
As the day progresses, children can write down the
time they start each activity on the list. At the end of the
day, the family can see how close they came to following
their plan.
MegaSkills says this exercise is one way to reduce the
time spent watching television. It can also increase the
time children spend on schoolwork.
There are other free suggestions and activities at the
Section Four Supplementary
Exercises
Passage 2 Fossils（1）
Fossil*, remains or traces of prehistoric plants and
animals, buried and preserved in sedimentary* rock, or
trapped in organic matter. Fossils representing most living
groups have been discovered, as well as many fossils
representing groups that are now extinct. Fossils range in
age from 3.5-billion-year-old traces of microscopic
cyanbacteria* (blue-green algae) to 10,000-year-old
remains of animals preserved during the last Ice Age.

Fossils are most commonly found in limestone,
sandstone, and shale (sedimentary rock). Remains of
organisms can also be found trapped in natural asphalt,
amber, and ice. The hard, indigestible skeletons and shells
of animals and the woody material of plants are usually
preserved best. Fossils of organisms made of soft tissue
that decays readily are more rare. Paleontologists*
(scientists who study prehistoric life) use fossils to learn
how life has changed and evolved throughout earth's
history.

Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved.
Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals,
dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their
impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form. The
fossilization of an organism depends on the chemistry of

Section Four Supplementary
Exercises
Passage 2 Fossils（2）
Plants are most commonly fossilized through
carbonization. In this process, the mobile oils in the plant's
organic matter are leached out* and the remaining matter
is reduced to a carbon film.
 Plants have an inner structure of rigid organic walls that
may be preserved in this manner, revealing the framework
of the original cells. Animal soft tissue has a less rigid
cellular structure and is rarely preserved through
carbonization. Although paleontologists have found the
carbonized skin of some ichthyosaurs*, marine reptiles
from the Mesozoic* Era (240 to 65 million years before
present), the microscopic structure of the skin was not
preserved.

Different types of fossils are found in different
geological formations, depending on the prehistoric
environment represented and the age of the rock. Older
rocks are found on low, eroded continents near the edges
of large oceans. Younger rocks are found more' commonly
where there is active mountain building and volcanic
activity. Old fossils are most commonly found where an old
mountain range has eroded, such as in eastern North
America and northern Europe, or where two old continents
have collided, such as in Russia. Younger fossils are found

A Listening Course 2
Unit 7
Section One Tactics for
Listening
 Part 1 Phonetics – stress, Intonation and Accent
Joanna: Who? Mary? She doesn't go out with anyone, you
know.
Joanna: No. Well, if you ask me, she doesn't like anybody.
Joanna: Oh, a meal. Yes, that'd-be nice. But where? I don't
want to eat anywhere.
Joanna: Do you think so? Mm -- of course, she doesn't
approve of anyone.
Joanna: Yes. But what d' you suggest? She won't enjoy
anything, will she ...
Joanna: No, I asked her. I think she doesn't want to go
anywhere.
Joanna: I know. It's odd isn't it. Never mind. We don't have
to go out with anyone.
Joanna: In fact. let's not go out with anyone.
Joanna: OK. Just you and me. Bye!
Section Two Listening
Comprehension
Dialogue 2 Reflexology
Reflexology*((按摩脚部的)反射疗法) is foot
massage (脚底按摩、足部按摩). It comes from
ideas of traditional Chinese medicine (中医).
Reflexology believes that rubbing parts of
the foot can help other parts of the body.
toe 脚趾
heel 脚后跟
sole 脚底
Section Two Listening
Comprehension
Passage Eating Culture
Don’t Americans know that eating immoderate
quantities of French fries and pizza can lead to
overweight? Almost 80 percent know that high fat
intake may lead to health problems, 86 percent are
aware that cholesterol can mean trouble and 88
percent know that sodium may have negative effects
on health.
This leaves obesity researchers struggling with
the questions of why we eat a lot of fat when we
know it makes us fat. What’s more, overweight is
on the rise, even as popular culture continues to
celebrate slimness, to the point of embracing fashion
models as standards of female beauty.
A couple of different societal forces are pushing
Americans toward overweight, even though we value
slenderness. First, broad changes have conspired to
(conspire to do sth.合谋、协同…) make many adults
feel stressed at home and work, from corporate
downsizing (公司裁员) to being a single parent. They
eat as a form of release. People are eating more
Part 3 News
News Item 1
One in three of us will be diagnosed with
(被诊断患有) cancer during our life. The
disease tends to affect older people – but
can strike at any time. Excluding certain
skin cancers, there were more than 270,000
new cases of the disease in 2001 – and the
rate is increasing by about 1% a year. Some
cancer, such as breast (breast cancer乳腺癌),
are becoming more common, while new
cases of lung cancer fall away due to the
drop in the number of smokers. However,
while the overall number of new cancers is
not falling, the good news is that successful
treatment rates for many of the most
common types are improving rapidly.
Part 3 News
News Item 2
A new World Bank (世界银行) study warns that HIV
and AIDS may damage African economies far worse
than had been believed. The reports said African
nations with high rates of AIDS could see as much as
half of their entire domestic product disappear within
90 years. The study shows that AIDS kills mostly
young adults. Many children are then left without
parents. It said children whose parents die of AIDS
are less likely to complete their education. As a result,
they failed to gain the skills to make them productive
adults. The study said that immediate action must be
taken to keep infected (被感染的) people alive so that
they can care for and educate their children.
 Exercise A:
 This news item is about a new World Bank study
which warns that HIV and AIDS may damage African
economies far worse than had been believed.

Part 3 News
News Item 3





The annual AIDS report from the United Nations
said Tuesday that almost 5 million people became
infected with (感染) HIV last year -- the largest
number of new infections since the disease was
discovered in 1981.
The report called for expanded AIDS-prevention
efforts, which it said reach just one in five people
worldwide.
The face of AIDS has become increasingly female
and young -- nearly half of the almost 38 million
people infected with HIV worldwide are women and
half are between the ages of 15 and 24.
Almost three million people died from AIDS last year,
bringing to more than 20 million the number of AIDS
deaths in more than two decades.
Sub-Saharan Africa (撒哈拉以南非洲)-- with just I 0
percent of the world's population is home to more
than 60 percent of people living with HIV -- remained
the hardest-hit region. An estimated 25 million
people are infected with HIV, 2.2 million in the last
year.
Section Three Oral Work






Screenwriters(电影编剧), as Tom Schulman quickly
learned, have long been the lowest members on the
Hollywood totem* pole.
“If I had any inclination (倾向) to get a big head
(自以为是), the Oscars cured that,” he once recalled.
“The presenter who gave me the award [for Dead
Poet‘s Society (死亡诗社)] was Jane Fonda She had
recently been in the news because she had started
dating Ted Turner.
Anyway, she handed me the Oscar and I made my
little speech and we went together into the
pressroom where there was a small stage in front of
bleachers* filled with about 60 press members, who
were supposed to ask the winner questions.
Jane and I took the stage and she said, “I‘d like
to introduce you to Tom Schulman who’s just won
an Oscar for Best Original Screenplay (最佳原创剧本). Do
you have any questions?"
There was a barrage* of （一连串）questions. "Jane,
what's it like with Ted? Are you getting married?" etc.
And she said, "Come on, this isn't my night, it's
Tom's night. Please direct your questions to him."
So there's a little pause and somebody says, "Tom,
Section Four Supplementary
Exercises
Passage 2 Cancer（1）
Cancer is the general name for a large group of diseases.
It occurs when cells in the body grow and divide out of
control.
 Our bodies are made up of millions of cells. Layers of cells
form tissues. Normal cells grow, divide, and die in an
orderly way. This process helps keep our bodies healthy.

Cancer cells grow and divide too quickly. The process
usually starts when something damages the genetic
structure (DNA*) inside the cells, instead of dying in an
orderly way, cancer cells keep growing, lump together*
and form an extra mass of tissues. This mass is called a
malignant tumor (恶性肿瘤). As a malignant* tumor grows,
it damages nearby tissue. A malignant tumor can take a
long time (up to 30 years) or a short time (2 or 3 years) to
cause symptoms. Cancer can begin in one part of the body
and spread to others. This is called metastasis (转移)*.
During metastasis; cancer cells travel through the body. In
the new location, cancer cells create a new malignant
tumor and grow out of control.

Not all tumors are malignant. Some are benign (良性的),
which means they aren't cancerous. Benign tumors usually
aren't life threatening. They can usually be removed and

Section Four Supplementary
Exercises
Passage 2 Cancer (2)
We're not exactly sure what causes cancer. We don't
always know why one person gets it and another doesn't.
However, we do know a lot about the risk factors for
cancer. The more we know about the risk factors, the more
we can do to protect ourselves.

Risk is a person's chance of getting a disease over a
certain period of time. A person's risk factors make up a
person's risk.

A risk factor is anything that raises or lowers a person's
chance of getting a disease. You can control some of them,
but not all of them. Risk factors for cancer include:

 A lifestyle choice, like what a person eats;
 An environmental exposure, like smoke from other people's cigarettes;
 Genetic make-up （遗传/基因构成）or family history;
 Another disease or medical problem.

These things mix together with different effects on
different people. Some people are more sensitive to risk
factors than others. Just because you have one or even
several risk factors does not mean you will definitely get
cancer. And avoiding risk factors does not guarantee you
A Listening Course 2
Unit 8
Section One Tactics for
Listening
 Part 1 Phonetics – stress, Intonation and Accent
Joanna: Who? Mary? She doesn't go out with anyone, you
know.
Joanna: No. Well, if you ask me, she doesn't like anybody.
Joanna: Oh, a meal. Yes, that'd-be nice. But where? I don't
want to eat anywhere.
Joanna: Do you think so? Mm -- of course, she doesn't
approve of anyone.
Joanna: Yes. But what d' you suggest? She won't enjoy
anything, will she ...
Joanna: No, I asked her. I think she doesn't want to go
anywhere.
Joanna: I know. It's odd isn't it. Never mind. We don't have
to go out with anyone.
Joanna: In fact. let's not go out with anyone.
Joanna: OK. Just you and me. Bye!
Section Two Listening
Comprehension
Dialogue 2 Reflexology
Reflexology*((按摩脚部的)反射疗法) is foot
massage (脚底按摩、足部按摩). It comes from
ideas of traditional Chinese medicine (中医).
Reflexology believes that rubbing parts of
the foot can help other parts of the body.
toe 脚趾
heel 脚后跟
sole 脚底
Section Two Listening
Comprehension
Passage Eating Culture
Don’t Americans know that eating immoderate
quantities of French fries and pizza can lead to
overweight? Almost 80 percent know that high fat
intake may lead to health problems, 86 percent are
aware that cholesterol can mean trouble and 88
percent know that sodium may have negative effects
on health.
This leaves obesity researchers struggling with
the questions of why we eat a lot of fat when we
know it makes us fat. What’s more, overweight is
on the rise, even as popular culture continues to
celebrate slimness, to the point of embracing fashion
models as standards of female beauty.
A couple of different societal forces are pushing
Americans toward overweight, even though we value
slenderness. First, broad changes have conspired to
(conspire to do sth.合谋、协同…) make many adults
feel stressed at home and work, from corporate
downsizing (公司裁员) to being a single parent. They
eat as a form of release. People are eating more
Part 3 News
News Item 1
One in three of us will be diagnosed with
(被诊断患有) cancer during our life. The
disease tends to affect older people – but
can strike at any time. Excluding certain
skin cancers, there were more than 270,000
new cases of the disease in 2001 – and the
rate is increasing by about 1% a year. Some
cancer, such as breast (breast cancer乳腺癌),
are becoming more common, while new
cases of lung cancer fall away due to the
drop in the number of smokers. However,
while the overall number of new cancers is
not falling, the good news is that successful
treatment rates for many of the most
common types are improving rapidly.
Part 3 News
News Item 2
A new World Bank (世界银行) study warns that HIV
and AIDS may damage African economies far worse
than had been believed. The reports said African
nations with high rates of AIDS could see as much as
half of their entire domestic product disappear within
90 years. The study shows that AIDS kills mostly
young adults. Many children are then left without
parents. It said children whose parents die of AIDS
are less likely to complete their education. As a result,
they failed to gain the skills to make them productive
adults. The study said that immediate action must be
taken to keep infected (被感染的) people alive so that
they can care for and educate their children.
 Exercise A:
 This news item is about a new World Bank study
which warns that HIV and AIDS may damage African
economies far worse than had been believed.

Part 3 News
News Item 3





The annual AIDS report from the United Nations
said Tuesday that almost 5 million people became
infected with (感染) HIV last year -- the largest
number of new infections since the disease was
discovered in 1981.
The report called for expanded AIDS-prevention
efforts, which it said reach just one in five people
worldwide.
The face of AIDS has become increasingly female
and young -- nearly half of the almost 38 million
people infected with HIV worldwide are women and
half are between the ages of 15 and 24.
Almost three million people died from AIDS last year,
bringing to more than 20 million the number of AIDS
deaths in more than two decades.
Sub-Saharan Africa (撒哈拉以南非洲)-- with just I 0
percent of the world's population is home to more
than 60 percent of people living with HIV -- remained
the hardest-hit region. An estimated 25 million
people are infected with HIV, 2.2 million in the last
year.
Section Three Oral Work






Screenwriters(电影编剧), as Tom Schulman quickly
learned, have long been the lowest members on the
Hollywood totem* pole.
“If I had any inclination (倾向) to get a big head
(自以为是), the Oscars cured that,” he once recalled.
“The presenter who gave me the award [for Dead
Poet‘s Society (死亡诗社)] was Jane Fonda She had
recently been in the news because she had started
dating Ted Turner.
Anyway, she handed me the Oscar and I made my
little speech and we went together into the
pressroom where there was a small stage in front of
bleachers* filled with about 60 press members, who
were supposed to ask the winner questions.
Jane and I took the stage and she said, “I‘d like
to introduce you to Tom Schulman who’s just won
an Oscar for Best Original Screenplay (最佳原创剧本). Do
you have any questions?"
There was a barrage* of （一连串）questions. "Jane,
what's it like with Ted? Are you getting married?" etc.
And she said, "Come on, this isn't my night, it's
Tom's night. Please direct your questions to him."
So there's a little pause and somebody says, "Tom,
Section Four Supplementary
Exercises
Passage 2 Cancer（1）
Cancer is the general name for a large group of diseases.
It occurs when cells in the body grow and divide out of
control.
 Our bodies are made up of millions of cells. Layers of cells
form tissues. Normal cells grow, divide, and die in an
orderly way. This process helps keep our bodies healthy.

Cancer cells grow and divide too quickly. The process
usually starts when something damages the genetic
structure (DNA*) inside the cells, instead of dying in an
orderly way, cancer cells keep growing, lump together*
and form an extra mass of tissues. This mass is called a
malignant tumor (恶性肿瘤). As a malignant* tumor grows,
it damages nearby tissue. A malignant tumor can take a
long time (up to 30 years) or a short time (2 or 3 years) to
cause symptoms. Cancer can begin in one part of the body
and spread to others. This is called metastasis (转移)*.
During metastasis;
cancer cells travel through the body.
In the new location, cancer cells create a new malignant
tumor and grow out of control.

Not all tumors are malignant. Some are benign (良性的),
which means they aren't cancerous. Benign tumors usually
aren't life threatening. They can usually be removed and

Section Four Supplementary
Exercises
Passage 2 Cancer (2)
We're not exactly sure what causes cancer. We don't
always know why one person gets it and another doesn't.
However, we do know a lot about the risk factors for
cancer. The more we know about the risk factors, the more
we can do to protect ourselves.

Risk is a person's chance of getting a disease over a
certain period of time. A person's risk factors make up a
person's risk.

A risk factor is anything that raises or lowers a person's
chance of getting a disease. You can control some of them,
but not all of them. Risk factors for cancer include:

 A lifestyle choice, like what a person eats;
 An environmental exposure, like smoke from other people's cigarettes;
 Genetic make-up （遗传/基因构成）or family history;
 Another disease or medical problem.

These things mix together with different effects on
different people. Some people are more sensitive to risk
factors than others. Just because you have one or even
several risk factors does not mean you will definitely get
cancer. And avoiding risk factors does not guarantee you