Andrew Reynolds
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
“Representation and Rights: The Impact of LGBT Legislators in Comparative Perspective,” American Political Science Review,
Vol.107, No.2 (April 2013).
APPENDIX B: Summary of Law and Independent Variables
Data Set Availability
The data set (in stata and excel) is available on author’s website.
http://reynolds.web.unc.edu/
B1: LGBT Law Summary
See country and year details in B9.
Homosexual Legality: Legal 0, illegal -1
Marriage: Same sex marriage legal 1, not legal 0
Civil Unions/registered partnerships: Provisions for civil unions/partnerships 1, none 0
Adoption: Same sex couples and gay individuals able to adopt 1, partial rights 0.5, none 0
Anti-discrimination: National anti-discrimination laws included sexual orientation 1, none 0
Hate Crimes: National hate crime laws include sexual orientation or incitement to hatred based on sexual orientation is prohibited 1,
none 0
Military ban: Gays explicitly allowed to serve in military 1: Gays banned from military service -1, no mention either way 0.
1
Sources: Data drawn and confirmed from multiple sources, including: the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex
Association (Daniel Ottoson); Stonewall (UK), International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission; World Policy Institute of
the Americas; and Palm Center (UCSB), Kollman 2007.
http://www.ilga-europe.org/home/publications/reports_and_other_materials/rainbow_europe_map_and_country_index_may_2010
http://old.ilga.org/Statehomophobia/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2010.pdf
http://www.ilga.org/map/LGBTI_rights.jpg,
http://www.iglhrc.org/files/iglhrc/reports/990604-antidis.pdf;
http://www.iglhrc.org/cgi-bin/iowa/content/bycountry/index.html
http://www.palmcenter.org/files/active/0/CountriesWithoutBan.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_adoption.
www.legislationline.org;
http://www.stonewall.org.uk/information_bank.
http://asylumlaw.org/doc/sexualminorities/worldpolicyinstitute_americas_LGBTrights.pdf
B2 Social Values
1. WVS - World Values Survey. http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org.
Data for 2003 - Wave 4 (surveys conducted between 1999 and 2003).
Data for 2008 - Wave 5 (surveys conducted between 2005-2008).
Question V202: Please tell me for each of the following actions whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or
something in between, using this card. “Homosexuality.” Answered on a 1 to 10 scale with 1 being “never justifiable” and 10 being
“always justifiable.”
2. Pew – Pew Global Attitudes Survey: Views of a Changing World (2003) and (2007)
http://www.pewglobal.org/files/pdf/258.pdf
http://www.pewglobal.org/files/2003/06/Views-Of-A-Changing-World-2003.pdf.
“Homosexuality should be accepted by society – Yes or No.” % yes given.
2
Values are standardized for both indicators. The correlation between WVS and Pew scores for those cases surveyed by both
institutions is 0.88. Thus I combine the indices where data for one country is missing from Pew in 2003 or 2008. This leaves us 82
cases in 2003 and 66 cases in 2008.
B3 Democracy
POLITY IV by country by year.
http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm
B4 Development
Human Development Index score by country by year.
http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/
B5 Electoral System
Majority-Plurality, Semi-Proportional, Proportional. Coded by year by author.
Reynolds, Andrew. Ben Reilly and Andrew Ellis. The New International IDEA Handbook of Election System Design. Stockholm:
International IDEA, 2007.
http://aceproject.org/epic-en/CDMap?question=ES005&set_language=en (updated by author)
B6 Religion
Protestant, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Islam, Other (Hindu, Shinto, Buddhist, animist).
Majority/largest religious affiliation
CIA Factbook
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/
3
B7 European Union Membership
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union
B8 Government Type
Left, Center, Right. Based on ideological orientation. Coded by year by author.
4
B9: LGBT Law by country
B9a: LGBT Laws (2003)
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium
Bolivia
Bosnia & Herz
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Croatia
Cyprus
Legal
Marriage
0
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Civil Unions/
Reg. Partner
0
0
0
0
0.5
0.5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
Adoption
Rights
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
Antidiscrimination
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
Hate
Crimes
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
Military
Service
0
-1
0
0
0
1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
-1
1
1
-1
Total Score
0
-2
0
-1
1.5
3
2
-2
-1
4
0
1
0
0
0
4
0
-1
3
2
-1
5
Czech Republic
Denmark
Egypt
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Ivory Coast
Japan
Jordan
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lebanon
0
0
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
-1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
-1
2
4.5
-2
1
-1
3
4
0
3
-1
0
1
-1
0.5
3
-1
0
-2
3.5
2
2
0
2
0
-1
0
0
-2
6
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mexico
Moldova
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
-1
0
1
0
0
-1
0
1
1
-1
1
0
-1
-1
1
1
1
-0.5
0
-1
0
0
-1
0
-0.5
3
3
0
-2
0
1
1.5
0
-2
0
6
2
-2
4
-1
-1
-1
1
2
1
-0.5
0
-2
-1
1
-2
0
0.5
7
South Africa
South Korea
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad & Tobago
Turkey
Uganda
UK
Ukraine
Uruguay
USA
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
-1
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
-1
1
1
1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
1
0
0
-0.5
-1
-1
0
-1
-1
4
-1
3
5
2
-2
-1
-2
-1
-2
3
0
1
1.5
-2
0
0
-2
-2
8
B9b: LGBT Laws (2008)
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium
Bolivia
Bosnia & Herz
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Legal
Marriage
0
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Civil Unions/
Reg. Partner
0
0
1
0
0.5
0.5
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0.5
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
Adoption
Rights
0
0
1
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
Antidiscrimination
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
Hate
Crimes
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
Military
Service
1
-1
0
0
0
1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
-1
1
1
-1
1
1
Total Score
1
-2
3
-1
1.5
3
3
-2
-1
5
0
1
2
1
0
5
0
-1
4
3
0
3
4.5
9
Egypt
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Ivory Coast
Japan
Jordan
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lebanon
Lithuania
Luxembourg
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0.5
1
0
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
-1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
-2
3
-1
3
4
1
3.5
-1
2
1
-1
1.5
4
-1
0
-2
3.5
2.5
2
0
2
0
-1
0
1
-2
3
4
10
Macedonia
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mexico
Moldova
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
South Korea
0
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
-1
0
1
0
0
-1
0
1
1
-1
1
0
-1
-1
1
1
1
1
0
-1
0
0
-1
0
-0.5
1
-1
1
-2
0
2
1.5
0
-1
0
6
4
-2
6
-1
-1
-1
2
3
3
1
0
-2
-1
1
-2
1
1.5
5
-1
11
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad & Tobago
Turkey
Uganda
UK
Ukraine
Uruguay
USA
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
0
0
0
-1
0
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
-1
1
0
0
-0.5
-1
-1
0
-1
-1
5
5
3
-2
1
-2
-1
-2
5
0
3
2
-2
0
0
-2
-2
12
B9c: LGBT Laws (2011)
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Bangladesh
Belarus
Belgium
Bolivia
Bosnia & Herz
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Legal
Marriage
0
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Civil Unions/
Reg. Partner
0
0
1
0
0.5
0.5
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0.5
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
Adoption
Rights
0
0
1
0
1
0.5
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Antidiscrimination
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
Hate
Crimes
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
Military
Service
1
-1
0
0
1
1
1
-1
-1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
-1
1
1
-1
1
1
Total Score
2
-2
3
-1
4.5
3
3
-2
-1
5
1
1
3
1
0
5
0
-1
4
3
0
3
5
13
Egypt
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Ivory Coast
Japan
Jordan
Kenya
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lebanon
Lithuania
Luxembourg
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0.5
1
0
0
0
0.5
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
-1
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
-1
1
1
-2
3
-1
3.5
4
1
3.5
-1
2
1
-1
2.5
5
0
0
-2
3.5
2.5
2
0
2
0
-1
0
1
-2
3
4
14
Macedonia
Malaysia
Mali
Malta
Mexico
Moldova
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
South Korea
0
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-1
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
-1
0
1
0
0
-1
0
1
1
-1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
-1
0
1
-1
0
-0.5
1
-1
0
-2
0
2
2
0
-1
0
6
4
-2
5
-1
1
1
2
4
3
1
0
-2
-1
3
-2
1
2
5
-1
15
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad & Tobago
Turkey
Uganda
UK
Ukraine
Uruguay
USA
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
0
0
0
-1
0
-1
0
-1
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
-1
-1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
-1
1
-1
-1
-1
1
0
1
1
-1
-1
0
-1
-1
5
6
3
-2
1
-2
-1
-2
5
0
5
4.5
-2
0
0
-2
-2
16