Tatang H. Soerawidjaja
Head of Center for Research on Sustainable Energy, Institut
Teknologi Bandung, and Chairman of Indonesian Biodiesel Forum tatanghs@che.itb.ac.id
, hstatang@yahoo.com
EAS Asia Biomass Seminar – Indonesia 1 st Follow-up Workshop
“Biofuel Promotion in Indonesia of Sustainable Development”
Hotel Nikko, Jakarta, 17 – 18 March 2008
1

•
Biofuel
 fuel made/derived from biomass.
Biofuel is part of Bioenergy (includes biomass-based electricity).
•
Among all renewable energy resources, biomass is the only resource that can be converted in a relatively direct way into fuels (to substitute petroleum fuels).
Recall : Transportation sector is heavily dependent on fuel !.

Unique position of biofuel (compared to other renewable energy sources).
2

•
A relatively new and, thus, infant industry.
•
One of the mainstream development in the energy sector of the whole world.

An industry with a (bright) future.

It is not an option of energy development !. It is a must; there is no other choice.
ALSO :
•
South-East Asia, in particular Indonesia, has a large potential to become one of the world biofuel center. [South-East Asia + Brazil
 “the
Middle-East” of biofuels !.]
3

But….
•
Most economists (and economy ministers) still consider biofuel development as just an option in country’s (energy) development !.
and thus….

Interdisciplinary brainstormings involving technologists, economists, and environmentalists are needed !.
 The question is not “should we develop domestic biofuel industry?” but rather “how should we nurture and develop a strong and sustainable domestic biofuel industry?”.
4

Developed countries :
•
Greenhouse (CO
2
) gas emission abatement.
Developing countries :
•
Energy security
•
Improving balance of payment.
•
Jobs creation.
•
Poverty alleviation.
5

•
Domestic market/utilization is more important than export.
•
Local electricity generation and household cooking are also important usage of biofuels.
•
Continued participation of small scale farmers in medium or large scale biofuel production should be ensured.
•
Leaving biofuel development solely to the private sector
(B to B) will not match their environmental and social potential.
•
Biofuel industry structure and development scenario should be carefully designed through involvement of all stakeholders.
6

In the case of biofuels for transportation, biodiesel and bioethanol, the critical task of the government is to provide the infant biofuel industry with a stable initial market !.
7

Petroleum fuel Counterpart biofuel
Petroleum diesel fuels Biodiesel fuels
Gasoline Bioethanol
Kerosene
- Biogas
- Biokerosene
¶
¶
Plant-based (hydrocarbon) oils having combustion/burning characteristics nearly similar to kerosene.
The biofuels and their technologies will be treated as in the above order.
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9

Biodiesel in the widest scientific notion
• Any diesel engine fuel made from bioresources
(or derived from biomass).
Of course :

The fuel has to be already made/modified to meet certain qualities demanded by the engine.

Or the engine has to be specially adapted for utilizing the fuel.
10

Pure Plant Oil (PPO) or
Straight Vegetable Oil
(SVO)
Primitive or zeroth generation biodiesel ?
•
1900 : The pioneer, Rudolf
Diesel, showed that his newly invented engine could run with peanut oil as fuel.
However, recall that :
•
His engine was stationary, of low speed (< 300 rpm), and looked quite difference from the diesel engine of our modern days.
11

Thus, today ……
•
PPO or SVO, i.e. vegetable oils purified from phosporous (degummed), free fatty acids, and unsaponifiable matters, is suitable only for nonautomotive, constant load, low- to medium-speed (

1500 rpm) diesel engines that are specially adapted to use the fuels (e.g. fuel line heating, two-tank system).
•
Lister-type diesel engines : special-type of (low to medium speed) small diesel engines that can operate
PPO/SVO and could be used to run small electric generator.
12

Lister-type diesel engines
13

Indonesian tentative quality standard for pure plant oil for nonautomotive, constant load, low- to medium-speed (

1500 rpm) diesel engines that are specially adapted to use the fuels
No. Quality parameter
1 Acid value
2 Phosphorous content
3 Water & sediment content
4 Unsaponifiable matter
5 Kinematic viscosity at 50 o C
6 Sulfated ash
7 Saponification value
8 Iodine value
9 Flash point (close cup)
10 Carbon residue
11 Density at 50 o C
12 Cetane number
13 Sulfur content
Unit mg KOH/g mg/kg
%-v/v
%-m/m mm 2 /s (cSt)
%-m/m mg KOH/g g I
2
/100 g o C
%-m/m kg/m 3
-
%-m/m
Limiting value(s)
Max. 2.0
Max. 10
Max. 0.075
Max. 2.0
Max. 36
Max. 0.02
180 – 265
Max. 115
Min. 100
Max. 0.4
900 – 920
Min. 39
Max. 0.01
14

For small farmer pressing two or more type of oilseeds, screwpress is actually not suitable. The more appropriate presses are :
Bielenberg ram press
Hydraulic box press
15

Fatty Acids Methyl Ester (FAME) Biodiesel
• Diesel engine fuel consisting of methyl ester of fatty acids and meets quality standard of the target market.

Biodiesel in the current commercial meaning.

First generation biodiesel.
•
Vehicle manufacturers, and most diesel engine manufacturers, are more willing to support use of
FAME biodiesel. On the other hand, they state that “raw and, even, refined vegetable oils (i.e. PPO/SVO ) are not biodiesel and should be avoided”.
16

•
Main feedstocks : Oils of rapeseed or canola (Europe), soybean (USA), Palm and coconut (South-East Asia); all are edible.
•
Jatropha curcas is presently the most popular candidate for non edible feedstock.
•
However, according to M.M. Azam, A. Waris, and N.M.
Nahar [ Biomass and Bioenergy 29 , 293 - 302 (2005)], the order of potential productivity of non edible oil plants/crops are : Pongamia pinnata (Indon.: Mabai),
5499 kg/ha/yr; Calophyllum inophyllum (Nyamplung),
4680; Azadirachta indica (nimba), 2670; Jatropha curcas (Jarak pagar), 2500; Ziziphus mauritiana
(Widara), 1371.
17

Potential sources of fatty-oil raw material for biodiesel in Indonesia
Name
Oilpalm
Kapok
Latin name
Elais guineensis
Coconut Cocos nucifera
Physic nut Jatropha curcas
Ceiba pentandra
Source
Pulp + Kernel
Kernel
Seed kernel
Seed kernel
Pongam
Lumbang
Winged bean
Kelor
Kusum
Pongamia pinnata
Rubber seed Hevea brasiliensis
Aleurites trisperma
Psophocarpus tetrag.
Moringa oleifera
Sleichera trijuga
Seed
Seed
Seed kernel
Seed
Seed
Seed kernel
Nyamplung Callophyllum inophyllum Seed kernel
Corail tree Adenanthera pavonina Seed kernel
Oil, %-w dry E / NE
45-70 + 46-54 E
60 – 70
40 – 60
24 – 40
E
NE
NE
27 – 39
40 – 50
50 – 60
15 – 20
30 – 49
55 – 70
40 – 73
14 – 28
NE
E
NE
NE
NE
E
E
NE
E

Edible fat/oil, NE

Non-Edible fat/oil
18

Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO)
•
For petroleum refining corporations, biodiesel seizes a portion of market formerly monopolized by them and, worse, has the attribute of “clean fuel” (in contrast to their “dirty/polluting” petroleum diesel).

Network of (multinational) petroleum refining corporation developed and promote the product and technology of Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO) or
Biohydrofined Diesel or Green Diesel. Large minimum economic size !. (
 back into the centralized, giantscale industry era)
•
Some automobile manufacturers [who are quite familiar and thus feel comfortable with these fuels] support the
HVO development and utilization.
19

FAME Biodiesel with improved stability
•
Hot issue : most FAME biodiesels have weaker oxidative and thermal stability than petroleum diesel.
•
HVO or green diesel, on the other hand, has even better oxidative and thermal stability than petroleum diesel.

If not improved, FAME biodiesel will lose in competition with HVO !.
•
Ways to improve :
 adding (more) antioxidant additives, or
 hydrogenating the polyunsaturated fatty acid chains to, at least, monounsaturated ones (iodine value

80). The process has been traditionally applied in the margarine and shortenings industry.
20

Or ………
•
Instead of hydrogenating the FAME at the biodiesel factories, the vegetable oil raw materials themselves could already be hydrogenated at the production sites.
•
Will open the opportunity of commercial utilization of various relatively high-iodine fatty oils (e.g. oils of kapok seed, rubber seed, candlenut, banucalag).
•
Suitable method : Electrochemical hydrogenation !.
Clean, save (no danger of hydrogen), could be done in small scale/farm (recall the elctroplating business).
Electricity could be generated on site from available renewable resources : microhydro, PPO-fueled Listertype diesel generator, or biogas-fueled generator.
•
The technology has yet to be developed !.
21

Fatty acid
Caprylic
Capric
Lauric
Myristic
Palmitic
Stearic
Arachidic
Behenic
Oleic
Gadoleic
Malva-/sterculic
Linoleic
Linolenic
Eleostearic
Fatty acid compositions (%-w) of some fatty-oils.
Cotton Kapok
Sterculia
Soya bean
Rubber seed
Candle nut
Banucalag
0.7 – 3 0 – 0.25 5 – 8 trace
18 – 45 20 – 24 8 – 11 7 – 12 7 – 11
1 – 8
0 – 2
2 – 5
0 – 1
0 – 1 2 – 6 8 – 12
0 – 3 0 – 1.3
5.5
6.7
0 – 0.5
trace
9 – 32 21 – 22 8 – 9 20 – 30 17 – 30 10.5
0 – 1

1 10 – 15 69 – 73
31 – 52 33 – 58 2 – 3 48 – 58 33 – 39 48.5
0 – 0.5
6 – 11 21 – 26 28.5
9.7
8.5
11.6
19.4
50.7
Tung oil
2 – 6
4 – 9
8 – 10 trace
77 – 86
I.V., (g I
2
/100g) 90-113 86-110 75 – 85 120-140 132-145 136-167 133.1
160-175
S.V, mg KOH/g 180-198 189-197 179-191 190-195 190-195 188-202 190.8
189-195
I.V.

Iodine Value; S.V.

Saponification Value
22

Second generation biodiesel
•
When people cultivate oil crops, sugar crops, or starch crops to yield/obtain either food or fuel feedstocks, the largest single constituent produced is invariably lignocellulose.
•
If oils, sugars, and starches are harvested, the lignocellulose is left behind as an agricultural residue and, at best, usually underutilized.
•
The most effective beneficiation of bioresources to produce biofuels would be achieved when we could utilize the lignocellulose.
•
Second generation biofuels is those made from lignocellulose.
23

•
The second generation biodiesel is BTL (BTL

Biomass-To-Liquids) diesel oil : a hydrocarbon diesel fuel produced from lignocellulosic biomass (oilpalm empty fruit bunches, bagasse, rice straw, corn stover, wood, etc.) through gasification plus Fischer-Tropsch synthesis technologies.
•
Has the possibility of commercially applicable at medium scale capacities and, thus, would complement further the present biodiesel industry.
•
The technology is now under vigorous development supported by government funding, particularly in the EU
(e.g. Germany).
•
The EU biofuel target (10 % biofuel in the fuel mix by
2020) has, among other, the condition that this technology has become commercially available.
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25

•
Bioethanol
 ethanol made from bioresources.
•
Gasohol
 blends of dry/absolute bioethanol with gasoline at alcohol content of up to 22 %-volume.
EX
 gasohol with X %-volume of dry bioethanol.
•
Gasohol can be utilized directly on gasoline cars without (significant) engine modification.
•
Hydrous fuel ethanol
 alcohol content 85 – 95 %vol, the rest is water. For specially adapted gasoline engine. Only utilized commercially in Brazil.
•
ETBE
 ethyl tert-buthyl ether
 gasoline octane enhancer; more environmentally friendly than MTBE.
ETBE can be made from bioethanol and isobutene
(component of refinery cracked gas).
26

Potential ethanol yields from several raw materials
Carbohydrate source
Molasses
Cassava
Harvest yield, ton/ha/yr
Alcohol yield
Liter/ton Liter/ha/yr
3,6
25
270
180
973
4500
5025 Sugar cane
Sweet sorghum
Sago
Sweet potato
Nipa
75
80 *)
6,8 $
62,5 **)
67
75
608
125
27 93
*) 2 harvests/year; $ Dry sago starch;
**) 2½ harvests/year.
6000
4133
7812
2500
27

First and second generation bioethanol
•
First generation bioethanol is made from sugary and/or starchy resources. Thus, has a potential to compete with food provision.
•
Second generation bioethanol is made from lignocellulosic resources (oilpalm empty fruit bunches, bagasse, rice straw, corn stover, wood, etc.). Thus, would not compete with food provision. The technology is under vigorous development; probably already commercial early in the next decade.
• The government of USA, announcing “20 in 10” target last year (2007), is focusing on the development of 2 nd generation bioethanol technology.

Small scale farmers role in 1 st generation bioethanol
•
The fermentative technology of making ethanol from sugary saps and starchy materials has been the traditional craft of numerous farmers in many parts of the country for centuries.
•
However, preparing and guaranteeing the quality of fuel grade dry bioethanol will still be not easy and, therefore, not recommended.
• In the “plasmas and nucleus” business model/scheme, the plasm farmers could be given the task to produce intermediate product of

85 %-volume ethanol. The nucleus unit then purify this to fuel grade dry bioethanol.
29

Potential multipurpose energy crops in Indonesia
•
In anticipation of the second generation biofuel technologies and the increasing demand on bioactive natural products.
•
Category 1 : yields foodstuff and, during harvesting, produces large quantity of biomass residue. E.g. oilpalm, sugarcane, sweet sorghum, corn, Coix lacryma-jobi (hanjeli).
•
Category 2 : yields foodstuff and fast growing (firewood crop or short-rotation coppice). E.g. Moreinga oleifera (kelor) and
Cajanus cajan (kacang hiris).
•
Category 3 : yield nonedible oil and either fast growing or produces (bioactive) chemical products. E.g. Pongamia pinnata , Azadirachta indica , Ziziphus mauritiana ,
Calophyllum inophyllum . Also, kapok ( Ceiba pentandra ).

Need R & D, especially those of categories 2 and 3 !.
30

31

•
Kerosene is currently still the main cooking fuel of most village inhabitants and low income people in the urban areas of Indonesia.
•
Heavily subsidized (at least Rp.5000/liter). Kerosene subsidy, therefore, comprises a very significant portion of the total subsidy given to petroleum fuels.
•
The government is presently conducting a program to replace kerosene with LPG. However, even if succesful, this program will presumably only replace the use of kerosene for household cooking in relatively large cities.
•
Other kind of convenient fuels are needed to replace kerosene as cooking fuel in the suburban areas and relatively remote villages.
32

•
Gaseous end product of anaerobic degradation/digestion of biomass by (a consortium) microbes. The technology for generating biogas is relatively simple.
•
Biogas is an ideal substitute for kerosene as a household cooking (and lighting) fuel : it gives a hot, clean flame that does not dirty pots or irritate the eyes.
•
The replacement is precisely in accordance with the instinctive idea of most people : as a person’s welfare increase, household cooking fuel shift from solid
(fuelwood) to liquid (kerosene) and then to gas (LPG or city gas).
33

•
Therefore, promotion of widespread small-scale generation and utilization of biogas should be a part of biofuel development program in Indonesia.
•
Due to recent large increase in kerosene price, production and utilization of biogas based on cowdung is presently balooning but, in the last 2 years, reach only less than 1 % of Indonesian cow farmers.
•
There is a need to demonstrate that biogas could also be produced not only from dung but also from other bioresources (plant-derived raw materials) such as oilmeal and tapioca waste.
•
Biogas can also be used in engine to generate electricity and drive machinery or water pumps.
34

•
Some plant species produced (hydrocarbon) oils having combustion/burning characteristics nearly similar to kerosene.
•
Example : cubeb oil from rinu/kemukus/ piper cubeba , oils from fruit-seed of Pittosporum sp., gurjun balsam oil (minyak keruing) from
Diphterocarpus sp. (keruing), sindora oil (minyak sindur) from Sindora sp. The main components of these oil are terpene hydrocarbons.
•
Cubeb and Pittosporum oils seems most attractive to be explored in the near term.
•
Electrochemical hydrogenation would also be an ideal technique to upgrade the quality (smoke point).
35

•
What happened in Brazil, USA, and EU has shown that biofuel development in a country is very much dependent on the (great) vision of the top leaders of the government !.
•
Hopefully, our government top leaders will have similar vision.
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