Human Geography
Jerome D. Fellmann
Mark Bjelland
Arthur Getis
Judith Getis
Human
Geography
Chapter 11
Urban Systems &
Urban Structures
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Hong Kong
Photo Copyright 2003 by Jon C Malinowski
Name that City…
How about now?...
Now???
Same City…New View
ISS N lights
Read p. 340 (Italicized Introduction only)
• Cities have a life…
–Describe Cairo’s
•Past
•Present
•The Future???
Human Geography 10e
Cities of the Future?
Paes: The 4 Commandments of
Cities
List and explain the “Four
Commandments”
According to Fellmann, “The vast majority of urban
growth will occur in low- to middle-income
countries of the developing world” ( Fellmann, 341)
Discuss the factors that make this so.
Considering the definition of megacities (Fellmann, 340) and the
location of the top ten cities in the world today, Top ten Cities
http://www.top10zen.com/list/top_10_most_populated_cities_in_the
_world-354)
Does Fellman’s prediction (growth will occur in low/middle income
countries) appear to be accurate?
Is there evidence in those cities of the factors identified in #1?
1. Shanghai, China Population: 17,836,133
2. Istanbul, Turkey Population: 13,854,740
3. Karachi, Pakistan Population: 12,991,000
4. Mumbai, India
Population: 12,478,447
5. Tehran, Iran
Population: 12,223,598
6. Moscow, Russia Population: 11,977,988
7. Beijing, China
Population: 11,716,000
8. São Paulo, Brazil Population: 11,376,685
9. Guangzhou, ChinaPopulation: 11,070,654
10. Delhi, India
Population: 11,007,835
An Urbanizing World
• Megacities
– Conurbation
• When metropolitan
complexes eventually
meet and bind
together at their outer
margins
• Extensive
metropolitan regions
Human Geography 11e
• Merging
Metropolises
– Megalopolis
• Regions of continuous
urbanization made up
of multiple centers
that have come
together at their
edges
What conurbations can you identify in this satellite
image of the United States at night?
(http://news.discovery.com/human/new-nightimages-of-united-states-121226.htm)
Human Geography 10e
Settlement Roots
• Brief Histories
– People are gregarious and cooperative
– Sense of community for protection and
cooperative effort
• Rural Settlements
– Communal dwelling became the nearuniversal rule with the advent of sedentary
agriculture
Describe the origin of cities
(be sure to incorporate the term
hinterland in your description.)
Origins and Evolution of Cities
• The Nature of Cities
– Cities are among the oldest marks of civilization
– The words “city” and “civilization” have the same
Latin root, civis
– Cities originated in – or diffused from – the culture
hearths that first developed sedentary agriculture
– Hinterlands are the productive areas surrounding
a population center
– Those individuals who were not involved in
farming were free to specialize in other activities
– metal working, pottery making, cloth weaving,
perhaps – producing goods for other urbanites
“Whether ancient or modern, all cities show
regularities appropriate to their time or place”
(Fellmann, 345)
Identify the four “regularities” pointed out by
Fellmann.
Regularities:
1.
2.
3.
4.
The Nature of Cities
• All cities perform
functions
• Cities generate
income necessary
to support
themselves
• Each city is part of
a larger economy
that has reciprocal
connections
Human Geography 11e
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© Pixtal/age fotostock RF
Origins and Evolution of Cities
• The Location of Urban Settlements
– Site Characteristics: Break-of-Bulk, Head-ofNavigation, Railhead, Defensive Elements
– Situational Characteristics: Raw Materials,
Markets, Agriculture
Human Geography 11e
The Location of Urban
Settlements
• In order to adequately perform the tasks that
support it, the cities must be efficiently
located:
– Centrality
– Physical characteristics of the site - water
transportation was an important localizing factor
when the major American cities were established
– Before the advent of railroads in the middle of the
19th century, all major American cities were
associated with waterways
Human Geography 11e
6. View the Power Point
“Urban Site and Situation”
Linked on the lesson plans
page. Describe Chicago’s
site and situation.
7. Describe what is meant by the
economic base of an urban
settlement. Include a description of
basic and nonbasic sectors.
Origins and Evolution
• The Economic Base
– Basic Sector
• Export activities
• Money flowing into the community is the result
– Non Basic Sector
• Producing goods for residents of the urban unit
itself
• Do not generate new money
• Responsible for the internal functioning of the
urban unit
Human Geography 11e
8. What does the urban
multiplier effect refer to?
Origins and Evolution, (cont.)
• The Economic Base
– Multiplier Effects
• As a settlement increases in size, the number of
non-basic personnel grows faster than the number
of new basic workers. why?
– How does this affect the hinterlands?
• Functional Classification
– Transportation Centers
– Special-function Cities: Administrative,
Education, Hi-Tech, etc.
Human Geography 11e
9. How do you think the functions of Milwaukee
and Madison differ?
Provide a brief (this is a
challenge…) summary of
Christaller’s Central Place
Theory.
Central Places
– Walter Christaller
• Develop a framework for
understanding urban
interdependence
• Developed his theory in rather
idealized circumstances:
1. A plain
2. Farm population would be
dispersed in an even pattern
3. People would be uniform;
that is, they would possess
similar tastes, demands, and
incomes
Human Geography 11e
Central Places
– Walter Christaller
• Results
– A series of hexagonal market areas
that cover the entire plain will emerge
– There will be a central place at the
center of each of the hexagonal
market areas.
– The largest central places will supply
all of the goods and services the
consumers in that area demand and
can afford
– The size of the market area of a
central place will be proportional to
the number of goods and services
offered from that central place
Human Geography 11e
Systems of Cities
• Urban Hierarchy
Based on figure 11.14, (p.351) which cities would be more likely to be
interdependent, Minneapolis, St. Louis and Kansas City, or Milwaukee, Chicago
and Detroit? Explain using the concept of urban hierarchy
Systems of Cities: Hierarchy
• World Cities
Systems of Cities
• World Cities
• What are the major world cities today? Why are they
referred to as “…control and command centers of the
global economy?” (352)
Systems of Cities: Hierarchy
• Rank-Size and Primacy
What is the difference between the urban hierarchy system
found in the United States and
the primate city phenomenon?
Why do many developing
nations display the primate city
model? (cite and explain two
possibly reasons.)
Systems of Cities
• Network Cities:
What are the conditions necessary
for the development of network cities? Would the
proposed high speed rail lines connecting Chicago,
Milwaukee and Madison have laid the foundation for a
network city arrangement?
Inside the City
• Defining the City Today
Photo by Mark Bjelland
Inside the City
• Defining the City Today
– Suburb
Inside the City
• Defining the City Today: Suburb: How do suburbs
differ from cities and towns?
Inside the City
• Defining the City Today
– Central City/CBD
– NYC Time Lapse
Inside the City
• Defining the City Today
– Urbanized Area
– Metropolitan Area
Compare and contrast
urbanized and metropolitan
areas. Cite a real-world
example of each.
“The area is part of a larger U.S. Census
division named Minneapolis–St. Paul–
Bloomington, MN-WI, the country's 16thlargest metropolitan area composed of 11
counties in Minnesota and two counties in
Wisconsin with a population of 3,317,308
as of the 2010 Census.
Inside the City:
The Central Business District-
A single point at which the maximum possible interchange could be
achieved
7. Explain the “…two separate but related distance
patterns” (356) evident in the traditional mass transit city.
How did the advent of the automobile change this model?
Chicago Land Values
Poverty, Life
Expectency and
Food Access
Inside the City (#8)
• Models of Urban Form
–
–
–
–
Concentric Zone
Sector Model
Multiple-Nuclei Model
Peripheral Models
Inside the City (#8)
Metro-Peripheral Model
Sector Examples
Social Areas of Cities
• Social Status
Explain this statement, “social status patterning agrees with the sector
model.” (360) How do gated communities (361) fit in the sector
model? Is there evidence of the sector model in small communities like
Bloomer? Eau Claire?
Poverty, Life
Expectency and
Food Access
Human Geography 11e
Social Areas of Cities
• Family Status and Ethnicity:
How do family
status and ethnicity influence
choice of residence in urban
areas?
Human Geography 11e
Social Areas of Cities
• Institutional Controls
– Zoning ordinances and land use planning
– Eau Claire Zoning Map
Daily Ten #3
Complete by Tuesday
Changes in Urban Form
• Suburbanization
– Metropolitan Growth
– Ethnoburbs
– Edge Cities
– Exurbs and Sprawl
Insert figure 11.32
• Decline of the Central City
– Population Shift
– Abandonment by Commerce and
Industry
– Different Experience in Western
U.S.
• Central City Renewal and
Gentrification
Photo by Lynn Betts, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service
Human Geography 11e
World Urban Diversity
• Western Europe
• Eastern Europe
• Rapidly Growing NonWestern Cities
– Colonial and NonColonial Antecedents
– Urban Primacy and
Rapid Growth
– Squatter Settlements
– Planned Cities
Human Geography 11e
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