Interpretation of indicators in
industry
Reunión Técnica de Trabajo del Proyecto BIEE
24 – 26 de febrero, 2014, San José, Costa Rica
Bruno Lapillonne, Vice President, Enerdata
Outline
1. Overall trends
2. Analysis by branch
3. Effect of structural changes
Contents
1. Overall trends
a. Energy consumption, value added and production index , (2000-2010) 
selection of period of analysis
b. Energy intensity of industry and manufacturing (annual variation by period)
c. Breakdown of consumption by industrial branch (2000 - 2010) (for the 5 main
branches)
Trends in energy consumption and value added in
industry: case of Chile
industry= manufacturing + mining + construction
Trends in energy consumption and value added (2000=100)
140
135
Indice 2000=100
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
2000
2001
2002
2003
Consumo Energía Industria
2004
2005
2006
2007
Valor agregado Industria
Source: BIEE, Ministerio de Energía de Chile
2008
2009
2010
2011
Valor Agregado Manufactura
Trends in energy intensity of industry: identification of
homogeneous periods for analysis: case of Chile
Energy intensities of industry, manufacturing and mining
1.20
1.00
koe/ k$2003
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Intensidad Industria
Intensidad Manufactura
Source: BIEE, Ministerio de Energía de Chile
Intensidad Minería
Trends in energy intensity of industry: analysis by period : case of
Chile
Annual variation in energy intensities of industry, manufacturing and mining (%/year)
8.0%
6.0%
4.0%
2.0%
0.0%
2000-2005
2005-2010
2000-2011
-2.0%
-4.0%
-6.0%
Intensidad Industria
Intensidad Manufactura
Source: BIEE, Ministerio de Energía de Chile
Intensidad Minería
Trends in energy intensity of manufacturing industry:
analysis by period : case of Brazil





1990-1999: inflation control and economic development in Brazil
1999-2001: significant decrease (electricity crisis and rationing)
2001-2007: recovery period and new projects in industry
2007-2009: impacts of the global economic crisis)
2009-2012: large projects for steel, bauxite, alumina and pulp production
Choice of period for analysis: case of Brazil
2.0%
1.5%
1.0%
0.5%
1.6%
1.4%
1.2%
0.9%
0.0%
-0.5%
1990-1999
-1.0%
1999-2001
-0.8%
2001-2007
2007-2009
-1.7%
-1.5%
-2.0%
Source: EPE
Source: BIEE, Ministerio de Energía de Chile
2009-2012
1990-2012
Breakdown of the energy consumption by industrial branch:
case of Brazil
Increasing relative share of food industry: sugar, processed and frozen products;
Decreasing share of primary metals and chemicals (less investments and more imports)
Energy consumption of manufacturing by sub-sector in Brazil
2000
Food
2012
Textile
9%
21%
2%
35%
11%
5% 6%
Paper
9%
11%
28%
Cement
29%
6%
6% 9%
Chemicals
1%
12%
Ceramics
Primary metals
including iron-alloys
Other manufacturing
Source: BIEE EPE
8
Outline
1. Main trends
2. Analysis by branch
3. Effect of structural changes
Content

Objective:
o Show trends in energy efficiency by focusing on main
energy intensive products (cement, steel, paper,
copper,etc..)
o Show trends in energy intensities by sub-sector
(textiles, chemicals, food,etc..).

Content
o Specific consumption of energy-intensive products
(cement, steel, paper)
o Energy intensity by branch (2000 and 2010);
10
Specific energy consumption of energy intensive
products: case of Chile
Copper is very intensive in Chile and its specific energy consumption is increasing
due to less concentrated ores
Using a double scale or showing each product separately enables to better see the
trends by product
Specific energy consumption (toe/ton)
0.700
0.600
Toe/ ton
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
2000
2001
2002
Intensidad Papel y celulosa
2003
2004
2005
Intensidad Acero
Source: BIEE, Ministerio de Energía de Chile
2006
2007
Intensidad Cemento
2008
2009
2010
Intensidad Cobre
Specific energy consumption of steel in Brazil
 Decreasing specific energy consumption of steel
0.700
0.600
toe/tonne
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
Steel
1990
Source: EPE
2000
Source: BIEE/EPE
2010
2012
Specific energy consumption of cement in Brazil
toe/tonne

Decreasing specific energy consumption of cement until 2010
0.100
0.090
0.080
0.070
0.060
0.050
0.040
0.030
0.020
0.010
0.000
Cement
1990
2000
Source: BIEE/EPE
2010
2012
13
Trends in the energy intensity by industrial branch :
case of Uruguay
Increases in the energy intensity of all branches in Uruguay
Energy intensity by branch (unit koe per € 2000) (Uruguay)
0.07
0.06
2000
2010
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
Source: BIEE, MIEM/ DNE
Medener
14
Outline
1. Main trends
2. Analysis by branch
3. Effect of structural changes
Content

Objectives:
Analyze the effect of changes in industrial specialization on
the energy intensity (role of structural effects), first at the
manufacturing level and for industry as whole

Content:
o Change in industrial structure: breakdown of value
added by branch (2000 and 2010);
o Relative levels of energy intensity of the branches
o Intensity at constant structure
16
Structural changes in manufacturing
industry: case of Chile
Value added structure by industrial branch in Chile
2000
2011
Alimentos, bebidas y
tabaco
Textil, prendas de vestir
y cuero
13%
13%
29%
8%
32%
8%
Maderas y muebles
Papel e imprentas
6%
27%
7%
10%
25%
4%
6%
12%
Source: BIEE, Ministerio de Energía de Chile
Química, petróleo,
caucho y plástico
Minerales no metálicos
y metálica básica
Productos metálicos,
maquinaria y equipos y
otros
Relative levels of energy intensity by branch
Paper and non metallic minerals are 15 to 20 times more energy intensive
than machinery in Uruguay
Food, textile and chemicals very similar  ~ 4 times more energy intensive
than machinery
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Energy intensity by branch (relative value: machinery=1) (Uruguay)
2010
Medener
18
Calculation of an intensity at constant structure to measure the impact
of structural changes in industry or manufacturing
To quantify the impact of structural changes on the energy intensity of
manufacturing industry, the usual approach is to calculate a fictive energy
intensity at constant structure, i.e. assuming that the structure did not change
compared to a base year (e.g. 2000).
This intensity at constant structure is calculated at year t with the sectoral
intensities of year t and the value added structure of manufacturing (i.e. the
share of each sub-sector i in the total value added of manufacturing of the
base year 0):
IEs = (VAi/VA)o * (Ei/VAi)t
with :
IEs : intensity at constant structure
VAi: value added of sub-sector i;
VA: total value added of manufacturing;
Ei: energy consumption of sub-sector i;
o :base year (e.g. 2000) and t: current year
19
Impact of structural changes on manufacturing energy intensity:
case of Uruguay
Until 2007, effects of structural changes in manufacturing is negligible; after
2007, strong impact
Energy intensity of manufacturing: observed and at constant structure in Uruguay
0.0180
0.0160
effects of
structural
changes
0.0140
0.0120
0.0100
0.0080
0.0060
0.0040
Manufacturing
Manufacturing at constant structure
Source: MIEM/DNE
Impact of structural changes on manufacturing energy intensity:
case of Uruguay : summary by period
Until 2007, effects of structural changes in manufacturing is negligible; after
2007, around 40% of the increase is due to structural changes (ie 6/16%)
Energy intensity of manufacturing
16.0%
12.0%
8.0%
4.0%
40%
0.0%
-4.0%
1997-2007
2007-2011
Manufacturing
Manufacturing at constant structure
Effect of structural changes
Source: MIEM/DNE
Change in industry value added structure : structural
changes : case of Brazil
Decreasing share of chemicals and paper but increasing share of food and to a
lesser extent of non metallic minerals and basis metals
Share of industry value added by branch
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
9%
6%
8%
13%
12%
14%
33%
29%
27%
32%
2000
2012
0%
Food products, beverages and tobacco
Chemicals, Chemical products and man-made fibres
Non-metallic mineral products
Basic metals (steel+non ferrous) + ferroalloys
Textile and textile products
Pulp, Paper and Paper products; publishing and printing
Source: EPE
Energy intensity by industrial branch : case of Brazil
 The branch “primary metals” has the highest energy intensity; it is 13 times more intensive
than textiles , followed by paper and pulp ( factor 9 compared to textiles), food and non
metallic minerals (factor 4)
Energy intensity by branch
2
1.8
2000
ktoe/€$ [2000]
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Source: EPE
2010
Impact of structural changes on manufacturing energy
intensity: case of Brazil
Structural changes towards less intensive branches contributed to
limit around 50% of the intensity increase
2000-2010
0.80%
0.60%
Energy intensity
(actual)
0.40%
0.20%
Energy intensity at
constant structure
0.00%
-0.20%
-0.40%
Energy
intensity
(actual)
Energy
intensity at
constant
structure
Structural
effects
Structural effects
24