"Who would believe that a democratic government would
pursue for eight decades a failed policy that produced tens
of millions of victims and trillions of dollars of illicit
profits for drug dealers, cost taxpayers hundreds of
billions of dollars, increased crime and destroyed inner
cities, fostered widespread corruption and violations of
human rights - and all with no success in achieving the
stated and unattainable objective of a drug free America?“
-
Milton Friedman, winner of 1976 Nobel
Memorial Prize for economic science
How We Got Into This Mess and the
Special Interests That Keep Us Here
Suzanne Wills
Drug Policy Forum of Texas
Email - suzy@dpft.org
Slides created by Nathan Kohler
Serving the public by providing information and expert opinion
about legal and illegal drugs and the issues surrounding them.
http://www.dpft.org/
1906 Pure Food & Drugs Act
U. S. Postal Service commemorative stamp issued
January 15, 1998.
George Washington
reportedly used laudanum
to ease the pain caused
by his ill fitting dentures.
It was easily available until
1914.
45% alcohol with 2.964 grams of opium per fluid ounce
http://wings.buffalo.edu/aru/preprohibition.htm
Dr. Hamilton Wright
Set out to eradicate opium use
– Harrison Narcotics Act
– The creation of addict as a
criminal
– Was a severe alcoholic
- Supported by temperance movement
- Financially supported by wife,
Elizabeth Washburn Wright
–
In 1910 there were 12,000 temperance leagues with 248,343 members.
By 1920 membership had risen to 345,949.
Source: Norton Mezvinsky, "The White Ribbon Reform, 1874-1920”
“The really serious results of this legislation…
will appear only gradually and will not always
be recognized as recognized as such. These
will be the failure of promising careers, the
disrupting of happy families, the commission of
crimes which will never be traced to their real
cause, and the influx into hospitals for the
mentally disordered of many who would
otherwise live socially competent lives.”
New York Medical Journal, 1915
Harry J. Anslinger,
Commissioner of Federal
Bureau of Narcotics,
1930-1962
"... the primary reason to outlaw
marijuana is its effect on the
degenerate races." 1937
http://www.conquestdesign.com/uncler/index.html
Distribution of Cannabis sativa L.
Selected Weeds of the United States.
Agriculture Handbook No. 366.
http://www.hempology.org
Reefer Madness, was produced in
1936 with the close collaboration
of the Bureau of Narcotics.
- Marijuana Tax Act of 1937
‘…to levy a token tax of approx.
$1 on all buyers, sellers, importers,
growers, physicians, veterinarians,
and any others who deal in
marijuana commercially, prescribe
it professionally, or possess it.’
- 5 years prison and/or $2000 fine
- Doctors had to report to Bureau of Narcotics on patients
or both would be fined/ jailed
- Made marijuana unprofitable as a pharmaceutical
product
Source: FBI, Uniform Crime Reports, Crime in the United States, annually.
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/dcf/enforce.htm
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
Drug Enforcement Administration
_______________________________________
)
In The Matter Of )
)
Docket No. 86-22
MARIJUANA RESCHEDULING PETITION )
______________________________________)
OPINION AND RECOMMENDED RULING, FINDINGS OF
FACT, CONCLUSIONS OF LAW AND DECISION OF
Administrative LAW JUDGE.
FRANCIS L. YOUNG, Administrative Law Judge
DATED: SEP 6 1988
…There is no record in the extensive medical literature describing
a proven, documented cannabis-induced fatality.
…Marijuana, in its natural form, is one of the safest therapeutically
active substances known to man.
“In several states, marijuana
smoking exceeds tobacco
smoking among young
people….”
John Walters
Director of the Office of National Drug
Control Policy (the drug czar)
National Review, September, 2004
Fumigated food
crops in
Colombia.
Photo by Sanho Tree,
Institute for Policy
Studies.
Tobacco kills over
400,000 people in
the U.S. every year
and millions more
worldwide.
Inscribed: To Governor Ray Shafer ...from
his devoted friend Richard M. Nixon
http://shafer.allegheny.edu/figures.html
The Shafer Commission issued its report
on marijuana policy on March 22, 1972Washington, DC - A Presidential commission's report
recommends that marijuana be legalized. The
Commission concluded that marijuana users "are
essentially indistinguishable from their nonmarijuana
using peers by any fundamental criterion other than
their marijuana use." They found that, "Neither the
marijuana user nor the drug itself can be said to
constitute a danger to public safety." The
Commission recommended "Decriminalization of
possession of marijuana for personal use on both the
state and federal levels."
The Report of the National Commission
on Marihuana and Drug Abuse
Marihuana: A Signal of Misunderstanding
Commissioned by President Richard M. Nixon, March, 1972
"...the creation of ever-larger bureaucracies, ever-increasing
expenditure of monies and an outpouring of publicity so that
the public will know that 'something' is being done. Perhaps
the major consequence of this ... has been the creation of a
vested interest in the perpetuation of the problem among those
dispensing and receiving funds ... In the course of wellmeaning efforts to do something about drug use, this society
may have inadvertently institutionalized it as a never-ending
project."
50
25
40
20
30
41%
15
20
23%
10
10
17%
0
USA
Europe
Proportion of 10th graders who
report ever having used
marijuana/cannabis by region
5
6%
0
USA
Europe
Proportion of 10th graders who
have used any illicit drug other
than cannabis by region
European Survey Project on Alcohol and Drugs (ESPAD), Feb, 2001
(1985)
http://www.unodc.org/pdf/trends2003_www_E.pdf
(2002)
DEA Briefing Book 2001
http://archive.aclu.org/graphics/forfeiture_ad_sm.jpg
Barry McCaffrey
Director of Office of National
Drug Control Policy, 1996 - 2001
U.S. Prisons  More than
$55,000,000,000 a year
 More than
2,000,000 prisoners
Source: 2003 ONDCP National Drug Control Strategy
2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health
Percent of high school seniors reporting they could
obtain drugs fairly easily or very easily, 2003
Marijuana
87.1 %
Amphetamines
55.0
Cocaine
43.3
Crack
35.3
Barbiturate
35.3
LSD
33.6
Tranquilizers
29.8
Heroin
27.9
Crystal
methamphetamine
26.1
PCP
21.9
Amyl/butyl nitrites
19.7
Source: University of Michigan, Monitoring the Future National Results on
Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings 2003, 2004
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/dcf/du.htm#Availability
George McMahon
Nail Patella Syndrome
Irvin Rosenfeld-Bone disorder
Elvy Musikka
Glaucoma patient
Corrine Millet-glaucoma patient
Barb Douglass-multiple sclerosis
patient
Two patients maintain anonymity.
Conant vs. McCaffrey
(later vs. Walters)
established physicians’
right to discuss Cannabis
with their patients.
Dr. Marcus Conant
Lead plaintiff
Angel Raich suffers from scoliosis, a brain tumor, chronic nausea,
fatigue and pain. The Supreme Court will hear Ashcroft vs. Raich this
winter to rule on her right to use cannabis as a medicine.
Angel and Robert Raich
“The undertreatment of pain in hospitals
is absolutely medieval.”
Dr. Russell Portnoy
Pain Center at Sloan Kettering
Memorial Hospital
“…The use of pain medications
has become a crime story when
it…should be a healthcare story.”
Dr. David E. Joranson, University
of Wisconsin Medical School
Heroin
injection has
often been
the ignition
point for
AIDS
outbreaks in
third world
cities.
The clinic in Bern, Switzerland is in this building
"I know of no other crime
prevention program with
such a big reduction in
theft and other serious
crimes."
Martin Killias,
Institute of Police Science
and Criminology
In year 2000 dollars
55 pounds of heroin
was worth $128,000
on the legal market.
www.nagoya-customs.go.jp/. ../images/heroin.
It was worth $3.7
million on the illegal
market.
Source: St. Petersburg Times
July 31, 2001
“I find that a policy of prohibition fails to
deliver reductions in drug use or supply,
provides incentives for increased crime,
profits for criminal endeavour and an
environment of mistrust and ignorance that
is socially and educationally counterproductive. “
Eddie Ellison, the former operational
head of Scotland Yard's Drug Squad
http://eddie.gn.apc.org/index.php?pID=1
Special Interests











All federal agencies
The defense industry
The pharmaceutical industry
The advertising industry and the media
The prison industry
The tobacco and liquor industries
The drug testing industry
The drug treatment industry
The home security industry
The timber industry
The international illegal drug cartels
The federal bureaucracy
MDMA and INcredible research
Meth-ylenedioxymethamphetamine
Alexander T. Shulgin, Ph.D.
Dr. Shulgin is a chemist, researcher, and author. With his wife,
Ann, has authored the books PIHKAL and TIHKAL.
Oakland psychologist and
psychotherapist Leo Zeff,
"the Johnny Appleseed of MDMA."
The husband and wife “research” team
Dr. George Ricaurte
The John S. Hopkins Medical institute
Dr. Una McCann
National Institutes on Drug Abuse
This is what the
brain thinks of
Ecstasy.....
Any Questions?
“Irretreviably flawed.”
New Scientist, April 20, 2002
The Perils
of
“Ecstasy”
Senator Joseph Biden, (D) Delaware
Source: Science, Vol 301, Issue 5639, 1479
Date: 12 September 2003
Retraction
We write to retract our report "Severe
dopaminergic neurotoxicity in primates after a
common recreational dose regimen of MDMA
("ecstasy")" (1), following our recent discovery
that the drug used to treat all but one animal in
that report came from a bottle that contained (+)methamphetamine instead of the intended drug,
(±)MDMA. Notably, (+)-methamphetamine would
be expected to produce the same pattern of
combined dopaminergic/serotonergic neurotoxicity
(2) as that seen in the animals reported in our
paper (1).
BE CAREFUL
Ecstasy is illegal and a conviction for possession can carry long prison sentences.
Frequent or high doses have been linked to neurotoxic damage in laboratory
animals. It is still unknown whether such damage occurs in humans or, if it
does, whether this has any long-term, negative consequences.
Some people experience depression after taking MDMA. This is caused by MDMA's
action on certain brain chemicals.
There have been some deaths associated with MDMA. Usually these have been a
result of heatstroke from dancing for long periods of time in hot clubs without
replenishing lost body fluids.
Much of what is sold as "ecstasy" on the black market actually contains other
drugs, some of which can be more dangerous than MDMA, like PMA, speed,
DXM and PCP.
Mixing ecstasy with alcohol or other drugs increases the risk of adverse reactions.
The defense industry
Plan Colombia
A farmer dries his cocaine base in the sun in Monserrate. Photograph by Carlos Villalón
http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0407/feature2/zoom4.html
2000 Plan Colombia bill-$1.3 billion
$1.1 billion to buy
helicopters
$200 million to
spray crops with
glyphosate
Bell’s Huey II
Sikorsky’s Black Hawk
Each year the cocoa crop and the fumigation
campaign move further into the Amazon jungle
with disastrous results to its ecosystem.
Destroyed peanut crop in Colombia.
http://www.nadir.org/nadir/initiativ/agp/free/colombia/presspack
500-mile oil pipeline, partly owned by
Occidental Petroleum Company of California
www.amazonwatch.org
"Thus far we have
not seen a change
of availability in the
United States."
John Walters, August 4, 2004
Under-Secretary-General for
Humanitarian Affairs and
Emergency Relief Coordinator
Jan Egeland addressing the
Security Council.
Jan Egeland has described Colombia as “the biggest
humanitarian problem, human rights problem,
the biggest conflict in the Western Hemisphere.”
The pharmaceutical industry
Medical marijuana
James E. Burke
Chairman of Johnson & Johnson 1976-1989
Chairman of PDFA 1989-2002
Funding Sources 2000/2001
Primary Core support
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Gifts up to $1,000,000
James E. and Didi Burke
MetLife Foundation
The Starr Foundation
State of California Dept of
Alcohol & Drugs
Gifts up to $100,000
Bristol-Myers Squibb Foundation
Comcast Cable Communications
Consumer Healthcare Products Assoc
Eastman Kodak Company
HJ Heinz Company Foundation
IBM
Johnson & Johnson
Eastman Kodak Company
Pfizer Foundation, Inc.
The Procter & Gamble Fund
Schering-Plough Corporation
Source: PDFA Annual Report 2001-2002
“’PhRMA’,” this lobby has a death grip on Congress”.
Summer, 2002
Pharmaceutical corporations save millions of dollars every day that they
avoid generic competition.
After 19 major surgeries and
hundreds of pharmaceutical
drugs, George McMahon now
uses only Cannabis to control
his Nail Patella Syndrome.
The advertising industry
and the media
“On strategy” content and the
National Youth Anti-Drug Campaign
November 14, 1996 meeting at the offices of
then drug czar Gen. Barry McCaffrey:
Drug Enforcement Administration
Department of Justice
White House Office of Drug Control Policy
Department of Treasury
Department of Education
Department of Health and Human Services
The White House
Eight senior executives from private pro-drug war groups,
including The Partnership for a Drug Free America
Parade received more
than any other publication
for “on strategy” messages
in its content.
Advertising Hall of Achievement
2003 Photo Gallery
First on the left is Stephen Pasierb, President
Partnership for a Drug-Free America
Media Campaign Appropriations, by Fiscal
Year ($ in millions)
War on Drugs: The National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign by Mark Eddy
Year
Authorized Adminis- House
tration
passed
request
Senate
passed
Final
1998
$195.0
$175.0 $195.0 $110.0 $195.0
1999
$195.0
$195.0 $185.0 $110.0 $185.0
2000
$195.0
$185.0 $195.0 $ 96.5 $185.0
2001
$195.0
$185.0 $185.0 $ 98.7 $185.0
2002
$195.0
$185.0 $180.0 $185.0 $180.0
2003
$ 0.0
$180.0 $170.0 $100.0 $150.0
2004
$ 0.0
$170.0
The prison industry
5% of the world’s people
25% of the world’s prisoners
http://www.aca.org/Conferences/
Cromwell Architects Engineers
Val Verde County Jail Facility
Del Rio, Texas
http://www.corrections.com/
Unit Locations
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Harris
Dallas
Tarrant
Bexar
Travis
Of the 55,183 Texas prisoners returned to
their homes during 2001, 59% returned to
just 5 counties.
Wackenhut Corrections Corporation
“In Lockhart, Texas, we
operate work program facilities
for the Texas Department of
Criminal Justice-Parole Division.
As there is an
inverse relationship between
marketable job skills and the
incidence of incarceration, we
have recruited private industry
to establish factories within the
facilities, train offenders in
appropriate skills, and pay them
for their labor under the Prison
Industry Enhancement
Certification Program (PIECP)
program. “
Source: www.wcc-corrections.com
http://www.prisonpolicy.org/graphs/privateprisons19872001.shtml
“Today, CCA is the
sixth largest
corrections system
in the country,
coming just after
Texas, California,
the federal
government, New
York, and Florida.”
Congressman Pete
Sessions outlines a plan
to introduce a bill
requiring a mandatory life
sentence for anyone
caught and involved in the
manufacture of methamphetamine in the United
States as Rep. Mark
Souder listens. Sessions
and Souder were at West
Mesquite High School
Monday to give a status
report to residents on the
Northeast Texas fight
against drugs.
Michael Marshall
Staff photo
The Mesquite News, July 24, 1997
Average sentences for federal convictions
(in months)
80
70
72.7
60
65.2
50
40
30
34.3
37.7
20
10
0
Drug
trafficking
Manslaughter
Assault
Sexual abuse
Report of American Bar Association Justice Kennedy Commission, June 2004
Loren Pogue
22 years for failing to
stop the sale of a piece
of real estate from a paid
informant to under-cover
DEA officers after they said
they would build an
airstrip and fly in drugs.
Now held in the Federal
Medical Center in Ft. Worth.
http://www.hr95.org/hr95faces.html
World rank in public safety indicators
(Higher rank indicates greater public safety)
Source: Economic and social data ranking, European Institute of Japanese
Studies
30
25
20
Homicides
Assaults
Thefts
15
10
5
0
UK
Canada
Netherlands
USA
Switzerland
Correctional Populations in the United States, 1997 and Prisoners in 2002
U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Justice Statistics
http://www.prisonpolicy.org/graphs/illiteracy.shtml
Serving three
consecutive life
sentences without
possibility of parole for
introducing a friend to
a drug dealer.
Clarence Aaron
http://www.hr95.org/hr95faces.html
Serving 3 LIFE sentences
+ 20 years
“…They didn't want me
for anything… they
wanted my husband…
I couldn't tell them what
I did not know."
Danielle Metz
http://www.hr95.org/hr95faces.html
Percentage of males born in 2001 who can be
expected to serve time in their lifetimes
35.00%
30.00%
32.2%
25.00%
20.00%
15.00%
16.7%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
5.9%
White
Hispanic
African-American
Report of American Bar Association Justice Kennedy Commission, June 2004
http://www.prisonpolicy.org/graphs/juveniles.shtml
164,222 inmates
June, 2003
Texas spends $1.45 million a day keeping adult drug
offenders locked up.
Number of Texas prison inmates
per Texas Department of Criminal Justice
180000
160000
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
1970
1980
1990
2000
2004
Texas prisoners per 100,000 population
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1970
1980
1990
2000
2004
Texas Tough: Three Years Later
by Vincent Schiraldi & Jason Ziedenberg
http://www.justicepolicy.org/article.php?id=134
(22%)
(51%)
Texas prisoners by offense
Texas Dept. of Criminal Justice, August, 2002
50
45
40
46%
35
30
25
24%
20
19%
15
10
11%
5
0
Violent
Property
Drugs
Other
General population per 2000 census
Prison population per Texas Dept of Criminal Justice,
August 2002
60
50
52.4%
40
30
41%
31%
32%
27%
20
10
0
Gen. pop.
Prisoners
11.5%
White
non-Hisp
Hispanic
AfricanAm
4.1%
1%
Other
“Our resources are misspent,
our punishments too severe,
our sentences too long.”
Supreme Court Justice
Anthony Kennedy to the
American Bar Association,
August, 2003
Essential public policy objectives 



Enhanced public order and reduced crime.
Improved public health.
Protection of children.
Efficient use of scarce public resources.
The War on Drugs has not only failed to fulfill any
of these objectives, but also has exacerbated the
very problems it was designed to address.
King County Washington Bar Association, Drug Policy Project, 2001
Sources:
History of US drug policyDrug Crazy by Mike Gray
Drug War Facts, www.csdp.org/factbook/
The Netherlands website, 2001
F.E.A.R. Foundation, www.fear.org
The Dallas Morning News
National Institute on Drug Abuse
Texas Dept. of Criminal Justice
Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board
Criminalization of Drug Use by Joseph D. McNamara, D.P.A.,
Psychiatric Times Sept 2000 Vol. XVII Issue 9
Why Our Drug Laws Have Failed by Judge James P. Gray
Judge James P. Gray, April 25, 2001 speaking in Austin, Texas
Gov. Gary Johnson, June 2, 2001 to the Drug Policy Foundation Conference
Jan van der Tas and Robert Haeming, June 2, 2001
to the Drug Policy Foundation Conference
Sources:
History of US drug policyDRCNet, #192, 6/29/01and #193, 7/6/01
St. Petersburg Times, July 31, 2001
Time, August 20, 2001, Europe Goes to Pot
The Economist, July 28-August 3, 2001, A Survey of Illegal Drugs
Asia Times, December 13, 2001
NORML Foundation news release, 10-27-02
California NORML survey, 2002
Beth Kelly, RN, Dallas Morning News, 6-15-03
Youth Risk Behavior Survey, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
May 21, 2004
NATIONAL REVIEW/ JULY 12, 2004, “AN END TO Marijuana Prohibition”
by Ethan A. Nadelmann
NewScientist.com news service, 06 July 04, “World AIDS crisis deepens and spreads”
“The Global AIDS Threat,” GREG BEHRMAN & PRINCETON LYMAN
Dallas Morning News, July 31, 2004
“Cannabis 'preferred to other medications,” Miranda Wood, Health Reporter
Sydney Sun-Herald
Sources:
MDMAThe Vaults of Erowid
http://mdma.net/index.html, “UTOPIAN PHARMACOLOGY”
“Peter Jennings Reporting: Ecstasy Rising,” ABC, 1 April, 2004
“Ecstasy: How Dangerous Is It Really?” New Scientist, 20 April 2002
Julie Holland, MD, Lindesmith MDMA Seminar, 3/30/00 NYC
Ricaurte MDMA Research Controversy,
The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies
Drug Policy Alliance, “Anti-rave bills”
Sources:
The defense industryThe Dallas Morning News
Foreign Policy in Focus, March, 2001
Sanho Tree, June 2, 2001 to the Drug Policy Foundation Conference
Noam Chomsky, Z Magazine
Reuters, Monday, May 10, 2004
“Drug czar admits operation is having little impact in U.S.,”
Dan Molinski, Houston Chronicle, August 6, 2004
Sources:
The pharmaceutical industryPDFA, www.drugfreeamerica.org
Salon.com, 27 Jul 2000, Fighting “Cheech & Chong” Medicine
The Nation, The Partnership: Hard Sell in the Drug War, 9 Mar 1992
Molly Ivins, The Fort Worth Star Telegram, Drug industry shenanigans should make us sick
Marihuana, The Forbidden Medicine by Lester Grinspoon, MD and James Bakalar
The Dallas Morning News
ABC News; CBS News
New York Times, July, 2000
G. Alan Robison, PhD., Executive Director DPFT
New York Times, 21 Nov 2002, “Drug Industry Seeks Ways to Capitalize on Election Success”
New York Times, 1 June 2003,
“Drug companies Increase Spending to Lobby Congress and Governments” by Robert Pear
Public Citizen, June 2003
New York Times, June 27, 2004,
“As Doctors Write Prescriptions, Drug Company Writes a Check” by Gardiner Harris
“Cannabis 'preferred to other medications,”
Miranda Wood, Health Reporter, Sydney Sun-Herald
Sources:
The advertising industry and the mediaSalon.com, 27 Jul 2000, Fighting “Cheech & Chong” Medicine
Salon.com, 31 Mar 2000, The Drug War Gravy Train; 08 August, 2001, American School Kids
The Dallas Morning News
The Houston Chronicle
Rev. Robert Schaibly, First Unitarian Universalist Church, Houston, TX
Salon.com, 3 Jul 2001, The Quiet Death of Prime-time Propaganda
“War on Drugs: The National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign” by Mark Eddy
“BUYING INITIATIVES” by Dan Forbes, 2003-06-01
New York Times, October 16, 2003
Sources:
The prison industryAtlantic Monthly, Dec. 1998, The Prison-Industrial Complex by Eric Schlosser
Nora Callahan, May 14, 1999 to the Drug Policy Foundation Conference
The Dallas Morning News
“Building More Prisons is Not the Answer” by Hubert Beyer
Shrub by Molly Ivins and Lou Dubose
The Netherlands website, 1998
Drug War Facts, www.csdp.org/factbook/
Justice Policy Institute report, August, 2002
Michael Schwartz, Daily Bruin, UCLA, January 31, 2001
Why Our Drug Laws Have Failed by Judge James P. Gray
Judge James P. Gray, April 25, 2001 speaking in Austin, Texas
The Sentencing Project
“Costly, counterproductive, crazy” by Joseph D. McNamara, Nov. 17, 2002
Orange County Register
“Surge in inmates seen on horizon” By ED TIMMS / The Dallas Morning News, 01/15/2003
“Prison not always answer” 05/29/2003 By RAY ALLEN and JOE DESHOTEL,
Dallas Morning News
“BEHIND BARS: Too many in prison; too little care and prevention” April 24, 2003,
Houston Chronicle
Sources:
The Prison Industry-
“Why America's prisoners are getting blacker and browner” By SILJA JA TALVI
Michele Deitch:”Prison statistics should make Texans feel uneasy “ 09/08/2002 DMN
The Drug Policy Alliance, Race and the Drug War, www.dpf.org
“America’s Prison Habit,” by Alan Elsner, Washington Post, 24 Jan 2004
“Texas re-examines its throw-away-the-key approach,” by Kate Coscarelli, New Jersey StarLedger, 7 Feb 2004
“Lock-'Em-Up Logic Fails On All Fronts,” by CaI Thomas, Tribune Media Services, November 15,
2003
“Study Finds Hundreds of Thousands of Inmates Mentally Ill,” by Fox Butterfield, New York
Times, 22 Oct 2003
"The New Landscape of Imprisonment: Mapping America's Prison Expansion," by Jeremy
Travis, Urban Institute,
29 April 2004
America’s Prison Habit, Alan Elsner, 24 January 2004
“Throwing money at this war and losing it” by Lionel Van Deerlin, 22 October 2003
“With Longer Sentences, Cost of Fighting Crime Is Higher” by Fox Butterfield, NYT, 3 May 2004
“It's time to reform the war on drugs,” WALTER CRONKITE, The Daily Herald, 8 Aug 2004
Federal Bureau of Prisons, 24 July 2004
Texas Dept of Criminal Justice, FY 2002 statistical summary
Texas QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau, 2000 and 2003