• geosynchronous orbit
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Computer network Wireless technologies
1
Communications satellites – Satellites
communicate via microwave radio
waves, which are not deflected by the
Earth's atmosphere. The satellites are
stationed in space, typically in
geosynchronous orbit 35,400 km
(22,000 mi) above the equator. These
Earth-orbiting systems are capable of
receiving and relaying voice, data,
and TV signals.
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Satellite - Types
Communications satellites are
satellites stationed in space for the
purpose of telecommunications.
Modern communications satellites
typically use geosynchronous orbits,
Molniya orbits or Low Earth orbits.
1
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Satellite - Orbit types
1
The commonly used altitude classifications
are Low Earth orbit (LEO), Medium Earth
orbit (MEO) and High Earth orbit (HEO).
Low Earth orbit is any orbit below 2000
km, and Medium Earth orbit is any orbit
higher than that but still below the altitude
for geosynchronous orbit at 35786 km.
High Earth orbit is any orbit higher than
the altitude for geosynchronous orbit.
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Satellite - Altitude classifications
Medium Earth orbit (MEO): Geocentric
orbits ranging in altitude from 2,000 km
(1,200 mi) to just below geosynchronous
orbit at 35,786 km (22,236 mi). Also known
as an intermediate circular orbit.
1
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Satellite - Altitude classifications
1
High Earth orbit (HEO): Geocentric
orbits above the altitude of
geosynchronous orbit 35,786 km
(22,236 mi).
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Satellite - Eccentricity classifications
1
Geosynchronous transfer orbit: An elliptic
orbit where the perigee is at the altitude of
a Low Earth orbit (LEO) and the apogee at
the altitude of a geosynchronous orbit.
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Satellite - Synchronous classifications
1
Geosynchronous orbit (GSO): Orbits with
an altitude of approximately 35,786 km
(22,236 mi). Such a satellite would trace
an analemma (figure 8) in the sky.
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Satellite - Synchronous classifications
Geostationary orbit (GEO): A
geosynchronous orbit with an inclination of
zero. To an observer on the ground this
satellite would appear as a fixed point in
the sky.
1
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Satellite Internet access - Geostationary unsuitable for low-latency applications
1
A geostationary orbit (or geostationary
Earth orbit/GEO) is a geosynchronous
orbit directly above the Earth's equator
(0° latitude), with a period equal to the
Earth's rotational period and an orbital
eccentricity of approximately zero (i.e
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Satellite Internet access - Satellites launched
1
The EchoStar XVII satellite with JUPITER
High-Throughput Technology, built by
Space Systems/Loral, was launched July
5, 2012 by Arianespace and was placed in
its permanent geosynchronous orbital slot
of 107.1° West longitude. The satellite
services the HughesNet Gen4 satellite
Internet service. Employing a multi-spot
beam, bent-pipe architecture, this Ka-band
satellite has over 100 Gbit/s of throughput
capacity.
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GLONASS - CDMA signals
1
Additional satellites may use Molniya orbit,
Tundra orbit, geosynchronous orbit, or
inclined orbit to offer increased regional
availability, similar to Japanese QZSS
system.
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Non-rocket spacelaunch - Space tower
The concept of a structure reaching to
geosynchronous orbit was first conceived
by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, who proposed a
compression structure, or "Tsiolkovsky
tower".
1
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Non-rocket spacelaunch - Space elevator
1
A space elevator is a proposed type of space
transportation system. Its main component is
a ribbon-like cable (also called a tether)
anchored to the surface and extending into
space above the level of geosynchronous
orbit. As the planet rotates, the centrifugal
force at the upper end of the tether
counteracts gravity, and keeps the cable taut.
Vehicles can then climb the tether and reach
orbit without the use of rocket propulsion.
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Non-rocket spacelaunch - Hypersonic skyhook
Without the two end ballasts, a space
elevator would still be in geosynchronous
orbit, and thus stationary relative to the
ground
1
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Non-rocket spacelaunch - Space fountain
1
A space fountain is a proposed form of
space elevator that does not require the
structure to be in geosynchronous orbit,
and does not rely on tensile strength for
support
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Latency (engineering) - Satellite transmission
The signal travels from the
newsreader via communication
satellite situated in geosynchronous
orbit to the reporter and then goes all
the way back to geosynchronous orbit
and then to the studio, resulting in a
journey of over one hundred thousand
kilometers
1
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Space-based solar power - SERT
1
The program looked both at systems in sunsynchronous orbit and geosynchronous orbit.
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Space-based solar power - Non-conventional launch methods
1
Some possible technologies include
ground launch systems such as Star
Tram, mass drivers or launch loops,
which would launch using electrical
power, or the geosynchronous orbit
space elevator
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Space-based solar power - Timeline
1
1968: Dr. Peter Glaser introduces the
concept of a "solar power satellite"
system with square miles of solar
collectors in high geosynchronous
orbit for collection and conversion of
sun's energy into a microwave beam to
transmit usable energy to large
receiving antennas (rectennas) on
Earth for distribution.
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Space Network - Satellite generations
1
Additional spare TDRSs
may be in
geosynchronous orbit.
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Space elevator - Cable material
1
If the material can support a free breaking
length of only one tenth this, the section
needed at a geosynchronous orbit will be
e10 (a factor of 22026) times the ground
section.
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Space elevator - Climbers
Another design constraint will be the
ascending speed of the climber. As
geosynchronous orbit is at 35,786 km
(22,236 mi), assuming the climber can
reach the speed of a very fast car or train
of 300 km/h (180 mph) it will take 5 days
to climb to geosynchronous orbit.
1
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Space elevator - Construction
1
Earlier designs imagined the balancing
mass to be another cable (with
counterweight) extending upward, with
the main spool remaining at the original
geosynchronous orbit level
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Space elevator - Safety issues and construction challenges
1
For early systems, transit times from the
surface to the level of geosynchronous
orbit would be about five days. On these
early systems, the time spent moving
through the Van Allen radiation belts would
be enough that passengers would need to
be protected from radiation by shielding,
which adds mass to the climber and
decreases payload.
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Computer networking -
*Communications satellites–
Satellites communicate via
microwave radio waves, which are not
deflected by the Earth's atmosphere.
The satellites are stationed in space,
typically in geosynchronous orbit
above the equator. These Earthorbiting systems are capable of
receiving and relaying voice, data,
and TV signals.
1
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Satellite phone - Low Earth orbit
Since the satellites are not geosynchronous
orbit|geosynchronous, they must fly complete orbits
1
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Network performance - Satellite telephony
1
A telecom satellite in geosynchronous orbit
imposes a path length of at least 71000km
between transmitter and receiver.Roddy,
2001, 67 - 90 which means a minimum
delay between message request and
message receipt, or latency of 473 ms.
This delay can be very noticeable and
affects satellite phone service regardless
of available throughput capacity.
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Orbital elevator - Climbers
Climber speed is constrained on the
upper end by Coriolis force, power
available and ensuring the climber's
accelerating force does not break the
cable. On the lower end, speed is
constrained by the need to move
material up and down economically and
expeditiously. At the speed of a very
fast car or train of 300km/h (180mph) it
will take about five days to climb to
geosynchronous orbit.
1
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Orbital elevator - Construction
1
Earlier designs imagined the balancing
mass to be another cable (with
counterweight) extending upward, with
the main spool remaining at the original
geosynchronous orbit level
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Orbital elevator - Safety issues and construction challenges
1
For early systems, transit times from the
surface to the level of geosynchronous
orbit would be about five days. On these
early systems, the time spent moving
through the Van Allen radiation belts would
be enough that passengers would need to
be protected from radiation by shielding,
which adds mass to the climber and
decreases payload.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Receiver (radio) - Types of radio receivers
1
*Satellite television receivers, used to
receive television programming from
communication satellites in
geosynchronous orbit.
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Unmanned space vehicle - Robotic spacecraft service vehicles
1
* MDA Space Infrastructure Servicing
vehicle — an in-space propellant
depot|refueling depot and service
spacecraft for communication
satellites in geosynchronous orbit.
Launch planned for 2015.
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Global commons - Outer space
In 1976 eight equatorial states
(Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Republic of
Congo|Congo, Democratic Republic of
Congo|Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, and
Indonesia) met in Bogotá, Colombia to
make the Declaration of the First
Meeting of Equatorial Countries, also
known as the Bogotá Declaration, a
claim to control the segment of the
geosynchronous orbital path
corresponding to each country. These
claims are not internationally accepted.
1
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Interstellar space - Legal status
1
In 1976 eight equatorial states (Ecuador,
Colombia, Brazil, Republic of the
Congo|Congo, Democratic Republic of
the Congo|Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, and
Indonesia) met in Bogotá, Colombia.
They made the Declaration of the First
Meeting of Equatorial Countries, also
known as the Bogotá Declaration, where
they made a claim to control the
segment of the geosynchronous orbital
path corresponding to each country.
These claims are not internationally
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Solar thermal rocket - Solar-thermal design concepts
1
Even the lower specific impulse represents
a significant increase over that of
conventional chemical rockets, however,
an increase that can provide substantial
payload gains (45 percent for a Low Earth
orbit|LEO-to-Geosynchronous orbit|GEO
mission) at the expense of increased trip
time (14 days compared to 10 hours).
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Ion thruster - Operational missions
1
Ion thrusters are routinely used for stationkeeping on commercial and military
communication satellites in
geosynchronous orbit, including satellites
manufactured by Boeing and by Hughes
Aerospace. The pioneers in this field were
the Soviet Union, who used SPT thrusters
on a variety of satellites starting in the
early 1970s.
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Ion thruster - Operational missions
1
AEHF-2 used a chemical engine to raise
perigee to 10150 miles and is then
proceeding to geosynchronous orbit using
electric propulsion.
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Solar power satellite - Timeline
1
*'1968': Dr. Peter Glaser introduces
the concept of a solar power satellite
system with square miles of solar
collectors in high geosynchronous
orbit for collection and conversion of
sun's energy into a microwave beam
to transmit usable energy to large
receiving antennas (rectennas) on
Earth for distribution.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Global navigation satellite systems - CDMA signals
The new satellites will be deployed into three
additional planes, bringing the total to six planes
from the current three, aided by System for
Differential Correction and Monitoring (SDCM)
which is a GNSS augmentation|GNSS
augmentation system based on a network of
ground-based control stations and communication
satellites Luch 5A and Luch
5B.[http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/icg/2012/icg-7/32.pdf SDCM status and plans], Grigory Stupak,
7th ICG Meeting, November 2012 Additional
satellites may use Molniya orbit, Tundra orbit,
geosynchronous orbit, or inclined orbit to offer
increased regional availability, similar to Japanese
Quasi-Zenith Satellite
System|QZSS system.
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1
Inclined orbit - Special case: geosynchronous inclined orbit
In the case of an inclined
geosynchronous orbit, although the
satellite remains geosynchronous
(that is, completing one orbit around
the earth every 24 hours), it is no
longer geostationary
1
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Beidou navigation system - Description
1
BeiDou-2 (formerly known as COMPASS)
is not an extension to the older BeiDou-1,
but rather supersedes it outright. The new
system will be a constellation of 35
satellites, which include 5 geostationary
orbit satellites for backward compatibility
with BeiDou-1, and 30 non-geostationary
satellites (27 in medium earth orbit and 3
in inclined geosynchronous orbit), that will
offer complete coverage of the globe.
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Luch 5A
1
'Luch 5A' ( meaning ray and sometimes
Romanisation of Russian|transliterated as
Loutch-5A) is a Russian Luch
(satellite)|Luch relay satellite which will
transmit data from the Russian Orbital
Segment of the International Space
Station, and from other satellites in low
Earth orbit. It will be in geosynchronous
orbit.
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Geosynchronous orbit
1
The synchronization of rotation and orbital
period means that, for an observer on the
surface of the Earth, an object in
geosynchronous orbit returns to exactly
the same position in the sky after a period
of one sidereal day
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Geosynchronous orbit
A special case of geosynchronous
orbit is the geostationary orbit, which
is a circular geosynchronous orbit at
zero inclination (that is, directly above
the equator)
1
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Geosynchronous orbit - Orbital characteristics
1
All Earth geosynchronous orbits, whether circular or
elliptical, have a semi-major axis of .
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Geosynchronous orbit - Orbital characteristics
1
In the special case of a geostationary
orbit, the ground track of a satellite is a
single point on the equator. In the
general case of a geosynchronous orbit
with a non-zero inclination or
Eccentricity (orbit)|eccentricity, the
ground track is a more or less distorted
figure-eight, returning to the same
places once per sidereal day.
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Geosynchronous orbit - Other geosynchronous orbits
Elliptic orbit|Elliptical geosynchronous
orbits can be and are designed for
communications satellites in order to keep
the satellite within view of its assigned
ground stations or receivers. A satellite in
an elliptical geosynchronous orbit appears
to oscillate in the sky from the viewpoint of
a ground station, tracing an analemma
(figure 8) in the sky. Satellites in highly
elliptical orbits must be tracked by
steerable ground stations.
1
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Geosynchronous orbit - Other geosynchronous orbits
1
The Infrared Space Observatory was in a
highly-elliptical geosynchronous orbit with
an orbital height of apogee 70,600km and
perigee 1,000km. It was controlled by two
ground stations.
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Geosynchronous orbit - Other geosynchronous orbits
An active geosynchronous orbit is a
hypothetical orbit that could be
maintained if forces other than gravity
were also used, such as a solar sail.
Such a statite could be
geosynchronous in an orbit different
(higher, lower, more or less elliptical,
or some other path) from the conic
section orbit dictated by the laws of
gravity.
1
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Geosynchronous orbit - Other geosynchronous orbits
1
A further form of geosynchronous orbit is
proposed for the theoretical space
elevator, in which one end of the structure
is tethered to the ground, maintaining a
longer orbital period than by gravity alone
if under tension.
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Geosynchronous orbit - History
1
The first communications satellite placed
in a geosynchronous orbit was Syncom 2,
launched in 1963. However, it was in an
inclined orbit, still requiring the use of
moving antennas. The first
communications satellite placed in a
geostationary orbit was Syncom 3.
Geostationary orbits have been in
common use ever since, in particular for
satellite television.
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GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation - Satellites
'GSAT-8' is an Indian geostationary
satellites, which was successfully
launched using Ariane 5 on 21 May 2011
and is positioned in geosynchronous orbit
at 55 degrees E longitude.
1
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Fregat - Fregat-SB
1
Fregat-SB was launched for the first
time on 20 January 2011, when it lifted
the Elektro-L weather satellite into
geosynchronous orbit.
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Luch 5B
1
'Luch 5B' ( meaning ray and sometimes
Romanisation of Russian|transliterated as
Loutch-5B) is a Russian Luch
(satellite)|Luch relay satellite which will
transmit data from the Russian Orbital
Segment of the International Space
Station, and from other satellites in low
Earth orbit. It will be in geosynchronous
orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Tundra orbit
A 'Tundra orbit' (Russian
language|Russian: Тундра) is a type of
Highly Elliptical Orbit|highly
elliptical geosynchronous orbit with a
high inclination (usually near 63.4°)
and an orbital period of one solar day
1
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Geostationary Earth Orbit
1
A geostationary orbit is a
particular type of
geosynchronous orbit.
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Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System - Description
1
Two of the geosynchronous orbit|GSOs will
cross the equator at 55° East and two at
111.75° East
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VSAT
VSATs access satellite(s) in
geosynchronous orbit to relay data
from small remote earth stations
(terminals) to other terminals (in
mesh networking|mesh topology) or
master earth station hubs (in star
topology).
1
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Colonization of Phobos - Energy
Therefore, other than proposed
demonstration projects for power delivered
to Earth, the first priority for SPS electricity
is likely to be locations in space, such as
communications satellites, fuel depots or
orbital tugboat boosters transferring cargo
and passengers between Low-Earth Orbit
(LEO) and other orbits such as
Geosynchronous orbit (GEO), lunar orbit
or Highly-Eccentric Earth Orbit
1
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Launch loop - Capacity and capabilities
1
To access circular orbits using a launch
loop a relatively small 'kick motor' would
need to be launched with the payload
which would fire at apogee and would
circularise the orbit. For geosynchronous
orbit|GEO insertion this would need to
provide a delta-v of about 1.6km/s, for
Low Earth orbit|LEO to circularise at
500km would require a delta-v of just
120m/s. Conventional rockets require
delta-vs of roughly 10 and 14km/s to
reach LEO and GEO respectively.
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Commercialization of space - History
1
On April 6, 1965, the Hughes Aircraft
Company placed the Intelsat I
communications satellite
geosynchronous orbit over the Atlantic
Ocean
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Lunar space elevator - History
The idea of space elevators has been
around since 1960 when Yuri Artsutanov
wrote a Sunday supplement to Pravda on
how to build such a structure and the utility
of geosynchronous orbit. His article
however, was not known in the West.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
ELDO - Launches
After F-10 was cancelled, it was
decided that Woomera launch site was
not suitable for putting satellites into
geosynchronous orbit. In 1966, it was
decided to move to the French site of
Kourou in South America. F11 was fired
from here in November 1971, but the
failure of the autopilot caused the
vehicle to break up. The launch of F12
was postponed whilst a project review
was carried out, which led to the
decision to abandon the Europa
1
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European Data Relay System
The 'European Data Relay System'
('EDRS') system will be a constellation of
geosynchronous orbit|GEO satellites
intended to relay information and data
between satellites / spacecraft and
Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs and
ground stations. The system will allow
almost full-time communication even with
satellites in Low Earth orbit which often
have a very reduced visibility from any
ground station.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Guiana Space Centre - Facilities
1
Kourou is located approximately north
of the equator, at a latitude of 5°10'. At
this latitude, the Earth's rotation gives a
velocity of approximately when the
launch trajectory heads eastward. The
proximity to the equator also makes
maneuvering satellites for
geosynchronous orbits simpler and
less costly.
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Guiana Space Centre - Launch safety
The Guiana Space Centre (as per
CNES) also holds the Îles du Salut, a
former penal colony including the
infamous Devil's Island. Now a tourist
site, the islands are under the
launching trajectory for
geosynchronous orbit and have to be
evacuated during launches.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Spaceport - Spaceports beyond Earth
Human-tended outposts on the Moon or Mars, for
example, will be spaceports by definition.[] The 2012
Space Studies Program of the International Space
University studied the economic benefit of a network of
spaceports throughout the solar system beginning
from Earth and expanding outwardly in phases, within
its team project Operations And Service Infrastructure
for Space (OASIS).http://www.oasisnext.com/, OASIS
official website Its analysis claimed that the first phase,
placing the Node 1 spaceport with space tug services
in Low Earth Orbit (LEO), would be commercially
profitable and reduce transportation costs to
geosynchronous orbit by as much as 44% (depending
on the launch vehicle)
1
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Defense Research and Development Organization - Anti-satellite weapon
The defence ministry in 2010 had even
drafted a 15-year Technology Perspective
and Roadmap, which held development of
ASAT weapons for electronic or physical
destruction of satellites in both Low Earth
orbit|LEO (2,000-km altitude above earth's
surface) and the higher geosynchronous
orbit as a thrust area in its long-term
integrated perspective plan under the
management of DRDO.
1
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The Millennial Project: Colonizing the Galaxy in Eight Easy Steps - The steps of the
project
1
# AsgardBuild a space station in
geosynchronous orbit.
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Statite
1
Typically, a statite would use the solar
sail to hover in a location that would
not otherwise be available as a stable
geosynchronous orbit
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Artificial satellite - History of artificial satellites
1
Early satellites were constructed as
one-off designs. With growth in
Geosynchronous
orbit|geosynchronous (GEO)
communication satellite|satellite
communication, multiple satellites
began to be built on Comparison of
satellite buses|single model platforms
called satellite buses. The first
standardized satellite bus design was
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Artificial satellite - Types
1
*'Communications satellites' are satellites
stationed in space for the purpose of
telecommunications. Modern
communications satellites typically use
geosynchronous orbits, Molniya orbits or
Low Earth orbits.
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Artificial satellite - Orbit types
1
The commonly used altitude classifications
are Low Earth orbit (LEO), Medium Earth
orbit (MEO) and High Earth orbit (HEO).
Low Earth orbit is any orbit below 2000km,
and Medium Earth orbit is any orbit higher
than that but still below the altitude for
geosynchronous orbit at 35786km. High
Earth orbit is any orbit higher than the
altitude for geosynchronous orbit.
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Artificial satellite - Altitude classifications
1
* 'Medium Earth orbit (MEO)': Geocentric
orbits ranging in altitude from to just
below geosynchronous orbit at . Also
known as an intermediate circular orbit.
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Artificial satellite - Altitude classifications
1
* 'High Earth orbit (HEO)': Geocentric orbits
above the altitude of geosynchronous orbit .
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Artificial satellite - Eccentricity classifications
** 'Geosynchronous transfer orbit': An
elliptic orbit where the perigee is at the
altitude of a Low Earth orbit (LEO) and the
apogee at the altitude of a
geosynchronous orbit.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Artificial satellite - Synchronous classifications
* 'Geosynchronous orbit (GSO)':
Orbits with an altitude of
approximately . Such a satellite would
trace an analemma (figure 8) in the
sky.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Artificial satellite - Synchronous classifications
** 'Geostationary orbit (GEO)': A
geosynchronous orbit with an
inclination of zero. To an observer on
the ground this satellite would appear
as a fixed point in the sky.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Space elevators in fiction - Novels and fairy tales
1
* The Gordon Mamon Casebook, five SF
murder-mystery stories (Murder On The
Zenith Express, Single Handed, The Fall
Guy, The Hunt For Red Leicester, and A
Night To Remember) by Simon Petrie, set
on a string of hotel modules ascending
and descending a space elevator that
connects Earth with a mega-hotel in
geosynchronous orbit.
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Geocentric orbit - Altitude classifications
1
:'Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)' - Geocentric
orbits with altitudes at apogee ranging
between and that of the geosynchronous
orbit at .
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geocentric orbit - Altitude classifications
:'Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO)' Geocentric circular orbit with an altitude of
. The period of the orbit equals one
sidereal day, coinciding with the rotation
period of the Earth. The speed is
approximately .
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geocentric orbit - Altitude classifications
1
:'High Earth Orbit (HEO)' - Geocentric
orbits with altitudes at apogee higher
than that of the geosynchronous orbit.
A special case of high Earth orbit is
the highly elliptical orbit, where
altitude at perigee is less than
.[http://gcmd.nasa.gov/User/suppgui
de/platforms/orbit.html Definitions
of geocentric orbits from the Goddard
Space Flight Center]
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Geocentric orbit - Eccentricity classifications
1
::'Geosynchronous transfer orbit' - A
geocentric-elliptic orbit where the
perigee is at the altitude of a Low
Earth Orbit (LEO) and the apogee at
the altitude of a geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geocentric orbit - Geosynchronous classifications
:'Geosynchronous orbit (GEO)' Orbits with an altitude of
approximately . Such a satellite would
trace an analemma (figure 8) in the
sky.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geocentric orbit - Geosynchronous classifications
:::'Geostationary orbit (GSO)': A
geosynchronous orbit with an inclination of
zero. To an observer on the ground this
satellite would appear as a fixed point in
the sky.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Fengyun
1
'Fēngyún' (), abbreviated 'FY', are China's
weather satellites. China has launched
polar orbit and geosynchronous orbit
meteorological satellites since 1988. On
January 11, 2007 China destroyed one of
these satellites (FY-1C) in a 2007 Chinese
anti-satellite missile test|test of an antisatellite missile.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Fengyun
1
The satellites in the FY-1 series are polarorbiting sun-synchronous orbits. The
satellites in the FY-2 series are in
geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Iranian Space Agency - Orbital launches
Iran plans to send one-ton satellites
into an orbit of 1,000 kilometers and is
setting up a new launch site|launch
base for this purpose. Iran is also
planning to launch satellites into orbits
of up to Geosynchronous orbit|36,000
kilometers in
2016.http://presstv.com/detail/230008.ht
mlhttp://www.payvand.com/news/12/feb
/1110.htmlhttp://presstv.com/detail/2259
1
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Interplanetary spaceflight - Reasons for interplanetary travel
Other practical motivations for
interplanetary travel are more
speculative, because our current
technologies are not yet advanced
enough to support test projects. But
science fiction writers have a fairly
good track record in predicting future
technologies — for example
Geosynchronous
orbit|geosynchronous
communications satellites (Arthur C.
Clarke) and many aspects of computer
1
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Space weather - Spacecraft anomalies
1
A recent study indicates that spacecraft
charging is the predominant space
weather effect on spacecraft in
geosynchronous orbit.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Space Elevator Games
1
A space elevator is a theoretical system
using a super-strong ribbon going from the
surface of the Earth to a point beyond
geosynchronous orbit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Xichang Satellite Launch Center - Future of the center
With the completion of the upgrade of
Wenchang Satellite Launch Center
scheduled for 2013, all the
Geosynchronous orbit|GEO missions will
be transferred to this new space center
1
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Space elevator economics - Cost estimates for a space elevator
The gravitational potential energy of any
object in geosynchronous orbit (GEO),
relative to the surface of the earth, is about
50 MJ (15 kWh) of energy per kilogram (see
geosynchronous orbit for details). Using
wholesale electricity prices for 2008 to 2009,
and the current 0.5% efficiency of power
beaming, a space elevator would require
United States Dollar|USD 220/kg just in
electrical costs. Dr. Edwards expects
technical advances to increase the efficiency
to 2%.
1
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Ariane 4 - Launches
1
The inaugural flight of Ariane 4 took place
in 1988. Since then has accomplished 116
flights with a success rate of more than
97%. The final launch of Ariane 4 rocket
occurred on 15 February 2003, placing
Intelsat 907 into geosynchronous
orbit.Space and Tech:
[http://www.spaceandtech.com/digest/flash
2003/flash2003-009.shtml Last Ariane 4
Successfully Launches Intelsat 907],
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Space Elevator Competitions
1
The center of gravity of the ribbon would
be exactly in geosynchronous orbit, so that
the ribbon would always stay above the
anchor point
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SpaceX
1
Historic achievements by SpaceX, among
others, include: the first privately funded,
liquid-fueled rocket (Falcon 1) to reach orbit
(28 September 2008); the first privately
funded company to successfully launch (by
Falcon 9), orbit and recover a spacecraft
(Dragon) (9 December 2010); the first private
company to send a spacecraft (Dragon) to
the International Space Station (25 May
2012); and the first private company to send
a satellite into geosynchronous orbit 2013 in
spaceflight#December|(3December2013).
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Advanced Common Evolved Stage
ACES is intended to boost satellite
payloads to geosynchronous orbit or, in
the case of an interplanetary space probe,
to or near to escape velocity
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Yuri Artsutanov
1
He suggested using the satellite as the base
from which to construct the tower since a
geosynchronous satellite will remain over a
fixed point on the
equator.[http://www.navworld.com/newsletter
s/issue5.htm The Navigator Quarterly News
Letter (September 2002)] By using a
counterweight, a cable would be lowered
from the geosynchronous orbit to the surface
of Earth while the counterweight was
extended from the satellite away from Earth,
keeping the center of mass of the cable at the
same height above the Earth
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Centaur (rocket stage)
1
'Centaur' is a rocket stage designed for
use as the upper stage of space launch
vehicles. Centaur boosts its satellite
payload to geosynchronous orbit or, in
the case of an interplanetary space
probe, to or near to escape velocity.
Centaur was the world's first highenergy upper stage, burning liquid
hydrogen (Liquid hydrogen|LH2) and
liquid oxygen (Liquid oxygen|LOX).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Space debris - External removal
The Advanced Common Evolved Stage family of
upper-stages is being explicitly designed to have the
potential for high leftover propellant margins so that
derelict capture/deorbit might be accomplished, as
well as with propellant depot|in-space refuelling
capability that could provide the high Delta-v|delta-V
required to deorbit even heavy objects from
geosynchronous orbits.Frank Zegler and Bernard
Kutter,
[http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/docs/publications/Depo
tBasedTransportationArchitecture2010.pdf Evolving to
a Depot-Based Space Transportation Architecture],
AIAA SPACE 2010 Conference Exposition, 30 August2 September 2010, AIAA 2010–8638.
1
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Signals intelligence operational platforms by nation - United States: Satellite Platforms
1
US SIGINT satellites have included the
CANYON series Rhyolite/Aquacade
series, succeeded by the Magnum
(satellite)|Vortex/Magnum/Orion and
Mentor (satellite)|Mentor. Where the
preceding satellites were in close to
geosynchronous orbit,
JUMPSEAT/TRUMPET satellites were
in Moliyna orbits giving better polar
coverage.
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Maintenance philosophy - Automatic Corrective Action
This is not possible for geosynchronous
orbit, where all functions must be
accomplished by one vehicle that performs
all functions must maintain stable position
over one specific spot over the earth
surface. Satellites intended to operate in
geosynchronous orbit must incorporate
active recovery that prevents total failure
when one or more parts fail.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Surrey Satellite Technology - Platforms
1
:Low-cost communications, versatile,
navigation and exploration platform.
The SSTL-900 is designed for MEO,
Geosynchronous orbit|GEO, High Earth
orbit|HEO and interplanetary orbits.
Flight heritage achieved as Europe’s
first Galileo satellite, GIOVE-A.
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Materials science in science fiction
*Extrapolation: In The Fountains of
Paradise, Arthur C. Clarke wrote about
space elevators - basically long cables
extending from the Earth's surface to
geosynchronous orbit. These require a
material with enormous tensile strength
and light weight. Carbon nanotubes are
strong enough in theory, so the idea is
plausible; while one cannot be built today,
it violates no physical principles.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Gerard O'Neill - Entrepreneurial efforts
Geostar launched
GSTAR-2 into
geosynchronous orbit in
1986
1
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Steven J. Ostro - Notable asteroids observed by Ostro include
1
*99942 Apophis - a near-Earth asteroid
that will pass within geosynchronous orbit
in 2029. astrometry|Radar astrometry
from observations by Ostro's group have
been essential to predicting Apophis'
trajectory.
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Thuraya - Satellites
1
It is located in geosynchronous orbit at 44 deg-E
longitude, inclined at 6.3 degrees
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Thuraya - Satellites
1
The launch vessels set out from port
again on 2008-01-02, and launch
occurred successfully at 11:49 GMT on
2008-01-15. The Thuraya 3 satellite is
technically the same as Thuraya 2, but
located in geosynchronous orbit at 98.5
deg-E longitude, inclined at 6.2
degrees.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates - History
* 2011 – announced funding partner
and inaugural launch customer
(Intelsat) for the MDA Space
Infrastructure Servicing vehicle, a
refueling depot and service spacecraft
for communication satellites in
geosynchronous orbit—slated to be
the first in-space propellant depot in
spaceflight history. Launch planned
for 2015.
1
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Propellant Depot
1
Intelsat has recently contracted for
an Space Infrastructure
Servicing|initial demonstration
mission to refuel several satellites in
geosynchronous orbit, beginning in
2015.
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Propellant Depot
1
A low earth orbit (LEO) depot's primary
function would be to provide propellant to
a transfer stage headed to the moon,
Mars, or possibly a geosynchronous orbit
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Moons of Pluto - Formation and resonances
1
It may be that these orbits originated as
forced resonances when Charon was
tidally boosted into its current
geosynchronous orbit, and then
released from resonance as Charon's
orbital eccentricity was tidally damped
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2012 National Reconnaissance Office space telescope donation to NASA - Potential
uses
If an NRO telescope is used, the
mission might move from the planned
L2 point orbiting the sun to
geosynchronous orbit
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Reaction control system
1
For stationkeeping, some spacecraft
(particularly those in geosynchronous
orbit) use high-specific impulse
engines such as arcjets, ion thrusters,
or Hall effect thrusters
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Mercury (satellite)
1
The satellites collect Signals intelligence|SIGINT
from near-geosynchronous orbits
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Extraterrestrial real estate - Ownership of empty space
The 1976 Declaration of the First
Meeting of Equatorial Countries, also
known as the 'Bogotá Declaration',
signed by several countries located on
the Earth's equator, attempted to assert
sovereignty over those portions of the
geosynchronous orbit that
continuously lie over the signatory
nation's territory
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Satellite bus
They are commonly used for
geosynchronous orbit|geosynchronous
satellites, particularly communications
satellites, but are also used in
spacecraft which occupy lower orbits,
occasionally including low Earth orbit
missions.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Commsat - Television
1
As television became the main market, its
demand for simultaneous delivery of
relatively few signals of large Bandwidth
(signal processing)|bandwidth to many
receivers being a more precise match for
the capabilities of Geosynchronous
orbit|geosynchronous comsats. Two
satellite types are used for North American
television and radio: Direct broadcast
satellite (DBS), and Fixed Service Satellite
(FSS).
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geostationary transfer orbit
A 'geosynchronous transfer orbit' or
'geostationary transfer orbit' ('GTO') is a
Hohmann transfer orbit used to reach
geosynchronous orbit|geosynchronous or
geostationary orbit.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geostationary transfer orbit
If only the Orbital
eccentricity|eccentricity of the orbit
is reduced to zero, the result is a
geosynchronous orbit
1
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Eutelsat - Satellites
1
Eutelsat commercializes capacity on 37
satellites located in geosynchronous orbit
between 116 degrees West and 172
degrees East.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Kwajalein Atoll - 21st century
It could launch Falcon 9s into polar
orbit|polar and geosynchronous orbit.
Due to a disagreement about building
a new launch pad on Omelek, between
either the US military and or the RMI,
Space X moved their main facilities to
the US and no longer uses the facilities
in the
atoll.[http://spacex.com/falcon9.php
SpaceX Falcon 9]
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Geosynchronous satellite
1
Another type of geosynchronous orbit
used by satellites is the Tundra
orbit|Tundra elliptical orbit.
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Asteroid M - History
1
They have all been positioned in a
low geosynchronous orbit
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Asteroid M - Third version
In X-Men, vol. 2 #1 (October 1991), it is
stated that the asteroid is in
geosynchronous orbit and 250 kilometers
above the Earth. The asteroid also has
selective inhibitor fields that may keep
mutants or superhumans from using their
powers. This version of the asteroid has
medical and science facilities, an
observation deck, sleeping quarters, and a
swimming pool.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Gravity-gradient stabilization
1
The technique was first successfully
used in a near-geosynchronous orbit
on the DODGE (satellite)|Department of
Defense Gravity Experiment (DODGE)
satellite in July
1967.[http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sd
at/dodge.htm Gunter's Space Page:
DODGE]
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Gravity-gradient stabilization
It was first used for low Earth orbit and
tested unsuccessfully for geosynchronous
orbit in the Applications Technology
Satellites ATS-2, ATS-4 and ATS-5 from
1966 until 1969.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Satellite broadcasting - Early milestones
The world's first commercial
communications satellite, called
Intelsat I and nicknamed Early Bird,
was launched into geosynchronous
orbit on April 6, 1965
1
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List of broadcast satellites
1
A number of weather
satellites are also
present in
geosynchronous
orbits
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ICO Global Communications - G1 satellite
1
It is currently in a nominal
geosynchronous orbit
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Very-small-aperture terminal
VSATs access satellite(s) in
geosynchronous orbit to relay data from
small remote earth stations (terminals) to
other terminals (in mesh networking|mesh
topology) or master earth station hubs (in
star topology).
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
IRNSS - Time-frame
1
Seven satellites with the prefix IRNSS-1
will constitute the space segment of the
IRNSS. IRNSS-1A, the first of the seven
satellites of the IRNSS constellation, on 1
July 2013. IRNSS-1B was launched on 4
April 2014 at 17:14 IST on board the
PSLV-C24 rocket. The satellite has been
placed in geosynchronous orbit.
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IRNSS - Description
1
Two of the geosynchronous orbit|GSOs will
cross the equator at 55°East and two at
111.75°East
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IRNSS - IRNSS-1A
IRNSS-1A was the first navigational
satellite in the Indian Regional Navigation
Satellite System series of satellites to be
placed in geosynchronous orbit
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Atlas-Centaur - Early development and testing
1
More than a year later, the second test
took place in November 1963 a few
days after President Kennedy's
assassination. The redesigned Centaur
stage functioned without any problems,
reaching a low Earth orbit, firing its
engine again, and moving to a
geosynchronous orbit.
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Defense Support Program - History
1
Further delays forced the launch back to
November 11, 2007, when the satellite
launched at 01:50:00 GMT (20:50 EST on
10 November). This satellite died in space
sometime during 2008, for reasons
unknown. It is now adrift in
geosynchronous orbit and remains a
potential hazard to other craft. The
Department Of Defense sent a MiTEx
spacecraft to inspect DSP 23 sometime in
2008.
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
SkyTerra - History
AMSC initially provided
Geosynchronous orbit|GEO based
satellite services based on its MSAT
satellite.
1
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Atlas II
1
It was designed to launch payloads into
low earth orbit, geosynchronous transfer
orbit or geosynchronous orbit
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Atlas II - Features
1
The total thrust capability of the Atlas II of
490,000 pounds force (2,200kN) enabled
the booster to lift payloads of 6,100
pounds (2,767kg) into geosynchronous
orbit of 22,000 miles (35,000km) or more
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Titan IV - General characteristics
1
**up to into a geosynchronous orbit when
launched from Cape Canaveral AFS, Fla.;
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Interplanetary space - Legal status
In 1976, eight equatorial states (Ecuador,
Colombia, Brazil, Republic of the
Congo|Congo, Democratic Republic of the
Congo|Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, and Indonesia)
met in Bogotá, Colombia. They made the
Declaration of the First Meeting of Equatorial
Countries, also known as the Bogotá
Declaration, where they made a claim to
control the segment of the geosynchronous
orbital path corresponding to each country.
These claims are not internationally
accepted.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
SM-65D Atlas
1
It was later developed as a launch vehicle
to carry a payload to low Earth orbit on its
own, and later to geosynchronous orbit, to
the Moon, Venus, or Mars with the RM-81
Agena|Agena or Centaur (rocket
stage)|Centaur multistage rocket|upper
stage.
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Rocketplane Kistler - K-1 launch vehicle
1
Rocketplane Kistler's primary project was
the K-1 launch vehicle, a reusable launch
system which was intended to get as high
as geosynchronous orbit, and was hoped
to compete with relatively expensive, oneshot rockets for servicing of the
International Space Station.
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Hughes Network Systems - HughesNet
Latency is a serious issue with any
Geostationary
orbit#Communications|communication
to satellites in geosynchronous orbit,
since it takes approximately a quarter
second at the speed of light to travel
from earth to the satellite and back.
This compares poorly with
conventional fiber optic land lines,
which typically take a thirtieth of a
second or less to cross a continent.
1
https://store.theartofservice.com/the-geosynchronous-orbit-toolkit.html
Delta B
1
Syncom-1 was intended to be the first
satellite to be placed into a
geosynchronous orbit, however the
spacecraft malfunctioned prior to
reaching this orbit
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Lockheed Martin Space Systems - History
1
In June 2014 the company was contracted
by the United States Air Force on a fixedprice basis to build the fifth and sixth
Geosynchronous orbit|Geosynchronous
Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites, known as
GEO-5 and GEO-6, for the Space Based
Infrared System at a cost of $1.86 billion
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Delta M
1
Of the thirteen launches, twelve
carried geosynchronous
orbit|geosynchronous
communications satellites
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Supersynchronous orbit - Geocentric supersynchronous orbits
1
One particular supersynchronous orbital
regime of significant Value
(economics)|economic value to Earth
commerce is a band of circular orbit|nearcircular Geocentric orbit|Geocentric orbits
beyond the Geosynchronous
orbit|Geosynchronous belt—with perigee
altitude above , approximately above
synchronous orbit|synchronous altitude
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Supersynchronous orbit - Geocentric supersynchronous orbits
An additional common use of
supersynchronous orbits are for the
launch and transfer orbit|transfer orbit
trajectory of new commsats intended
for geosynchronous orbits.
1
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R-7 (rocket family) - History
Guiana will be used primarily for
commercial launches to geosynchronous
orbit, taking advantage of the launch site's
proximity to the equator.
1
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Atlas III - Launches
The maiden flight of the Atlas III
occurred on May 24, 2000, launching
the Eutelsat 36A|Eutelsat W4
communications satellite into a
geosynchronous orbit. All Atlas III
launches were made from Spaceport
Florida Launch Complex 36|Space
Launch Complex 36B at Cape
Canaveral Air Force Station. The Atlas
III made its sixth and last flight on
February 3, 2005, with a classified
payload for the United States National
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Ground track - Orbital period and ground track
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As the orbital period of a satellite increases,
approaching the Earth rotation|rotational
period of the Earth (in other words, as its
average orbital speed slows towards the
rotational speed of the Earth), its sinusoidal
ground track will become compressed
longitudinally, meaning that the nodes (the
points at which it crosses the equator) will
become closer together, until at
geosynchronous orbit they lie directly on top
of each other
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Ground track - Orbital period and ground track
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A satellite whose orbital period is equal
to the rotational period of the Earth is
said to be in a geosynchronous orbit.
Its ground track will have a figure eight
shape over a fixed location on the
Earth, crossing the equator twice each
day. It will track eastward when it is on
the part of its orbit closest to perigee,
and westward when it is closest to
apogee.
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Ground track - Orbital period and ground track
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A special case of the geosynchronous
orbit, the geostationary orbit, has an
Orbital eccentricity|eccentrity of zero
(meaning the orbit is circular), and an
inclination of zero in the ECEF|EarthCentered, Earth-Fixed Cartesian
coordinate system|coordinate system
(meaning the orbital plane is not tilted
relative to the Earth's equator)
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STS-49
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The primary goal of its nine-day mission
was to retrieve an Intelsat Intelsat VI|VI
satellite (Intelsat 603, which failed to leave
low earth orbit two years before), attach it
to a new upper stage, and relaunch it to its
intended geosynchronous orbit
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STS-49 - Mission highlights
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The Intelsat 603 satellite, stranded in an
unusable orbit since launch aboard a
Commercial Titan III rocket in March 1990,
was captured by crewmembers during an
EVA (extra-vehicular activity) and
equipped with a new perigee kick motor.
The satellite was subsequently released
into orbit and the new motor fired to put
the spacecraft into a geosynchronous orbit
for operational use.
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STS-32 - Mission summary
Syncom IV-F5 was deployed on the
second flight day, and a third-stage
Minuteman solid perigee kick motor
propelled it into a geosynchronous orbit
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STS-51-I - Mission summary
All three achieved their planned
geosynchronous orbits and became operational.
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STS-51-I - Mission summary
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After a second EVA by Fisher and van
Hoften, the satellite's control lever was
repaired, permitting commands from the
ground to activate the spacecraft's
systems and eventually send it into its
proper geosynchronous orbit
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Greg Jarvis - Career
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In 1976, the MARISAT F-3
was placed in
geosynchronous orbit
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Subsynchronous orbit - Economic importance in commercial spaceflight
The Geosynchronous
orbit|Geosynchronous-belt
subsynchronous orbital regime is
regularly used in spaceflight. This orbit
is typically used to house working
communication satellites that have not
yet been deactivated, and may be still
be used again in Geostationary
orbit|geostationary service if the need
arises.
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STS-43 - Mission Highlights
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The primary payload, Tracking and Data
Relay Satellite-5 (TDRS-5 or TDRS-E),
attached to an Inertial Upper Stage (IUS),
was deployed about six hours into flight,
and the IUS propelled the satellite into
geosynchronous orbit
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STS-43 - Mission Highlights
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TDRS E, which became TDRS-5 on orbit,
was successfully boosted to
geosynchronous orbit at more than 22,000
miles () above Earth by two firings of the
Inertial Upper Stage (IUS) booster, the last
of which occurred approximately 12½
hours into the mission. TDRS then
deployed its antennas and solar panels,
and separation from the IUS took place
less than 45 minutes later.
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STS-51-C - Mission summary
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It is believed that the payload was an
Magnum (satellite)|Magnum/ORION
ELINT satellite into geosynchronous
orbit
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STS-38 - Classified payload
During STS-38, Atlantis deployed USA67.[http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/M
asterCatalog?sc=1990-097B NASA Space
Data Center: NSSDC ID: 1990-097B USA67] ELINT Program According to Aviation
Week, this was a secret Magnum
(satellite)|Magnum ELINT (ELectronic
INTtelligence) gathering satellite headed
for geosynchronous orbit like those
launched by STS-51-C and STS-33,
launched to monitor the events during the
first Gulf War in 1990
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List of orbits - Altitude classifications for geocentric orbits
* Medium Earth orbit (MEO):
Geocentric orbits ranging in altitude
from 2,000 km (1,240 miles) to just
below geosynchronous orbit at . Also
known as an intermediate circular
orbit. These are most commonly at ,
or , with an orbital period of 12 hours.
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List of orbits - Altitude classifications for geocentric orbits
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* Both Geosynchronous orbit (GSO) and
Geostationary orbit (GEO) are orbits
around Earth matching Earth's sidereal
rotation period. All geosynchronous and
geostationary orbits have a semi-major
axis of .
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List of orbits - Altitude classifications for geocentric orbits
All geostationary orbits are also
geosynchronous, but not all
geosynchronous orbits are
geostationary. A geostationary orbit
stays exactly above the equator,
whereas a geosynchronous orbit may
swing north and south to cover more
of the Earth's surface. Both complete
one full orbit of Earth per sidereal day
(relative to the stars, not the sun).
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List of orbits - Altitude classifications for geocentric orbits
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* High Earth orbit: Geocentric orbits
above the altitude of geosynchronous
orbit 35,786 km (22,240 miles).
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List of orbits - Synchronicity classifications
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* Geosynchronous orbit (GSO): An orbit
around the Earth with a period equal to
one sidereal day, which is Earth's average
rotational period of 23 hours, 56 minutes,
4.091 seconds
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List of orbits - Synchronicity classifications
** Geostationary orbit (GEO): A circular
geosynchronous orbit with an inclination of
zero. To an observer on the ground this
satellite appears as a fixed point in the
sky. All geostationary orbits must be
geosynchronous, but not all
geosynchronous orbits are geostationary.
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Jamesburg Earth Station
The 10-story high, dish, driven by a
Vertex-RSI 7210 drive system, served
for about 35 years as the West Coast
Earth station#Telecommunications
port|Teleport of ATT/COMSAT's
communications Satellite Network, and
was the earth station serving Intelsat
satellites parked in geosynchronous
orbit over the Pacific Ocean
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High Earth orbit
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A 'high Earth orbit' is a geocentric orbit
with an altitude entirely above that of a
geosynchronous orbit ().
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Synchronous orbit - Nomenclature
The more general case, when the
orbit is inclined to the Earth's equator
or is non-circular is called a
geosynchronous orbit
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STS-33 - Mission summary
Experts believe that this was a secret
Magnum (satellite)|Magnum ELINT
(ELectronic INTtelligence) satellite headed
for geosynchronous orbit, similar to that
launched by STS-51-C in 1985, making
this mission essentially a duplicate of that
earlier mission
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Geosynchronous Earth Orbit
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The synchronization of rotation and orbital
period means that, for an observer on the
surface of the Earth, an object in
geosynchronous orbit returns to exactly
the same position in the sky after a period
of one sidereal day
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Geosynchronous Earth Orbit - Orbital characteristics
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Circular Earth geosynchronous orbits
have a radius of . All Earth
geosynchronous orbits, whether
circular or elliptical, have the same
semi-major axis.
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