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Early Republic (1789-1829)

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Federalist
Establishes a national bank: takes on debts of the states
Whiskey Rebellion-shows willingness to enforce the law with force
Bill of Rights ratified
Jay’s Treaty–impressment
No entangling alliances / nonalignment / non-alliance / warns against political parties
Pinkney’s Treaty / right of deposit in New Orleans / free navigation of the Mississippi
River

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John Adams (1797-1801)
FEDERALIST
XYZ Affair-leads us close to war with
France (quasi-war)
VA and KY Resolutions-
NULLIFICATION
The Alien and Sedition actsstipulating requirements for naturalized citizenship, demanded residence in the United States for period of fourteen years and a declaration of intention for five years.
– granting President Adams the power to deport any alien he deemed potentially dangerous to the country's safety.
– No malicious or false writings about government

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)
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DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLICANS
Marbury v Madison – established judicial review
(John Marshall)
Louisiana Purchase- more than doubled the size of the United States; Lewis and Clark
STRICT Construction
Embargo Act of 1807- no trade
Leopard v Chesapeake

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D-R
“Mr. Madison’s War”- the War of 1812; Treaty of Ghent
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Non-Intercourse Act (1809)- will trade with anyone but France/ Britain
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Macon’s Bill #2 – Whichever nation would respect American neutrality we would resume trade
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Hartford Convention- Federalists meet to discuss secession from the Union
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Northwest Indian War – Battle of Fallen Timbers
– US Army routed the Indians forced the Treaty of Greenville (Indians gave the US government parts of OH, IL, IN,
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Tecumseh – never signed treaty fought with the
British in War of 1812 with his brother “The
Prophet”
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Hartford Convention – Death of Federalist Party

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James Monroe (1817-1825)
D-R
“Era of Good Feelings” – non partisan politics – strength of the federal gov’t over the states
American System (John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay) – New national bank charter, high protective tariff, internal improvements (roads, bridges, etc.)
Adams-Onis Treaty – Florida
Gibbons v. Ogden – federal gov’t control over interstate commerce
McCulloch v. Maryland – states can’t tax the federal gov’t – National Bank
Monroe Doctrine – European powers stay out of the Western Hemisphere
Missouri Compromise (Comp of 1820
/ 36*30’ Compromise) – Missouri –
Slave State / Maine – Free State – slavery not allowed N of 36*30’ line in LA Purchase

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D-R
Election of 1824 / Adams vs.
Jackson – mudslinging / Jackson
44% of vote – no majority –
Election went to House of Reps
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“Corrupt Bargain” – Adams name
Speaker of House Henry Clay as his
Sec. of State in exchange for Clay’s influence in House / Adams became
President
Erie Canal
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Tariff of Abominations (John
Calhoun)
– South Carolina Exposition and
Protest ; state’s rights and nullification

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Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)
DEMOCRAT
Representative of “common man”
Jacksonian Democracy – Spoils System
/ national nominating conventions
Indian Removal Policy – Worcester v.
Georgia – Supreme Court (Marshall) ruled in favor of the Indians
Trail of Tears – Jackson refused to enforce the decision / sent Indian to OK
Nullification Crisis with SC over tariff
Force Acts – Jackson can use the military to stop nullification
Compromise Tariff 1832– gradual reduction of tariff rates
Opposed to the Bank of the U.S.
Texas applies for statehood after defeating Mexico – denied because of issue of slavery
Nat Turner slave rebellion

Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)
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DEMOCRAT
Panic of 1837 – Economic depression caused by Jackson’s bank policies
Transcendentalism- movement for selfreliance / getting back to nature / nonviolence (Thoreau and Emerson)
Dorothea Dix – prison reform for mentally handicapped
Horace Mann – Mass. State School
Superintendent – compulsory education laws
“Hudson River School” – Art movement aimed at depicting American landscapes
Communal living (protests) – Brook
Farm, New Harmony, and Oneida

William Henry Harrison (1841)
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WHIG
32 days in office
“Tippecanoe and
Tyler Too!”
Log Cabin Election – used Jacksonian tactic of appealing to the
“common man”

John Tyler (1841-1845)
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WHIG, sided Democrat
Brought Texas into the
U.S. with a joint resolution
William Lloyd Garrison –
The Liberator – immediate abolition of slavery
The Grimke sisters –
Angelina and Sarah – abolitionists
Frederick Douglass – The
North Star

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James K. Polk (1845-1849)
DEMOCRAT
Manifest Destiny – American theory of
God-given right to expand all the way to the Pacific Ocean
“54* 40’ or Fight” – US was willing to go to war against Britain for the Oregon
Territory
Desired to annex California
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo - Got the US involved in the Mexican-American War / won / got California, TX, AZ, NM, NV, and parts of other states in the West
Seneca Falls Convention – Women’s Rights
– Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady
Stanton

Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)
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WHIG
Compromise of 1850 – strong Fugitive Slave Act /
California admitted to the
Union / DC banned the slave trade
Wilmot Proviso – reopened the issue of slavery – called for all of the Mexican Cession to be free

Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)
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WHIG
by
Harriet Beecher
Stowe “The little bitty woman who started the great big war.” A.
Lincoln

Sectional Conflict (1853-1881)

Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)
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DEMOCRAT
Gadsden Purchase – completed mainland U.S. to complete a RR through
Southern AZ and NM
Matthew Perry to Japan
Kansas-Nebraska Act/
“Bleeding Kansas”
Know-Nothing Party
Sumner-Brooks Incident

James Buchanan (1857-1861)
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DEMOCRAT
Dred Scott v Sandford
Lecompton Constitution- tries to bring Kansas in as a slave state
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
Comstock Lode
John Brown and Harper’s Ferry
Crittendon Compromise- Missouri
Compromise lines extended nationwide

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Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)
REPUBLICAN
Election causes secession of SC
Preservation of the Union
First shots at Ft. Sumter
Morrill Land Grant – gave land to colleges
Emancipation Proclamation – didn’t free any slaves (except in the
Confederacy)
13 th Amendment
10% Plan of Reconstruction – 10% of state’s voters to sign loyalty oath for readmission to Union – amnesty to former Confederates

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Andrew Johnson (1865-1869)
REPUBLICAN
Radical Republicans v Johnson
(Thaddeus Stevens)
Seward’s Folly – purchase of Alaska for $7 million
Impeachment (Tenure of Office Act
Violation) – tried to fire Sec. of War
Edwin Stanton
14 th Amendment
Civil Rights Act of 1866- to counterattack the black codes that had been passed by Southern governments
Homestead Act- gave 160 acres of western lands to anyone for a small filing fee and improvement to land
Freedmen’s Bureau – established for blacks and refugees – greatest accomplishment was in education – no land was ever given to blacks

Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877)
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REPUBLICAN
Transcontinental Railroad completed (Promontory
Point)
15 th Amendment
Credit Mobilier Scandal
Panic of 1873
WCTU founded
Whiskey Ring Scandal

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REPUBLICAN
Compromise of 1877 – won election after election fraud is investigated – Union removes troops from South
Great Railroad Strike
Knights of Labor established
(Terrence Powderly) – least discriminative labor union – difficult to organize / disbanded after Haymarket Square Riot
Used court injunctions to stop strikes

James A. Garfield (1881)
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REPUBLICAN
Assassinated
The Grange established by
Oliver H. Kelley – foundation of
Populism in America formed to combat against railroad monopolies and banks
Robber barrons – Rockefeller
(Oil), Carnegie (Steel), Morgan
(Finance/ Steel), Vanderbilt
(Railroads), Stanford
(Railroads), Swift
(Meatpacking)

Gilded Age (1881-1897)

Chester Arthur (1881-1885)
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REPUBLICAN
Chinese Exclusion Act – until 1940’s
Pendleton Act – required an exam to be taken in order to work for the federal government – abolishes the “spoils system”

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Grover Cleveland (1885-1889)
DEMOCRAT
Samuel Gompers-AFL – discriminative labor union fought for the 8 hour workday
Created the ICC – Interstate
Commerce Commission – 1 st government agency to regulate business
Dawes Act – federal government offers 160 acres of land to Indian heads of household in order to
ASSIMILATE Indians into
American culture
Haymarket Square Riot –
German anarchists striking for
8 hour workday killed Chicago policemen – death of Knights of Labor

Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)
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REPUBLICAN
Lost popular vote, won election
1890-Sherman Anti-
Trust act
Creates courts of appeal
Thomas Nast – cartoons that lampooned William
“Boss” Tweed

Grover Cleveland (1893-1897)
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DEMOCRAT
William Jennings Bryan- Cross of Gold Speech—gold and silver standard –
Bland – Allison Act
Pullman Strike (Eugene Debs)
– leader of Socialism
Plessy v. Ferguson – separate but equal facilities is legalized
Booker T. Washington – believed in jobs for blacks for equality (Atlanta Compromise)
W.E.B. DuBois – believed education and suffrage would achieve equality for blacks

Progressive Era (1897-1921)

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William McKinley (1897-1901)
REPUBLICAN
Annexation of Hawaii
Maine
“yellow journalism” – William
Randolph Hearst and Joseph
Pulitzer
Jingoism – excitement about going to war with Spain
Boxer Rebellion
Teller Amendment – Cuba became a protectorate of the US -
Platt Amendment – gave US the right to intervene with military in
Cuban affairs – gave the US naval base – Guantanamo Bay
Spanish American War
– Phillipines, Cuba, Guam Puerto Rico
Open – Door Policy – open trade with China

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REPUBLICAN
One of the Rough Riders in
Spanish-American War
IMPERIALISM- Panama Canal,
Great White Fleet – to establish more markets overseas
Roosevelt Corollary (to the
Monroe Doctrine)
Progressive- helped fix problems exposed by muckrakers and “trust bust”
Ida Tarbell / Upton Sinclair /
Lincoln Steffens / Jacob Riis – muckrakers
Triangle Shirtwaist Company
Fire – safety code regulations
Jane Addams and Hull House – social work (settlement house)
Pancho Villa – raids into U.S. territories – never stopped

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REPUBLICAN
“Dollar diplomacy” – aid to Latin American countries to protect our investments down there
Trust buster- one of the presidents to take down big business
Marcus Garvey – blacks should form a SEPARATE government in Africa –
Liberia

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Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)
DEMOCRAT
Won because Taft and TR split
Republican vote
Kept American neutral in WWI until 1917
Lusitania and the Sussex ; unrestricted sub warfare
Fourteen Points/ League of
Nations- plan for peace /
Henry Cabot Lodge was opponent
Treaty of Versailles- punished
Germany and helped to lead to
WWII; Congress rejects because of “entangling alliances”
Schenk v. U.S
. – “clear and present” danger / can’t undermine the US gov’t in time of war

Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)
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REPUBLICAN
“Return to Normalcy”
Teapot Dome Scandal- leasing of government land illegally to the benefit of his friends;
Albert Fall 1 st Cabinet member to prison
“Ohio Gang”-surrounded himself with his friends from home in Cabinet
T.S. Eliot and Eugene O’Neill –
“Lost Generation” writers – disillusioned by WWI
Kellogg – Briand Pact – US,
France then multilateral agreement AGAINST WAR
The Jazz Singer first talking motion picture

Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)
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REPUBLICAN
“Keep Cool with Coolidge”
Wanted to reform the government, get rid of the spoils system
John T. Scopes Trial – rural vs. urban values (teaching evolution in South)
Sacco and Vanzetti Trial –
NATIVISM / executed for murder
Charles Lindbergh – flew across the Atlantic in “Spirit of
St. Louis”

Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)
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REPUBLICAN
“Hoovervilles”- blamed for the Depression
Speculation- main cause of depression
Bonus Army- wanted
$1,000 bonuses early, physically removed by military
“laissez-faire”
Black Tuesday-
10/29/1929

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DEMOCRAT
New Deal Programs- out of the
Depression
CCC, TVA, WPA, Social
Security
Neutrality Act of 1936
Pearl Harbor/ WWII
Polio disease
4 term president
Fireside chats
First woman in cabinet-
Frances Perkins
US joins the United Nations –
180 member peace keeping nations – Security Council is responsible for keeping the peace

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Harry S Truman (1945-1953)
DEMOCRAT
Made the decision to drop the atomic bomb
Desegregation of the military
CONTAINMENT/ Communismmust contain the spread
Truman Doctrine—Korean War
(1950-1953)
Start of McCarthyism – “Red
Scare” – Rosenberg Trial
Potsdam Conference – divided
Germany between Allies and
Soviet Union / demilitarized
Germany
Bill Levitt / Levittown, NY / subdivision –
GI Bill of Rights – low interest home mortgages and free college education for GI’s

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REPUBLICAN
First televised presidential ads
“Ike For President”
Domino Theory- if Vietnam falls to Communism, SE Asia will follow
Federal Highway Actexpansion of the interstate system
Eisenhower Doctrine-
BRINKSMANSHIP - "prepared to use armed force...[to counter] aggression from any country controlled by international communism."
Farewell Address – warned the people of the military – industrial complex / not favorable to the public

Cold War (1961-1989)

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John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)
DEMOCRAT
Cold War- had to deal with the
Soviets with the Cuban Missile
Crisis, Bay of Pigs, Race to Space,
Nuclear Arms Race.
Alliance for Progress – 20 billion dollar to Latin America
Peace Corps
National Television Debate vs.
Nixon
Women’s Liberation – Betty
Friedan – The Feminine Mystiqueencouraged middle class women to seek professional careers
N.O.W. – National Organization of
Women – Gloria Steinem
Birth Control Pill – introduced by
Margaret Sanger in 1920’s

Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)
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DEMOCRAT
Lyndon Baines Johnson- Great
Society- Medicare – elderly,
Medicaid - poor, HUD-government housing projects based on income,
Head Start- helping poor children in education, VISTA- helping the poor here at home.
VIETNAM – ESCALATION – Gulf of
Tonkin Resolution – gave LBJ power to use military without
Congressional declaration of war
Tet Offensive
My Lai Massacre
Civil Rights Act of 1964 – est.
Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission
Voting Rights Act of 1965

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Richard Nixon (1969-1974)
REPUBLICAN
New Federalism- smaller government
SALT I- limit nuclear arms with the
Soviets
Détente- relaxed relations with the
Soviets
China visit / Moscow visit
Watergate- burglary to the Democratic headquarters / story broken by Bob
Woodward and Carl Bernstein
(Washington Post)
CREEP – Committee to Re-Elect the
President
EPA- environment
Vietnamization – making South
Vietnam responsible for the war
26 th Amendment – 18 year old vote
Rachel Carson – Silent Spring
Congress bans DDT pesticide
–
Roe v. Wade – legalized abortion
Swann v. Meckenberg – legalized busing

Gerald Ford (1974-1977)
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REPUBLICAN
Pardoned Nixon
Fight inflation – wanted to control widespread rise of prices in the economy
Only President to never have been elected

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Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)
DEMOCRAT
Iran Hostages- 52 Americans held
444 days in Iran.
Department of Energy established emission policies and inspections for auto vehicles
Oil Embargo – prices of oil rose drastically under Carter.
Dept of Education
Camp David Peace Accords /
Israel (Menachim Begin) and
Egypt (Anwar Sadat)
Malaise Speech – encouraged
Americans to have faith and pull together
Human rights – disagreed with
Apartheid in South Africa
Bakke v. California – quota systems are unconstitutional
Three Mile Island -

Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)
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REPUBLICAN
Reaganomics- Trickle Down
Theory- tax cuts for the wealthy result in more investments jobs for poor
Star Wars- SDI (Strategic
Defense Initiative) satellites to fire upon incoming enemy missiles
Iran Contra Scandal- gave weapons to the rebels for the release of our hostages in Iran
– 444 days.
New Right Coalition / Moral
Majority – against abortion, gay rights, women’s rights
Texas v. Johnson – legalized flag burning

Globalization (1989-present)

George Bush (1989-1993)
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REPUBLICAN
Persian Gulf War – 1990-
United States ousted Iraq out of Kuwait…defeated
Saddam Hussein.
Fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet
Union.
“Read my lips. No new taxes.”

Dave Kovic (1993)
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Bill Clinton (1993-2001)
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Supported NAFTA- North
American Free Trade
Agreement- open trade among Canada, U.S., and
Mexico.
Hillary Clinton’s led
Health Care Plan fails.
Bosnia- he bombed the
Serbs in Bosnia because they were ethnically cleansing Muslims –
Genocide.

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James Dale (1996)
Wants to be friends with the aliens but is ultimately destroyed himself
With the help of football legend Jim Brown, earth was saved

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Thomas Whitmore (1996)

David Palmer (2000-2002)
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st

George W. Bush (2001-2009)
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REPUBLICAN
2001- September 11-
TERRORISTS attack the World
Trade Center which led to the war on terror.
Invasion of Afghanistan – against terrorists organizations
Iraqi War – Saddam Hussein
No Child Left Behind- close the gap between rich and poor students performance and improve low performing schools.
War on Terror – Patriot Act – gives the federal government power to invade personal privacy in case of terrorism –
ACLU disagrees

Mays Gilliam (2002)
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Barack Obama
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DEMOCRAT
First African American to hold office.
Wants to close
Guantanamo Bay
Detention Camp for terrorists.
Reduce imported oil
Universal Health Care supporter.