STANDARDS
Standards
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What are they?
How are they created?
What do they look like?
Why are they important to you?
Attendance and Assignment
• On a piece of paper with your name on it-• List two standards that are related to your
team’s project.
• What type of standard are the two standards
you listed?
Are you all familiar with these
standards?
• TIA-232-F Interface Between Data Terminal
Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating
Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data
Interchange
• IEEE 802.11
• IEEE 802.15.1
Are you all familiar with these
Standards?
• RS-232
• WIFI
• Bluetooth
Are you all familiar with these
standards?
• TIA-232-F Interface Between Data Terminal
Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating
Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data
Interchange (RS-232)
• IEEE 802.11 (WIFI)
• IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth)
What is a Standard?
• A Standard is a published document that
establishes specifications and procedures
designed to maximize the reliability and usability
of materials, products, methods, and/or services
that people use.
• Needed for product functionality, compatibility,
interoperability and customer safety.
• Standards are often building blocks for design of
products.
What does a Standards Document look
like?
• Look at Bluetooth Standard
Who develops Standards?
• Accredited standards that are developed under the oversight of a
not-for-profit organization whose stated purpose or charter is the
“public good” are considered by some to be the only “true”
Standards in the marketplace. Examples of such an accreditation
process in the United States is the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI), which accredits SDOs (Standards Development
Organizations), e.g., IEEE, INCITS, TIA, and ATIS.
• A European example is the European Union (EU) which oversees
standards development in the EU, under such groups as ETSI, CEN
and CENELEC.
• Internationally, the International Telecommunications Union
operates as a "special agency" of the United Nations. The
International Standards Organization (ISO) and the International
Electrotechnology Commission (IEC) are two other examples of
international organizations.
What are the types of standards?
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What is a consensus standard?
What is a proprietary standard?
How are consensus standards developed?
What is an accredited standards process?
Who is ANSI, IEEE, ISO, IEC?
What is a de facto standard?
Watch a short video from ANSI?
• http://www.standardslearn.org/Presentations
/IntroToStandards/index.htm
Slide 4 to Slide 19
Example Standards
• ANSI Z87.1-2003 (Safety Glasses Standard)
• IEEE 802.15.1 (BlueTooth Standard)
• VHS vs Beta (Proprietary Standards)
“Accredited Standards”
• Historically, standards development carried out under an
accreditation process has been the traditional measure and
requirement for a technical agreement to be considered a
standard. This draws in part from the fact that, in the USA,
ANSI carries out a "board of standards review" process on
every standard produced as an American National
Standard.
• Further, ANSI carries out periodic audits of all accredited
standards development organizations (like IEEE) every 5
years to assure that the standards developer is operating in
a fair and non-discriminatory manner and satisfies through
demonstrated actions: consensus, openness, transparency,
balance of interests, due process and rights to appeal.
Open Source Standards Creation
• Market successes have occurred without the "benefit" of an
accredited standard. One such example is the Internet suite of
standards which were developed under an open process,
sometimes referred to as an "open source process" now under the
aegis of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The Internet
stands as one clear example that highly valuable and widely
accepted technology agreements can come from sources other
than the traditional/accredited standards developers. The
important point: engineers and technologists must know if and how
standards affect or can affect their practice/employment of
engineering and technology.
• In the case of signaling technology necessary to interconnect
national and international telephony networks, formal/accredited
standards were developed at both the national (ANSI in USA, ETSI
in Europe) and internationals levels (ITU-T). These current standards
are known of as Signaling System 7 Standards.
Voluntary Standard
• A voluntary standard may incorporate patented technologies as an
element or as the basis of its technology. In these cases the patent owner
must agree to license the patents to all implementers of the standards
under fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory conditions, sometimes
referred to as RaND conditions. The same can apply for licenses for
copyright if that should apply, such as may be the case for computer code.
• Example: Bluetooth is managed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group
(SIG), which has more than 20,000 member companies in the areas of
telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics.[5]
Bluetooth was standardized as IEEE 802.15.1, but the standard is no longer
maintained. The SIG oversees the development of the specification,
manages the qualification program, and protects the trademarks.[6] To be
marketed as a Bluetooth device, it must be qualified to standards defined
by the SIG.[7] A network of patents is required to implement the
technology, which is licensed only for that qualifying device.
Proprietary Standards
• Proprietary standards are owned by one or more
companies and are normally protected by one or more
of the following: patents, copyrights, and trade-secrets.
• Standards that are developed behind corporate closed
doors will find themselves implemented in the
marketplace only by that corporation or by that
corporation and others that are licensed or otherwise
allowed by the owner corporation. There are many
examples of proprietary standards, some have been
successful in the marketplace, others have not.
Proprietary Standard: Example
• The development of proprietary protocols controlling the storage and
retrieval of video information on magnetic tapes took two forms in the
late 1960s.
• VHS and Beta, were owned by different companies, neither of which
decided to work for an accredited standard. Each went into the
marketplace simply on the value of the technology and the recognition of
their corporate name.
• In the case of VHS, the owner decided it would license others to
manufacture record and playback devices based on the VHS technology.
• The Beta company decided to make a try for market dominance on a go it
alone basis.
• This resulted in the VHS being incorporated in more products, and thus it
won a broader market acceptance, ultimately totally displacing the Beta
technology.
• Some have said the Beta technology was superior, yet the VHS won the
market battle by becoming a de facto standard leveraged by multiple
sources of supply.
Mandatory Standards
• Examples of mandatory standards in the USA are
standards addressing the use of radio spectrum
which is mandated under law by the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC).
• Another example is the case where a state or
local municipality produces a "code" covering
residential and commercial electrical wiring and
makes reference to a voluntary standard such as
the National Electrical Code, which is a voluntary
standard despite the use of the word "code" in its
title.
Compliance
• Compliance with standards must be proven via:
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Required or commonly recognized testing (which is also standardized)
Design process testing
Manufacturing testing for quality and consistency
Customer acceptance testing
Ongoing compliance testing
• The only definitive way to know if a product performs according to
standards is to perform some type of test or tests. These tests and
measurement methods have to be standardized or there will be
chaos with no repeatability or reproducibility of the compliance
measurement. The good news is that most of these critical tests
have been standardized for some time, but they continue to be
amended and updated.
Design with compliance in mind
• Most modern digital devices (i.e. those devices which are run by a
microprocessor or are in fact a computer or computing device) are
regulated as to limit the RF interference potential from these digital
devices.
• But how does one know that there will be, for example, no interference? It
is relatively simple to determine those portions of a product design that
are applicable to the standard. But to get a metric of how they meet the
standard, limited testing is needed.
• Using design process testing, this can be done almost from the start—for
example, by the way in which components are selected, how they are laid
out on a printed wiring board, and how they connect to adjacent circuit
packs and up to frame level. Even after the design is nearing completion
and is ready to be released to manufacturing, there needs to be a final
test (manufacturing testing for quality and consistency) using standard
test techniques to show with confidence that the product meets
regulatory limits and compliance.
Standards are used in Product Design
• The product will not succeed unless the customer is satisfied with
the product and sees the labels on the product that shows that it
meets various standards for safety, RF interference,
interoperability, etc.
• The customer also wants the product to continue to operate as
intended and for a reasonably long period of time, even when
repairs are needed. Repairs should not defeat or affect all the work
done to meet the appropriate standards in the first place.
• Furthermore, manufacturing has to continue to show ongoing
compliance so that the first product and the last product off the
production line continue to meet the standards under which the
product was designed.
• Finally, standards even apply at the end of the useful life cycle of
the product or when it is tossed away as "out of style" or
“obsolete.” Many countries are imposing recycling standards and
requirements that must be addressed during product development.
Liability and Standards
• In a legal sense, engineers are expected to
“act as prudently and carefully as other
reasonable engineers would have acted under
the same or substantially similar
circumstances.”
• How do you know how other engineers would
“act”. A very important way is to follow the
standards developed by other engineers.
References
• IEEE Standards website
• ANSI Standards website
Attendance and Assignment
• On a piece of paper with your name on it-• List two standards that are related to your
team’s project.
• What type of standard are the two standards
you listed?