• FIFO
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Data buffer
A buffer often adjusts timing by
implementing a queue (or FIFO) algorithm
in memory, simultaneously writing data
into the queue at one rate and reading it at
another rate.
1
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Data buffer Applications
1
Buffers are usually used in a FIFO (first in,
first out) method, outputting data in the
order it arrived.
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Apache Hadoop Scheduling
By default Hadoop uses FIFO, and
optional 5 scheduling priorities to schedule
jobs from a work queue. In version 0.19
the job scheduler was refactored out of the
JobTracker, and added the ability to use
an alternate scheduler (such as the or the
Capacity scheduler).
1
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FIFO and LIFO accounting
1
FIFO and LIFO Methods are accounting
techniques used in managing inventory
and financial matters involving the
amount of money a company has tied up
within inventory of produced goods, raw
materials, parts, components, or feed
stocks. These methods are used to
manage assumptions of cost flows
related to inventory, stock repurchases
(if purchased at different prices), and
various other accounting purposes.
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FIFO and LIFO accounting
FIFO stands for first-in, first-out,
meaning that the oldest inventory
items are recorded as sold first but do
not necessarily mean that the exact
oldest physical object has been
tracked and sold.
1
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FIFO and LIFO accounting
1
LIFO stands for last-in, first-out, meaning
that the most recently produced items are
recorded as sold first. Since the 1970s,
some U.S. companies shifted towards the
use of LIFO, which reduces their income
taxes in times of inflation, but with
International Financial Reporting
Standards banning the use of LIFO, more
companies have gone back to FIFO. LIFO
is only used in the U.S.
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FIFO and LIFO accounting
1
The difference between the cost of an
inventory calculated under the FIFO
and LIFO methods is called the LIFO
reserve. This reserve is essentially the
amount by which an entity's taxable
income has been deferred by using
the LIFO method.
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Inventory FIFO vs. LIFO accounting
1
FIFO regards the first unit that
arrived in inventory as the first
one sold
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Enterprise resource planning Configuration
Configuring an ERP system is largely a
matter of balancing the way the organization
wants the system to work with the way it was
designed to work. ERP systems typically
include many settings that modify system
operation. For example, an organization can
select the type of inventory accounting—
FIFO or LIFO—to use; whether to recognize
revenue by geographical unit, product line, or
distribution channel; and whether to pay for
shipping costs on customer returns.
1
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GNU Hurd - Core servers
1
fwd (forward server): Forwards requests to
other servers, used by fifo and symlink
servers.
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Multilevel feedback queue
1
Multiple FIFO queues are used
and the operation is as follows:
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Multilevel feedback queue
A new process is
positioned at the end of
the top-level FIFO
queue.
1
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Linux kernel - Preemption
1
Internally this default-scheduler class
is also known as SCHED_OTHER, but
the kernel also contains two real-time
scheduling classes named
SCHED_FIFO (realtime first-in-firstout) and SCHED_RR (realtime roundrobin) both of which take precedence
over the default class
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Modbus - Supported function codes
1
Read FIFO Queue 24
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Neuroprosthetics - Andersen Lab
1
This suggests a FIFO, or first-in,
first-out, setup
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Named pipe
In computing, a named pipe (also
known as a FIFO for its behavior) is an
extension to the traditional pipe
concept on Unix and Unix-like systems,
and is one of the methods of interprocess communication (IPC)
1
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Named pipe - In Unix
1
Instead of a conventional, unnamed,
shell pipeline, a named pipeline
makes use of the filesystem. It is
explicitly created using mkfifo() or
mknod(), and two separate processes
can access the pipe by name — one
process can open it as a reader, and
the other as a writer.
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Scheduling (computing) - First in first out
1
Also known as First Come, First Served
(FCFS), is the simplest scheduling
algorithm, FIFO simply queues processes
in the order that they arrive in the ready
queue.
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Scheduling (computing) - Shortest remaining time
Waiting time and response time
increase as the process's
computational requirements increase.
Since turnaround time is based on
waiting time plus processing time,
longer processes are significantly
affected by this. Overall waiting time is
smaller than FIFO, however since no
process has to wait for the termination
of the longest process.
1
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Scheduling (computing) - Fixed priority pre-emptive scheduling
1
FPPS has no particular advantage in terms of
throughput over FIFO scheduling.
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Scheduling (computing) - Fixed priority pre-emptive scheduling
1
If the number of rankings is limited it can
be characterized as a collection of FIFO
queues, one for each priority ranking.
Processes in lower-priority queues are
selected only when all of the higher-priority
queues are empty.
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Scheduling (computing) - How to choose a scheduling algorithm
1
Every priority level is represented by its
own queue, with round-robin scheduling
amongst the high priority threads and
FIFO among the lower ones
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Scheduling (computing) - AIX
FIFO: Once a thread with this policy is
scheduled, it runs to completion unless it
is blocked, it voluntarily yields control of
the CPU, or a higher-priority thread
becomes dispatchable. Only fixed-priority
threads can have a FIFO scheduling
policy.
1
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Scheduling (computing) - AIX
AIX 5 implements the following
scheduling policies: FIFO, round robin,
and a fair round robin. The FIFO policy
has three different implementations:
FIFO, FIFO2, and FIFO3. The round
robin policy is named SCHED_RR in AIX,
and the fair round robin is called
SCHED_OTHER. This link provides
additional information on AIX 5
scheduling:
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/a
ix/library/au1
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Scheduling (computing) - NetBSD
NetBSD uses a multilevel feedback
queue with priorities ranging from 0223. 0-63 are reserved for time-shared
threads (default, SCHED_OTHER
policy), 64-95 for user threads which
entered kernel space, 96-128 for kernel
threads, 128-191 for user real-time
threads (SCHED_FIFO and SCHED_RR
policies), and 192-223 for software
interrupts.
1
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Non-blocking algorithm - Implementation
1
single-reader single-writer ring
buffer FIFO
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Application checkpointing - Cryopid
In the case of Cryopid, there is also
provision to roll all dynamic libraries, open
files, sockets and FIFO's associated with
the process into the checkpoint
1
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Application checkpointing - DMTCP
1
Among the Linux features supported
by DMTCP are open file descriptors,
pipes, sockets, signal handlers,
process id and thread id virtualization
(ensure old pids and tids continue to
work upon restart), ptys, fifos, process
group ids, session ids, terminal
attributes, and mmap/mprotect
(including mmap-based shared
memory)
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Unisys OS 2200 operating system -
1
Within a priority selection is
usually FIFO
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Contract - Damages
1
Furmston, Cheshire, Fifoot Furmston's Law of
Contract, 15th edn (OUP: Oxford, 2007) p.779
n.130
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Emulator - Types of emulators
1
For example, while the Nintendo 64
graphic processor was fully
programmable, most games used one
of a few pre-made programs, which
were mostly self-contained and
communicated with the game via
FIFO; therefore, many emulators do
not emulate the graphic processor at
all, but simply interpret the
commands received from the CPU as
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Telecom switch - Fault tolerance
1
To prevent frustration with unsensed
failures, all the connections between
layers in the switch are allocated
using FIFO|first-in-first-out lists
(queues). As a result, if a connection is
faulty or noisy and the customer
hangs up and redials, they will get a
different set of connections and
subswitches. A LIFO
(computing)|last-in-first-out (stack)
allocation of connections might cause
a continuing string of very frustrating
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Virtual queue
1
ACDs hold queued calls in FIFO|First In, First
Out order until agents become available
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Virtual queue - Overview
1
While there are several different varieties
of virtual queuing systems, a standard
FIFO|First In, First Out that maintains the
customer's place in line is set to monitor
queue conditions until the Estimated Wait
Time (EWT) exceeds a predetermined
threshold
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Virtual queue - Impact
1
When callers are offered the option to
receive a FIFO|First In, First Out
callback, the callers’ acceptance rates
are typically 45% to 55%
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Virtual queue - FIFO|First In, First Out Queuing vs. Scheduled Queuing
1
The two main types of virtual queuing systems
are FIFO|First In, First Out (FIFO) and
Scheduled.
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Virtual queue - FIFO|First In, First Out Queuing vs. Scheduled Queuing
1
FIFO systems allow customers to maintain
their place in the queue and receive a
callback in the same amount of time as if
they waited on hold. Virtual placeholders
maintain the integrity of the queue and
provide added convenience to customers
without penalty for avoiding traditional hold
time.
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Virtual queue - FIFO|First In, First Out Queuing vs. Scheduled Queuing
1
The earlier examples looked in detail
at how FIFO virtual queuing works.
Scheduled systems offer the same
convenience of a callback without
waiting on hold, but differ from FIFO
systems in that customers do not
maintain their place in queue.
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Virtual queue - FIFO|First In, First Out Queuing vs. Scheduled Queuing
While both FIFO|First In, First Out and
Scheduled queuing can provide significant
performance benefits to the Call Center,
some queuing systems only allow for
scheduled callbacks, though FIFO is
clearly preferred
1
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Virtual queue - FIFO|First In, First Out Queuing vs. Scheduled Queuing
The best bet for improving both
customer satisfaction and Contact
Centre (business)|Contact Center
operations is to implement a
comprehensive Queue Management
System|queue management solution
that includes both FIFO|First In, First
Out and scheduled callbacks and
focuses on the customer experience
while improving the Contact Center's
1
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TinyOS - Implementation
Tasks are non-preemption
(computing)|preemptive and
run in FIFO order
1
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Limited liability company - Bulgaria
1
In case of an LLC with individual owner it
is contemplated as Еднолично дружество
с ограничена отговорност (Ednolichno
druzhestvo s ogranichena otgovornost;
One-man/ Single-member partnership with
limited liability) and abbreviated as ЕООД
(EOOD).Commerce Law of Bulgaria,
English translation,
[http://www.fifoost.org/bulgarien/recht/en/c
ommerce_law/Commerce-Law.pdf
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Traffic shaping - Implementation
Metered packets or cells are then
stored in a FIFO buffer
(telecommunication)|buffer for each
separately shaped class, until they
can be transmitted in compliance with
the prevailing traffic contract
1
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Hadoop - Scheduling
By default Hadoop uses FIFO, and
optional 5 scheduling priorities to
schedule jobs from a work
queue.[http://hadoop.apache.org/co
mmon/docs/current/commands_man
ual.html#job job] In version 0.19 the
job scheduler was refactored out of
the JobTracker, and added the ability
to use an alternate scheduler (such as
the Fair scheduler or the Capacity
1
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Application checkpointing - Cryopid
In the case of Cryopid, there is also
provision to roll all dynamic libraries,
open files, sockets and FIFO's
associated with the process into the
checkpoint
1
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Application checkpointing - DMTCP
1
Among the Linux features supported by
DMTCP are open file descriptors, pipes,
sockets, signal handlers, process id and
thread id virtualization (ensure old pids
and tids continue to work upon restart),
ptys, fifos, process group ids, session ids,
terminal attributes, and mmap/mprotect
(including mmap-based shared memory)
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Register renaming - Details: tag-indexed register file
The previous physical register
allocated for that architectural
register is saved with the instruction
in the 'reorder buffer', which is a FIFO
that holds the instructions in program
order between the decode and
graduation stages.
1
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Register renaming - Details: reservation stations
1
The tag number is usually serially allocated in
instruction order—no free tag FIFO is necessary.
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Variable universal life insurance - Maximum premiums
1
A MEC still receives tax free investment
returns, and a tax free death benefit, but
withdrawals of cash value in a MEC are on
a 'FIFO and LIFO accounting|LIFO' basis,
where earnings are withdrawn first and
taxed as ordinary income
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Variable universal life insurance - Tax advantages
*FIFO withdrawal status on
premiums paid into the contract
1
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Endowment policy - Modified endowments (U.S.)
1
Distributions will switch from a First In
First Out (FIFO) basis to a Last In First
Out (LIFO) basis. This means that
withdrawals will require the policy
owner to withdraw taxable gain before
withdrawing untaxable basis.
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Payment for ecosystem services - Additional examples
FUNDECOR worked with the National
Fund for Forestry Financing (FONAFIFO)
to set up an institution that could manage
small and medium-sized forests
1
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Hotspot (Wi-Fi) - Legal concerns
Providers of public hotspot access
may incur legal obligations, including
privacy requirements and liability for
use for unlawful purposes, depending
on the
jurisdiction.[http://www.wififoundati
on.org/legal WiFi Foundation Legal
Advice]
1
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Low-density parity-check code - Lookup table decoding
1
As a bit is input, it is then added to a FIFO
register, and the value of the FIFO register
is then used to look up in the table the
relevant output from the precalculated
values.
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Buffer (telecommunication)
A buffer often adjusts timing by
implementing a Queue (data
structure)|queue (or FIFO) algorithm in
memory, simultaneously writing data into
the queue at one rate and reading it at
another rate.
1
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Buffer (telecommunication) - Applications
1
Buffers are usually used in a FIFO (first in,
first out) method, outputting data in the
order it arrived.
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SystemVerilog - Synchronization
Optionally, the FIFO can be typeparameterized so that only objects of the
specified type may be passed through it
1
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Packet-switched - Overview
Packets are normally forwarded by
intermediate network nodes
asynchronously using FIFO
(computing)|first-in, first-out
buffering, but may be forwarded
according to some scheduling
discipline for fair queuing, traffic
shaping, or for differentiated or
guaranteed quality of service, such as
weighted fair queuing or leaky bucket
1
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OpenComRTOS - Overview
1
The current implementation provides
the functionality of traditional RTOS
services like Events, Semaphores,
Ports, FIFOs, Resources, Packet Pools
and Memory Pools
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SystemC - Channels
1
Channels are the communication elements
of SystemC. They can be either simple
wires or complex communication
mechanisms like FIFO (computing)|FIFOs
or Bus (computing)|bus channels.
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RTLinux - Implementation
1
First-In-First-Out pipes (FIFOs) or
shared memory can be used to share
data between the operating system
and RTLinux.
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RTLinux - Functionality
1
# rtl fifo connects RT tasks and interrupt
handlers to Linux processes through a
device layer so that Linux processes can
read/write to RT components.
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FIFO
'FIFO' is an acronym for 'First In, First
Out', a method for organizing and
manipulating a data buffer, or data stack,
where the oldest entry, or 'bottom' of the
stack, is processed first. It is analagous to
processing a Queue (data
structure)|queue with first-come, firstserved ('FCFS') behaviour: where the
people leave the queue in the order in
which they arrive.
1
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FIFO
1
FCFS is also the jargon term for the
FIFO Scheduling
(computing)|operating system
scheduling algorithm, which gives
every process Central processing
unit|CPU time in the order in which it
is demanded.
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FIFO
1
FIFO's opposite is LIFO (computing)|LIFO,
Last-In-First-Out, where the youngest
entry or 'top of the stack' is processed first.
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FIFO
1
A priority queue is neither FIFO or LIFO but may
adopt similar behaviour temporarily or by default.
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FIFO
1
Queueing theory encompasses these
methods for processing data
structures, as well as interactions
between strict-FIFO queues.
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Uzbl - Design
1
For interaction it can read input from
standard streams#Standard input
(stdin)|standard input (FIFO pipe
(Unix)|pipe) or from POSIX local IPC
socket or it can be passed text files
such as a configuration file
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Scalable Coherent Interface - Transactions
If the address is not within the domain
handled by the receiving node, the packet
is passed to the output through the bypass
FIFO
1
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Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter - Receiver
1
It is a standard feature for a UART to store
the most recent character while receiving the
next. This double buffering gives a receiving
computer an entire character transmission
time to fetch a received character. Many
UARTs have a small first-in, first-out FIFO
buffer memory between the receiver shift
register and the host system interface. This
allows the host processor even more time to
handle an interrupt from the UART and
prevents loss of received data at high rates.
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Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter - History
An example of an early 1980s UART
was the National Semiconductor 8250
UART|8250. In the 1990s, newer UARTs
were developed with on-chip buffers.
This allowed higher transmission
speed without data loss and without
requiring such frequent attention from
the computer. For example, the popular
National Semiconductor 16550
UART|16550 has a 16 byte FIFO, and
1
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Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter - Structure
1
* First-in, first-out (FIFO)
buffer memory (optional)
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Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter - UART in modems
1
High-speed modems used UARTs that
were compatible with the original
chip but which included additional
FIFO buffers, giving software
additional time to respond to
incoming data.
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Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter - UART in modems
9600 bit/s will deliver a character
approximately every millisecond, so a 1
byte FIFO should be sufficient at this rate
on a DOS system which meets the
maximum interrupt disable timing
1
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Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter - UART in modems
1
A second benefit to having a FIFO is that
the computer only has to service about 8
to 12% as many interrupts, allowing more
CPU time for updating the screen, or doing
other chores
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Advance-fee fraud
1
There are many variations on this type of
scam, including advance-fee fraud, Fifo's
Fraud, Spanish Prisoner|Spanish Prisoner
Scam, black money scam. The number
419 refers to the article of the Nigerian
Criminal Code dealing with fraud. The
scam has been used with fax and
traditional mail, and is now used with the
internet.
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Detinue - Detinue sur trover
1
2; Fifoot, p
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Channel I/O - History
1
Sufficient FIFO storage was provided
within the C-Unit for all channels which
were emulated by this FSM
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State organisation of the Ottoman Empire - Palace schools
It is reported by
Madeline ZilfiFor more
on this topic: Madeline C
1
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Warehouse - Automation and optimization
1
With a proper slotting plan, a warehouse
can improve its inventory rotation
requirementsmdash;such as FIFO and
LIFO accounting|first in, first out (FIFO)
and last in, first out (LIFO)mdash;control
labor costs and increase
productivity.[http://www.sdcexec.com/onlin
e/article.jsp?id=10693siteSection=15
Effectively Slotting a Warehouse or
Distribution Center] by By Paul Hansen
and Kelvin Gibson
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SpaceShaft - Deployment and FIFO delivery
And so is the FIFO
sequence completed.
1
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Contracting - Damages
1
Furmston, Cheshire, Fifoot Furmston's Law of
Contract, 15th edn (OUP: Oxford, 2007) p.779
n.130
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Linked list - Circularly linked vs. linearly linked
A circularly linked list may be a
natural option to represent arrays that
are naturally circular, e.g. the corners
of a polygon, a pool of data
buffer|buffers that are used and
released in FIFO (computing)|FIFO
order, or a set of processes that should
be time sharing|time-shared in
round-robin scheduling|round-robin
order. In these applications, a pointer
1
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Apache Hama - BSPMaster
Each time the bsp master receives a
heartbeat message, it brings up-to-date
groom server status - the bsp master
makes use of groom servers' status in
order to effectively assign tasks to idle
groom servers - and returns a heartbeat
response that contains assigned tasks and
others actions that a groom server has to
do. For now, we have a FIFO job
scheduler and very simple task
assignment algorithms.
1
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Tax deduction - Cost of goods sold
*Conventions for assigning costs to
particular goods sold where specific
identification is infeasible.Examples of
alternatives to specific identification
include first-in-first-out (FIFO), average
cost, and last-in-first-out (LIFO). Many EU
countries do not permit LIFO.
1
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GNU kernel - Core servers
1
* 'fwd' (forward server): Forwards requests to other
servers, used by fifo and symlink servers.
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Circular queue - Uses
1
In other words, the circular buffer is wellsuited as a FIFO (computing)|FIFO buffer
while a standard, non-circular buffer is well
suited as a LIFO (computing)|LIFO buffer.
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Microsoft Jet Database Engine - History
Jet 3.0 included many enhancements, including a new index
(database)|index structure that reduced storage size and the time
that was taken to create indices that were highly duplicated, the
removal of read lock (database)|locks on index pages, a new
mechanism for page reuse, a new compacting method for which
compacting the database resulted in the indices being stored in a
clustered-index format, a new page allocation mechanism to
improve Jet's read-ahead capabilities, improved delete operations
that speeded processing, Thread (computer science)|multithreading
(three threads were used to perform read ahead, write behind, and
cache maintenance), implicit transactions (users did not have to
instruct the engine to start manually and commit transactions to the
database), a new sort engine, long values (such as memos or binary
data types) were stored in separate tables, and dynamic buffering
(whereby Jet's cache was dynamically allocated at start up and had
no limit and which changed from a first in, first out (FIFO) buffer
replacement policy to a least recently used (LRU) buffer
replacement policy)
1
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Xilinx - Virtex family
The Virtex series of FPGAs have
integrated features that include FIFO and
ECC logic, DSP blocks, PCI-Express
controllers, Ethernet MAC blocks, and
high-speed transceivers
1
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Microblaze - Overview
1
User-defined coprocessors are supported
through a dedicated FIFO
(computing)|FIFO-style connection called
FSL (Fast Simplex Link)
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DR-DOS - After Novell
The new suite also lacked the
SETFIFO command, which had been
added with one of the Novell DOS
updates, as well as Fifth Generation's
Searchamp;Destroy virus scanner and
Fast-Backup utility, which previously
came bundled with Novell DOS
1
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Tuxedo (software) - Queuing subsystem
1
Queues can be ordered by message
availability time, expiration time, priority,
LIFO, FIFO, or a combination
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Dijkstra's algorithm - Related problems and algorithms
1
Breadth-first search can be viewed as a
special-case of Dijkstra's algorithm on
unweighted graphs, where the priority
queue degenerates into a FIFO queue.
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Linux Process Scheduler - Scheduling disciplines
In packet-switched computer
networks and other statistical
multiplexing, the notion of a
'scheduling algorithm' is used as an
alternative to FIFO (computing)|firstcome first-served queuing of data
packets.
1
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Linux Process Scheduler - First in first out
Also known as 'F'irst 'C'ome, 'F'irst 'S'erved (FCFS), is the simplest
scheduling algorithm, FIFO simply
queues processes in the order that they
arrive in the ready queue.
1
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Linux Process Scheduler - Shortest remaining time
*Waiting time and response time
increase as the process's
computational requirements increase.
Since turnaround time is based on
waiting time plus processing time,
longer processes are significantly
affected by this. Overall waiting time is
smaller than FIFO, however since no
process has to wait for the termination
of the longest process.
1
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Linux Process Scheduler - Fixed priority pre-emptive scheduling
1
*FPPS has no particular advantage in terms of
throughput over FIFO scheduling.
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Linux Process Scheduler - Fixed priority pre-emptive scheduling
1
*If the number of rankings is limited it can
be characterized as a collection of FIFO
queues, one for each priority ranking.
Processes in lower-priority queues are
selected only when all of the higher-priority
queues are empty.
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Linux Process Scheduler - AIX
1
* First In First Out : Once a thread with this
policy is scheduled, it runs to completion
unless it is blocked, it voluntarily yields
control of the CPU, or a higher-priority
thread becomes dispatchable. Only fixedpriority threads can have a FIFO
scheduling policy.
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System Restore - Restore points
1
Older restore points are deleted as per the
configured space constraint on a
FIFO|First In, First Out basis.
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Snapshot algorithm - Definition
* The communication
channels are
unidirectional and FIFO
ordered
1
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Tree traversal - Types
1
This is often done via a Stack (abstract
data type)|stack (LIFO) or Queue
(abstract data type)|queue (FIFO)
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WebSphere MQ - Features
1
Ordering of all messages is preserved, by
default this is in FIFO order of receipt at
the local queue within priority of the
message.
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WebSphere MQ - Communication
Although the queue is FIFO, it is
ordered based on the receipt in the
local queue, not the committing of the
message from the sender
1
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Heterogeneous computing - Common features
1
:Compute elements may have differing
types of interconnect aside from basic
memory/bus interfaces. This may include
dedicated network interfaces, Direct
memory access (DMA) devices,
mailboxes, FIFO (computing)|FIFOs, and
Scratchpad RAM|scratchpad memories,
etc.
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Container (data structure) - Overview
1
For stacks, access of elements is done using
LIFO (computing)|LIFO (Last In First Out)
[http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/lifo.asp#
axzz1ZoGPLx59 LIFO(investopedia.com)]
(alternative name 'FILO' (First In Last Out)
and in queues it is done using FIFO
(computing)|FIFO (First In First
Out).[http://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/fifo
.asp#axzz1ZoGPLx59
FIFO(investopedia.com)][http://www.business
dictionary.com/definition/first-in-first-outFIFO.html FIFO(businessdictionary.com)]
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Pipeline (Unix) - Creating pipelines programmatically
1
Named pipes may also be created using
mkfifo() or mknod() and then presented as
the input or output file to programs as they
are invoked. They allow multi-path pipes to
be created, and are especially effective
when combined with standard error
redirection, or with tee (command)|tee.
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File (command) - Specification
# file must be able to determine the
types folder (computing)|directory,
named pipe|FIFO, Unix domain
socket|socket, block device file|special
file, and character special file
1
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File (command) - Usage
1
: -i, do not classify the file further than to
identify it as either: nonexistent, a block
special file, a character special file, a
directory, a named pipe|FIFO, a socket, a
symbolic link, or a regular file
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IronMQ
1
'IronMQ' is a message queuing service (a
form of message queue offered as a
cloud-based service) provided by Iron.io. It
is used for connecting systems via a
messaging gateway, buffering webhook
events, and creating loosely coupled
distributed cloud applications. IronMQ
uses HTTP/REST-based protocol and
supports JSON messages up to 64k;
guarantees order (FIFO); guarantees once
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Queue (data structure)
1
In a FIFO data structure, the first element
added to the queue will be the first one to be
removed
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Queue (data structure) - Queue implementation
There are several efficient
implementations of FIFO queues. An
efficient implementation is one that can
perform the operations—enqueuing and
dequeuing—in O(1) scheduler#Meaning of
O(1)|O(1) time.
1
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Packet loss - Acceptable packet loss
There are many methods used for
determining which packets to drop.
Most basic networking equipment will
use FIFO queuing for packets waiting
to go through the bottleneck and they
will drop the packet if the queue is full
at the time the packet is received. This
type of packet dropping is called tail
drop. However, dropping packets when
the queue is full is undesirable for any
connection that requires real-time
throughput.
1
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Individual retirement account - Distribution of funds
1
For Roth IRAs with only contributed funds
the cost basis|basis can be withdrawn
before age 59½ without penalty (or tax) on
a FIFO|first in first out basis, and a penalty
would apply only on any growth (the
taxable amount) that was taken out before
59½ where an exception didn't apply
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Cost of goods sold
1
Costs are associated with particular
goods using one of several formulas,
including specific identification, firstin first-out (FIFO), or average cost
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Cost of goods sold - Overview
When multiple goods are bought or
made, it may be necessary to identify
which costs relate to which particular
goods sold. This may be done using
an identification convention, such as
specific identification of the goods,
first-in-first-out (FIFO), or average cost.
Alternative systems may be used in
some countries, such as last-in-firstout (LIFO), gross profit method, retail
method, or combinations of these.
1
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Cost of goods sold - Identification conventions
1
*First-In First-Out (FIFO) assumes that the
items purchased or produced first are sold
first. Costs of inventory per unit or item
are determined at the time made or
acquired. The oldest cost (i.e., the first in)
is then matched against revenue and
assigned to cost of goods sold.
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Cost of goods sold - Identification conventions
1
Such reserve (an asset or contra-asset)
represents the difference in cost of
inventory under the FIFO and LIFO
assumptions
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Cost of goods sold - Example
1
If she uses FIFO, her
costs are 20 (10+10)
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Cost of goods sold - Example
1
Remember, she used
up the two 10 cost
items already under
FIFO
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Cost of goods sold - Example
1
In year 3, Jane sells the last machine
for 38 and quits the business. She
recovers the last of her costs. Her total
profits for the three years are the same
under all inventory methods. Only the
timing of income and the balance of
inventory differ. Here is a comparison
under FIFO, Average Cost, and LIFO:
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Backflush accounting - Meaning of backflushing
1
Cost of ending inventory can be calculated
by using the LIFO or FIFO inventory
accounting methods, or other less
common methods
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Backflush accounting - Alternatives to backflushing
If one of the container is empty, the
remaining container is swapped with the
empty one (FIFO) and production of the
assembly is resumed according to the
kanban-quantity computed by the MES
1
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Kendall's notation
1
When the final three parameters are not
specified (e.g. M/M/1 queue), it is
assumed K=∞, N=∞ and D=First in first
out|FIFO.
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Queue theory - Service disciplines
1
;FIFO (computing)|First in first out :This
principle states that customers are served
one at a time and that the customer that
has been waiting the longest is served
first.Penttinen A., Chapter 8 ndash;
Queueing Systems, Lecture Notes: S38.145 - Introduction to Teletraffic Theory.
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Transaction-level modeling
1
Communication mechanisms such as
buses or FIFOs are modeled as
channels, and are presented to
modules using SystemC interface
classes
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Income statement - Usefulness and limitations of income statement
1
* Some numbers depend on accounting
methods used (e.g. using FIFO and
LIFO accounting|FIFO or LIFO
accounting to measure
inventory#Accounting for
inventory|inventory level).
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Income statement - Irregular items
1
For example, valuation of inventories
using FIFO and LIFO
accounting|LIFO instead of average
costing|weighted average method
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Seniority - In employment
1
Some traditionalist employers, common in
smaller, single-operated business, take a
last in, first out (LIFO (education)|LIFO)
perspective, meaning those that have
been there longest, or tenure employees
have the right to stay, whereas others take
a first in, first out (FIFO) or inverse
seniority viewpoint, which tends to
emphasize a new or fresh start for the
company.
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Low cost carrier terminal - List of proposed budget terminals
* Brisbane is considering a LCCT
under its master
plan.http://www.brisbanetimes.com.
au/queensland/airport-expansionwould-separate-fifo-budget-travellers20130617-2oe72.html
1
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Double-ended queue - Distinctions and sub-types
1
This differs from the queue abstract data
type or First-In-First-Out List (FIFO),
where elements can only be added to one
end and removed from the other. This
general data class has some possible subtypes:
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Earnings management - Motivations and methods
For example, a comparatively small
change in the estimates for Bad
debt|uncollectible accounts can have a
significant effect on net income, and a
company using FIFO and LIFO
accounting|last-in, first-out accounting for
inventories can increase net income in
times of rising prices by delaying
purchases to future periods.
1
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Advance fee fraud
1
There are many variations on this type of
scam, including advance-fee fraud, Fifo's
Fraud, Spanish Prisoner|Spanish Prisoner
Scam, the black money scam and the
Detroit-Buffalo scam. The number 419
refers to the article of the Nigerian
Criminal Code dealing with fraud. The
scam has been used with fax and
traditional mail, and is now used with the
internet.
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Nomex - Applications
The FIA and the
[http://www.sfifoundation.com SFI
Foundation] provide specifications for
flame-resistant drivers clothing to be
used in racing
1
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Quod Libet (software) - Features
1
**Control of player
using named pipe
(FIFO) is possible
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Audiobook - Formats
However, just like the Tefifon, the
format never became widespread in
use.[http://books.google.com/books?
id=xdwDAAAAMBAJpg=PA141dq=195
4+Popular+Mechanics+Januaryhl=en
sa=Xei=YWk3T_nDN9HpgAeKhDnBQved=0CDcQ6AEwAjgK#v=onep
ageqf=true Grooved Tape Recording
Plays For Eight Hours.] Popular
Mechanics, July 1955, p
1
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Scheduling algorithm - AIX
1
* First In, First Out: Once a thread with this
policy is scheduled, it runs to completion
unless it is blocked, it voluntarily yields
control of the CPU, or a higher-priority
thread becomes dispatchable. Only fixedpriority threads can have a FIFO
scheduling policy.
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Hemel Hempstead - Sport
Hemel Hempstead has several
swimming clubs the most notable of
which is Hemel Hempstead
Swimming Club, the town also has
FIFOLITS Swimming club and also
boasts a swimming squad Dacorum
Borough Swimming Squad which
brings together the best swimmers in
the Borough.
1
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FB-DIMM - Protocol
Because write data is supplied more
slowly than DDR memory expects it, writes
are buffered in the AMB until they can be
written in a burst. Write commands are
not directly linked to the write data;
instead, each AMB has a write data FIFO
that is filled by four consecutive write data
frames, and is emptied by a write
command.
1
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Canned Heat - Canned Heat today
1
By 2000, Robert Lucas had departed and the
lineup was completed by Dallas Hodge
(vocals, guitar), John Paulus (guitar) and
Stanley Baron Behrens (saxophone, flute).
Lucas returned to Canned Heat in late 2005
but left again in the fall of 2008. He died, age
46, on November 23, 2008, at a friend's
home in Long Beach, Calififornia; the cause
was an apparent drug
overdose.[http://www.boston.com/news/natio
n/articles/2008/11/24/obituaries_in_the_news
/]
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NuttX - Key features
1
* FIFO and round-robin scheduling
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NuttX - Device Drivers
* RAM
drive|RAMDISK,
pipes, FIFO, /dev/null,
/dev/zero drivers
1
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Lean Laboratory - Make value flow and create pull
‘Pull’ is interpreted as testing
according to customer priority. If this
is not inherent in the order in which
samples arrive, then the samples are
taken from an incoming queue
according to customer demand and
thereafter processed in FIFO order
with no overtaking.
1
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Garbage in, garbage out - History
1
The term may have derived from FIFO
and LIFO accounting, and LIFO
(computing)|last-in, first-out (LIFO),
first-in, first-out (FIFO) in computing.
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Range encoding
1
which effectively rediscovered the FIFO
arithmetic code first introduced by
Richard Clark Pasco in 1976.Source
coding algorithms for fast data
compression Richard Clark Pasco,
Stanford, CA 1976 Given a stream of
symbols and their probabilities, a range
coder produces a space efficient
stream of bits to represent these
symbols and, given the stream and the
probabilities, a range decoder reverses
the process.
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Pallet racking - Other common types
With a FIFO system, pallets are
loaded in one end and are pushed
back to the other end, where they are
then at the front of the row on the
opposite side
1
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Pallet racking - Other common types
1
If the system is loaded from the back and
unloaded from the front, its FIFO; if the
system is loaded and unloaded from the
front its a LIFO system.
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System Packet Interface - SPI 4.2
1
The FIFO buffer status portion consists of a 2
bit status channel and a clock
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Algorithmic synthesis - Interface synthesis
Examples might be: direct
connection, one line, 2 line
handshake, FIFO.DesignCon
[http://www.designcon.com/infovault
/paper.asp?PAPER_ID=407 Design
Space Exploration for high
performance signal processing
hardware using ESL design
metholodologies]
1
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Backup rotation scheme - First In, First Out
A FIFO|First In, First Out (FIFO) backup
scheme saves new or modified files onto the
oldest media in the set, i.e. the media which
contain the oldest and thus least useful
previously backed up data. Performing a daily
backup onto a set of 14 media, the backup
depth would be 14 days. Each day, the oldest
media would be inserted when performing the
backup. This is the simplest rotation scheme,
and is usually the first to come to mind.
1
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Backup rotation scheme - Grandfather-father-son
1
The daily backups are
rotated on a daily basis
using a FIFO system as
above
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Unix filesystem - File types
The original Unix file system
supported three types of files:
ordinary files, Directory
(computing)|directories, and special
files, also known as device files. The
Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD)
and UNIX System V|System V each
added a file type to be used for
interprocess communication: BSD
added Berkeley sockets|sockets,
1
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Asynchronous circuit - Asynchronous CPU
Instead, stages of the CPU are
coordinated using logic devices called
pipeline controls or FIFO sequencers.
Basically, the pipeline controller clocks the
next stage of logic when the existing stage
is complete. In this way, a central clock is
unnecessary. It may actually be even
easier to implement high performance
devices in asynchronous, as opposed to
clocked, logic:
1
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Cost basis - Evaluation of methods
1
FIFO is the default method used for
brokerage securities if no other is
specified, and generally results in the
highest tax bill, as it sells oldest
(hence generally most appreciated)
shares first.
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Cost basis - 2012 legislation changes
1
Because FIFO and Spec ID require a
complete lot history, institutions must
transfer and track full lot history and
cannot transfer a rolled up total cost
when transferring the cost basis to
another institution
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IAS 2 - Overview.
1
IAS 2 also requires the use of First-in,
First-out (FIFO) principle whereby the
items which have been in stock the
longest are considered to be the items
that are being used first, ensuring
those items which are held in inventory
at the reporting date are valued at the
most recent price. As an alternative,
costs of inventories may be assigned
by using the weighted average cost
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Weighted fair queuing
1
WFQ is a generalization of fair queuing
(FQ). Both in WFQ and FQ, each data flow
has a separate FIFO queue. In FQ, with a
link data rate of R, at any given time the N
active data flows (the ones with nonempty queues) are serviced
simultaneously, each at an average data
rate of R/N. Since each data flow has its
own queue, an ill-behaved flow (who has
sent larger packets or more packets per
second than the others since it became
active) will only punish itself and not
other sessions.
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Xs3p
Recently the Distributed Systems
Technology Centre|DSTC website, which
was officially hosting the xs3p stylesheet,
has become unavailable. A download of
the xs3p stylesheet is available from the
[http://xml.fiforms.org/xs3p/ FiForms XML
Definitions] project.
1
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Record locking - Exclusive locks
1
Non-holders of the lock (aka 'waiters') can be
held in a list that is serviced in a round robin
fashion, or in a FIFO queue. This would
ensure that any possible waiter would get
equal chance to obtain the lock and not be
locked out. To further speed up the process,
if an entity has gone to sleep waiting for a
lock, performance is improved if the entity is
notified of the grant, instead of discovering it
on some sort of system timeout driven
wakeup.
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Gray code - Gray code counters and arithmetic
1
A typical use of Gray code counters is
building a FIFO (first-in, first-out)
data buffer that has read and write
ports that exist in different clock
domains. The input and output
counters inside such a dual-port FIFO
are often stored using Gray code to
prevent invalid transient states from
being captured when the count
crosses clock
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Gray code - Gray code counters and arithmetic
1
The updated read and write pointers need
to be passed between clock domains
when they change, to be able to track
FIFO empty and full status in each domain
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Gray code - Constructing an n-bit Gray code
1
The actors could then be represented
by a FIFO|first in, first out Queue
(data structure)|queue, so that (of the
actors onstage) the actor being
dequeued is always the one who was
enqueued first
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419 scams
1
There are many variations on this type of
scam, including advance-fee fraud, Fifo's
Fraud, Spanish Prisoner|Spanish Prisoner
Scam, the black money scam, and the
Detroit-Buffalo scam. The number 419
refers to the article of the Nigerian
Criminal Code dealing with fraud. The
scam has been used with fax and
traditional mail, and is now used with the
Internet.
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Blood bank - Alternative inventory/release practices
1
Although as noted the primary inventorymanagement approach is FIFO to
minimize product expiration, there are
some deviations from this policy - both in
current practice as well as under research
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Blood bank - Alternative inventory/release practices
1
More recently, novel approaches are being
explored to complement or replace FIFO.
One is to balance the desire to reduce
average product age (at transfusion) with
the need to maintain sufficient availability
of non-outdated product, leading to a
strategic blend of FIFO with LIFO (last-infirstout).http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2
1756261
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OSEK
First In First Out (FIFO)
scheduling is used for tasks
with equal priority
1
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Vortex86 - Vortex86MX+
1
This has a 32KB write through 2-way L1
cache, 512KB write through/write back 2way L2 cache, PCI rev. 2.1 32-bit bus
interface at 33MHz, DDR2, ROM
controller, IPC (Internal Peripheral
Controllers with DMA and interrupt
timer/counter included), Fast Ethernet,
FIFO UART, USB2.0 Host and ATA
controller.
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Singly linked list - Circularly linked vs. linearly linked
A circularly linked list may be a natural
option to represent arrays that are
naturally circular, e.g. the corners of a
polygon, a pool of data buffer|buffers that
are used and released in FIFO
(computing)|FIFO (first in, first out) order,
or a set of processes that should be time
sharing|time-shared in round-robin
scheduling|round-robin order. In these
applications, a pointer to any node serves
as a handle to the whole list.
1
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Tag system
A tag system may also be viewed as an
abstract machine, called a 'Post tag machine'
(not to be confused with Post-Turing
machines)—briefly, a finite state machine
whose only tape is a FIFO Queue (data
structure)|queue of unbounded length, such
that in each transition the machine reads the
symbol at the head of the queue, deletes a
fixed number of symbols from the head, and
to the tail appends a symbol-string
preassigned to the deleted symbol
1
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Anonymous pipe
1
In computer science, an 'anonymous pipe' is
a simplex channel|simplex FIFO
communication channel that may be used for
one-way interprocess communication (IPC).
An implementation is often integrated into the
operating system's file Input/output|IO
subsystem. Typically a parent program opens
anonymous pipes, and creates a new
process that inherits the other ends of the
pipes, or creates several new processes and
arranges them in a Pipeline
(software)|pipeline.
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Anti-Romanian discrimination - Yugoslavia and modern Serbia
1
M.Fifor Assimilation or Acculturalisation:
Creating Identities in the New Europe
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