Assignment Statements
Operator Precedence
Assignment, not Equals
 An assignment statement changes the value of a
variable
 The assignment operator is the = sign
total = 55;
The expression on the right is evaluated and the result is
stored in the variable on the left The value that was in total
is overwritten
You can only assign a value to a variable that is consistent
with the variable's declared type.
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Constants
 A constant is an identifier that is similar to a variable
except that it holds the same value during its entire
existence
 As the name implies, it is constant, not variable
 The compiler will issue an error if you try to change
the value of a constant
 In Java, we use the final modifier to declare a
constant
final int MIN_HEIGHT = 62;
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Constants
 Constants are useful for three important reasons
 First, they give meaning to otherwise unclear literal
values
• For example, MAX_LOAD means more than the
literal 250
 Second, they facilitate program maintenance
• If a constant is used in multiple places, its value need
only be updated in one place
 Third, they formally establish that a value should not
change, avoiding inadvertent errors by other
programmers
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No Magic Numbers
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Expressions
 An expression is a combination of one or more
operators and operands
 Arithmetic expressions compute numeric results and
make use of the arithmetic operators:
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
Division
Remainder
+
*
/
%
If either or both operands used by an arithmetic operator are
floating point, then the result is a floating point
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Division and Remainder
If both operands to the division operator
are integers, the result is an integer
(the fractional part is discarded)
14 / 3
equals
4
8 / 12
equals
0
The remainder operator (%) returns the remainder
after dividing the second operand into the first
14 % 3
equals
2
8 % 12
equals
8
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Division with Double numbers
If both operands to the division operator
are doubles, the result is double number
14.2 / 3.1 equals 4.58064516129
8.6 / 12.7 equals 0.67716535433
•The remainder operator (%) should not be used with double
numbers.
•In Java 1.5 it is allowed but it is unpredictable.
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Mixing double and int numbers
 We will go over this in our next class.
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Operator Precedence
 Operators can be combined into complex expressions
result
=
total + count / max - offset;
 Operators have a well-defined precedence which
determines the order in which they are evaluated
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Operator Precedence
precedence
level
1
2
3
4
operator
+
*
/
%
+
-
operation
unary plus
unary minus
multiplication
division
remainder
addition
subtraction
+
=
string
concatenation
assignment
associates
R to L
L to R
L to R
R to L
 Arithmetic operators with the same precedence are
evaluated from left to right, but parentheses can be
used to force the evaluation order
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Assignment Revisited
 The assignment operator has a lower precedence
than the arithmetic operators
First the expression on the right hand
side of the = operator is evaluated
answer
=
4
sum / 4 + MAX * lowest;
1
3
Then the result is stored in the
variable on the left hand side
2
precedence
level
1
2
3
4
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operator
+
*
/
%
+
-
operation
unary plus
unary minus
multiplication
division
remainder
addition
subtraction
+
=
string
concatenation
assignment
associates
R to L
L to R
L to R
R to L
12
Assignment Revisited
 The right and left hand sides of an
assignment statement can contain the same
variable
First, one is added to the
original value of count
count
=
count + 1;
Then the result is stored back into count
(overwriting the original value)
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How does this work?
 JAVA works the right side of the assignment
first
 It then stores the result in a temporary
memory space
 Now it assigns that value into the left side
count
=
Assigning the value
to the left side
count + 1;
Into a temporary
memory space
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Increment and Decrement
 The increment and decrement operators use only
one operand
 The increment operator (++) adds one to its
operand
 The decrement operator (--) subtracts one from its
operand
 The statement
count++
is functionally equivalent to
count = count + 1;
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Increment and Decrement
 The increment and decrement operators can
be applied in postfix form:
count++
 or prefix form:
++count
 When used alone it, the postfix is the form
used
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Increment and Decrement
 When used as part of a larger expression, the two
forms can have different effects so be careful.
int total;
int count = 2;
total = count++;
Postfix increments after the assignment:
•Assigns the value of count(2) to total making total =2
•Increments count by making count = 3
•At the end total is 2 and count is 3.
total = count;
count=count+1;
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Increment and Decrement
int total;
int count = 2;
Total = ++ count;
Prefix increments before the assignment:
•Increments count by one making count = 3
•Assigns count (3) to total making total =3
•At the end both total and count are 3.
count = count+1;
count = total;
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Assignment Operators
 Often we perform an operation on a variable, and
then store the result back into that variable
 Java provides assignment operators to simplify that
process
 For example, the statement
num += count;
is equivalent to
num = num + count;
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Assignment Operators –
shortcuts
 There are many assignment operators in Java,
including the following:
Operator
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
Example
x
x
x
x
x
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
y
y
y
y
y
Equivalent To
x
x
x
x
x
=
=
=
=
=
x
x
x
x
x
+
*
/
%
y
y
y
y
y
No need to use shortcuts just take the long way. It works!!!
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