Cells U4.1-3, voc#2
Life Sc.
U.1.1-3
CELLS
Cells U4.1-3, voc#1
1. cell
2. organism
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
atoms
protons
neutrons
electrons
elements
6 major elements
in humans
7. molecule
8. compound
Cells U4.1-3, voc#3
1. lipids
2. proteins
4. multicellular
3. amino acids
5. cell theory (3 parts)
4. carbohydrates
5. simple carbohydrates
6. complex carbohydrates
ORGANISM: ANY LIVING THING
7. nucleic acids
8. nucleotides
 ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS
9. phospholipids
 CELL: BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION FOR ALL LIFE
10. water (as nutrient)
 CELLS RANGE IN SIZE FROM BACTERIA (.01µM) TO PLANT CELLS (100µM)
3. unicellular
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 CELL SIZE LIMITED BY SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO (s -:- s )
 UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS: ONE CELLED LIFE
 ALL NECESSARY LIFE ACTIVITIES DONE INSIDE A SINGLE CELL
 MOST COMMON FORM OF LIFE ON EARTH
 MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS : MADE OF MANY, SPECIALIZED CELLS
 EACH CELL SPECIALIZED TO PERFORM A SPECIFIC LIFE FUNCTION
 ORGANISM DEPENDENT ON ALL INTERDEPENDENT CELLS FOR SURVIVAL
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CELL THEORY


MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN AND THEODORE SCHWANN 'S DISCOVERIES

BOTH USED IMPROVED COMPOUND MICROSCOPES

1838: SCHLEIDEN STATED THAT ALL PLANTS ARE MADE OF CELLS

1839: SCHWANN STATED THAT ALL ANIMALS WERE MADE OF CELLS
o
WITH SCHLEIDEN, SCHWANN STATED THAT ALL LIFE IS MADE OF CELLS
o
SCHWANN ALSO STATED THAT THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
o
SCHWANN CONTRIBUTED TO 1ST TWO PARTS OF CELL THEORY
RUDOLF VIRCHOW : STATED THAT CELLS CAN ONLY COME FROM CELLS IN 1858

GOOD QUALITY MICROSCOPES WERE NEEDED TO DEVELOP CELL THEORY

PROVIDED THE FINAL PART COMPONENT OF CELL THEORY
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 CELL THEORY: THE FOUNDATION OF LIFE SCIENCE, DEVELOPED IN THE MID-1800’S
1. ALL LIFE IS MADE OF CELLS
2. LIVING CELLS CAN ONLY COME FROM LIVING CELLS
3. THE CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ALL LIVING THINGS
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IN CELLS
 ELEMENT: CANNOT BE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER SUBSTANCES
 ATOM: SMALLEST UNIT OF AN ELEMENT; BASIC UNIT ALL MATTER
 ELEMENTS ARE MADE OF ONLY A SINGLE TYPE OF ATOM
 CHEMICAL SYMBOL: REPRESENTS AN ELEMENT (ex: "Fe" - IRON)
 ATOM’S NUCLEUS INCLUDES (+) PROTEIN, NEUTRAL NEUTRON

TINY (1/1000TH MASS OF PROTON) (-) ELECTRONS ORBIT NUCLEUS
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 MOLECULE: SMALLEST UNIT WITH THE PROPERTIES OF A SUBSTANCE
 MADE OF 2 OR MORE ATOMS
 ATOMS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY CHEMICAL BONDS
 COMPOUND: THE CHEMICAL COMBINATION OF 2 OR MORE ELEMENTS
 MOLECULE: SMALLEST UNIT OF MOST COMPOUNDS; HAS 2 DIFFERENT ELEMENTS
 COMPOUND’S PROPERTIES ARE DIFFERENT FROM THOSE OF THEIR ELEMENTS
 CHEMICAL FORMULA: SHORTHAND FOR THE MOLECULE'S COMPOSITION
 EXAMPLES OF FORMULA: H2O - WATER, CO2 - CARBON DIOXIDE , O2 IS OXYGEN
 LIPIDS: (CHO) INCLUDE FATS, OILS, WAXES
 STORE ENERGY IN CELLS, USED FOR CELL STRUCTURES
 PHOSPHOLIPIDS: LIPIDS THAT CONTAIN PHOSPHORUS
 TOP (HEAD) OF PHOSPHOLIPID MOLECULE; ITS TAIL REPELS WATER
 A DOUBLE PHOSPHORUS LAYER MAKES UP CELL MEMBRANES
 LIPIDS FOUND IN OILS, AND FATTY FOODS
 PROTEINS: (CHON) MADE OF AMINO ACIDS, CONTAIN NITROGEN
 AMINO ACIDS: NITROGEN-BASED MOLECULES
 BUILD AND REPAIR CELL STRUCTURES, INCLUDES ENZYMES
 NUCLEIC ACIDS: CHEMICALS THAT CARRY AND STORE INFORMATION
 DNA STORES INFORMATION
 RNA COMMUNICATES INFORMATION, ASSEMBLES PROTEINS
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CELL’S CHEMISTRY: THE 5 PRIMARY CHEMICALS OF LIFE
 WATER: MOST ABUNDANT IN LIVING THINGS, 2/3RD OF CELL’S MASS
 REQUIRE FOR MANY CHEMICAL REACTIONS
 MOVES IN/OUT OF CELL BY OSMOSIS
 OSMOSIS: BALANCING OF FLUIDS THROUGH A MEMBRANE
 ESSENTIAL PROCESS FOR ALL EXCHANGES OF MATERIALS
 CARBOHYDRATES: (CHO) FIRST ENERGY SOURCE, ENERGY STORAGE
 CARBOHYDRATES HAVE CARBON (C), HYDROGEN (H), OXYGEN (O)
 SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATES: SIMPLE SUGARS
 COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES: STARCHES, FIBER (PASTA)
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Cells U4.1-3, voc#6
Cells U4.1-3, voc#4
1. ORGANELLES
2. CELL MEMBRANE
3. CYTOPLASM
4. PROTOPLASM
5. CYTOSKELETON
6. NUCLEUS
7. DNA
8. NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
9. RNA
10. CHROMATIN
11. NUCLEOLUS
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Cells U4.1-3, voc#5
1. MITOCHRONDRIA
2. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
2. ATP
3. ADP
4. RIBOSOMES
5. AMINO ACIDS
6. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
7. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
8. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
TYPES OF CELLS
 PROKARYOTE: A PRIMITIVE ORGANISM WITHOUT A NUCLEUS
 HAS CELL WALL, CELL MEMBRANE, CYTOPLASM
 GENETIC INFORMATION EMBEDDED IN CYTOPLASM
 BACTERIAL CELLS: A VERY TINY PROKARYOTE
 EUKARYOTES HAVE A NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES
 MORE COMPLEX FORMS OF LIFE
 NUCLEUS, ORGANELLES BOUND BY AM MEMBRANE
1. GOLGI COMPLEX
2. VESICLES
3. LYSOSOMES
4. CELL WALL
5. CELLULOSE
6. CHLOROPHYLL
7. CHLOROPLAST
8. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
9. 2 RAW MATERIALS FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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CELL ORGANELLES: TINY CELL STRUCTURE WITH SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS
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 CELL MEMBRANE: OUTER LAYER OF ALL CELL'S CYTOPLASM
 FORMS A BOUNDARY BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, CELL
 CONTROLS PASSAGE OF MATERIALS INTO AND OUT OF THE CELL
 MADE OF DOUBLE LAYER OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS
 CYTOPLASM: REGION BETWEEN CELL MEMBRANE AND NUCLEUS
 CONTAINS THE CELL’S FLUIDS AND ORGANELLES
 MADE OF JELL-LIKE PROTOPLASM, MOSTLY WATER
 CYTOSKELETON: NETWORK OF PROTEIN FILAMENTS
 GIVES CELL SHAPE AND SUPPORT
 INVOLVED IN CELL DIVISION
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 NUCLEUS: CONTROL STRUCTURE OF CELL, DIRECTS ITS ACTIVITIES
 MADE OF A DENSER, DARKER PROTOPLASM CALLED NUCLEOPLASM
o CONTAINS DNA : NUCLEIC ACID THAT CONTAINS ALL GENETIC INFORMATION

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA): DOUBLE HELIX STRAND OF GENETIC MATERIAL

CONTAINS INFORMATION NEEDED USED BY THE CELL FOR GROWTH, REPAIR
o ALSO CONTAINS RNA: USED TO TRANSFER INFORMATION, BUILD PROTEINS
 NUCLEAR MEMBRANE: CONTROLS PASSAGE OF MATERIALS INTO NUCLEUS
o
DOUBLE LAYER, SIMILAR TO CELL MEMBRANE
o
HAS PORES FOR THE PASSAGE OF RNA (ON RIBOSOMES)
 CHROMATIN: STRANDS OF GENETIC MATERIAL IN NUCLEUS
o
STORES INHERITED INFORMATION
o
MADE OF WOUND STRANDS OF DNA
 NUCLEOLUS: DARK CENTRAL STRUCTURE IN NUCLEUS. LOCATION OF CHROMOSOMES
o MAKES RIBOSOMES THAT HAVE RNA TO MAKE PROTEINS, CARRIES MESSAGES
o CHROMOSOMES: STRAND-LIKE STRUCTURES MADE OF DNA, CARRY INFORMATION
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THE CYTOPLASM:
 MITROCHRONDRIA: BEAN-SHAPED POWERHOUSES OF CELL, HAS OWN DNA
 CARRY ON CELLULAR RESPIRATION: USES OXYGEN TO RELEASE ENERGY
 THE PROCESS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION:

GET ENERGY FROM SUGAR, MAKING ATP (STORES ENERGY)

CELLS USE ATP FOR ENERGY, BREAKING IT DOWN INTO ADP (LACKS ENERGY)
 ACTIVE CELLS HAVE MANY MORE MITOCHONDRIA
11A
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 RIBOSOMES: ORGANELLES THAT MAKE PROTEINS BY COMBINING CHAINS OF AMINO ACIDS
 AMINO ACIDS: THE 20+ NITROGEN-BASED BUILDING BLOCKS OF PROTEINS
 RIBOSOMES ARE NOT ENCLOSED IN A MEMBRANE, CONTAIN RNA
 FLOAT FREE IN CYTOPLASM OR FOUND ATTACHED TO THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: MAZE OF PASSAGES IN CYTOPLASM , NEAR CELL’S NUCLEUS
 SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM HAS NO ATTACHED RIBOSOMES

MAKES LIPIDS

BREAKS DOWN TOXIC MATERIALS
11B
 ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM: HAVE ATTACHED RIBOSOMES, ASSEMBLE PROTEINS
 GOLGI COMPLEX: FLATTENED SACS AND TUBE-LIKE STRUCTURES
 LOCATED THROUGHOUT CYTOPLASM
 RECEIVE LIPIDS AND PROTEINS FROM ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
 MAY MODIFY THESE FOR DIFFERENT REQUIREMENTS
 PACKAGES FINISHED PRODUCTS IN SACS BROKEN OFF INTO VESICLES
 VESICLES TRANSPORT MATERIALS THROUGHOUT CELL
 LYSOSOMES: SMALL ROUND VACUOLE-LIKE STRUCTURE
 HAVE ENZYMES TO DOWN NUTRIENTS, OLD CELL PARTS
 USUALLY FOUND ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS
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ORGANELLES FOUND ONLY IN PLANT CELLS
 CELL WALL: MADE OF RIGID CELLULOSE, ONLY IN PLANT CELLS
 NON-LIVING, SUPPORTS AND PROTECTS PLANT CELL AND PLANT
 POROUS, ALLOWS FREE PASSAGE OF MATERIALS
 CHLOROPLASTS: FOOD-MAKING STRUCTURES IN PLANTS
 PERFORMS PHOTOSYNTHESIS: MAKES FOOD USING CHLOROPHYLL
 HAS GREEN PIGMENT CHLOROPHYLL, USES SUN'S ENERGY
 NEED WATER, CARBON DIOXIDE TO MAKE SUGAR (GLUCOSE), OXYGEN
 SUGAR USED BY MITOCHONDRIA TO MAKE ATP
 LARGE VACUOLES: BUBBLE-LIKE STORAGE SPACES IN PLANTS
 LARGE WATER VACUOLES HELP SUPPORT PLANT CELL
 WATER NEEDED FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS, MANY LIFE PROCESSES
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