EE-CS
R and D in India
U. B. Desai
SPANN Lab
Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT-Bombay
Powai, Mumbai 400076
India
http://ee.iitb.ac.in/~spann
EE-CS R & D in India
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Daunting task, simply because the canvas is too
vast
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Will provide highlights …
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Likely to miss out on some key activities
July 18, 2004
2
As per 2001 Census
• 3.28 million sq kilometers
• 35 States and Union Territories
• Population: 1,028,610,328
• No. of Households: 193,579,954
• Avg. No. of persons per household: 5.3
• No. of Villages: 638,588
• No. of Towns 6161
As per July 2005
• GDP: $650 billion
• Per Capita income: $534
• India’s economy ranked
120 w.r.t. per capita GDP
• But ranked 4 if one considers
PPP (purchasing power parity);
after US, China and Japan
July 18, 2004
3
Academic
Institutions
ISRO
(Space Research
Centers)
DRDO
Defense Research
Centers
July 18, 2004
RnD
Organizations
in
India
Industry
Department of
Atomic Energy
4
Academic Organizations
TIFR, IISc, Seven IITs, ISI-Cal, Inst. of Math Sci.
CDAC, BITS-Pilani, IIITs (Hyderabad, Bangalore)
NITs (National Institute of Technology), Other IIITs (Allahbad,
Ahemdabad, …), BIT-Mesra, Anna Univ., Other Univs.,
and Private Colleges, …
July 18, 2004
5
MHRD
Ministry of Human
Resource Development
DSIR
Dept. of Sci. and
Indust. Res.
DST
Department of
Science and Tech
MICT
Ministry of Info.
And Comm. Tech.
Industry
Sources of
Research Funding
for Academic
Institutions
DRDO
Department of
Atomic Energy
Defense Research
Dev. Org.
ISRO
July 18, 2004
Indian Space
Research Org.
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Two Exceptional Achievements:
Made Worldwide Impact
1.
Manindra Agrawal, CSE Dept.
IIT-Kanpur
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July 18, 2004
Discovered a polynomial time deterministic
algorithm to test if an input number is prime
or not.
Solved a long standing problem on
polynomial test for primality
Two B.Tech. students form IITK were
involved with this work.
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Two Exceptional Achievements …
CorDECT
Ashok Jhunjhunwala
EE Dept. IIT-Madras
2.
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Developed Wireless local
loop (WLL) technology -CorDECT
Incubated companies
which markets this
products worldwide -particularly in developing
countries (Africa, Middle
East)
Extensively deployed in
rural India
Various services on the
CorDECT pipe
Rural ATM
July 18, 2004
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R and D Vision at
Academic Institutions
Theory,
Algorithms,
…
Publications
at International
Forums
Incubate Companies
July 18, 2004
Leadership in
Research
and
Development
Technology
Development
Partnership
with Industries
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England
4831
450
5.6
Japan
2609
978
6.1
Canada
2165
476
6.8
375
12
4.0
16
1049
285
5.2
85
3353
India
205
5.5
2.7
0.45
35
157
South Korea
294
241
3.9
0.73
104
2319
Israel
568
720
7.6
410
Brazil
188
56
5.1
36
China
Australia
2. 85
Expenditure
Per scientist
(US$ 000)
Scientists per million
population
8.4
Expenditure per
scientist (US $ 000s)
705
USA
No. among
Top 1% of
Cited
Papers
NO. of top papers
per $ Million
expenditure on R&D
23723
Country
R&D expenditure
per top cited paper
(US$ million)
Per capita R&D
expenditure (US $)
R&D
Expenditure
per top cited
Paper
US$ million
No. among top 1%
of cited papers
Per Capita
R&D
Expenditure
(US$)
Scientist
Per mill
Population
230
4099
172
2666
0.65
192
5095
3.55
160
R & D Expenditure
July 18, 2004
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Source: UNESCO Statistical year Book, 1999; R. Chidambaram, Current Science, 25 March 2005
Wireless
Communication
NextGen Wireless
Signal Processing
Communication
and Electronics
Comm. Networks
802.16
4G
Sensor Networks Info. Thy and
Coding
Space-Time
Signal Processing
Optical Comm.
Ultra Wideband
(UWB)
RFID
Speech Processing
Pattern Recog.
Computer Vision
Cryptography
Network Security
Multimedia
VLSI
Nanotechnology
Biomedical Signal
Processing
Embedded
Systems
Devices
July 18, 2004
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Computer Science
& Engineering
Distributed
Computing
Theoretical CS
Compilers
Soft Computing
Language
Technologies
Mobile
Computing
Machine Learning Human Computer
Interaction
Ubiquitous
Computing
Computer Graphics
Bioinformatics
Machine Translation
Databases
And
Web Technology
Ad Hoc Networks
Computer Vision
Grid Computing
Software Engrg.
Digital Library
Intelligent Systems
July 18, 2004
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Wireless
Communication
Signal Processing
Comm. Networks
• Thrust is on
• Denoising Algorithms
• Wavelets
• Channel Modeling
• Coding, receiver algorithms
• Basically --- Physical Layer
• Protocols
• QoS
• MAC
• Stochastic Network Traffic Modeling
July 18, 2004
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NextGen Wireless
802.16
4G
Info. Thy and
Coding
Space-Time
Signal Processing
• Simulations for 802.16 (WiMax)
• Space-time codes for 802.16de
• Development of “Indian” profiles for 4G
(led by CeWIT at IITM)
• Multiuser Detection
• Cross layer optimization
July 18, 2004
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Sensor Networks
Ultra Wideband
(UWB)
RFID
• Mulithop, fault tolerant and energy
efficient protocols
• Collaborative signal processing
• Lab. test bed
July 18, 2004
• Some beginnings
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• Multimedia
• transcoding
• media over wireless
• Computer Vision and Graphics
• gesture recognition
• super-resolution
• motion analysis
• Rendering
• Virtual Reality
Multimedia
Computer Vision
Pattern Recog.
Computer Graphics
July 18, 2004
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Cryptography
• A thrust area for ministry
• Encryption Algorithms
• Elliptic curves based cryptography
• RF based security for Wireless LANs
Network Security
July 18, 2004
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Language
Technologies
Speech Processing
July 18, 2004
• Speech Recognition
• Speech to SMS (CSR Lab. of Tata Infotech)
• Machine Translation from Telugu,
Kanada, Marathi, Punjabi, Bengali to
to Hindi (IIIT-Hyd)
• Domain specific search
engines (e.g. Cricket) (IIIT-Hyd)
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Theoretical CS
•
•
•
•
•
July 18, 2004
Graph Partitioning
Graph Drawing Algorithms
Complexity Theory in the Algebraic Model
Parallel algorithms
Enumerative Combinatorics
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Distributed
Computing
• Novel architectures
(extended hypercube)
• Distributed information
representation
• distributed client server
information systems
July 18, 2004
Soft Computing
• Cased base reasoning
• Genetic, Fuzzy and
Neural-net algos.
• Probabilistic support
vector machines
• Unsupervised learning
Databases
And
Web Technology
• Query processing,
indexing, and caching
in data-warehouses
and data marts.
• Parallel databases, and
real-time databases
• GIS
• Transaction processing
and recovery
• Web-interfaces to
databases
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Mobile
Computing
Ad Hoc Networks
•
•
•
•
Energy efficient routing algorithms
Seamless handoff between GSM and WiFi
Mobile agents based wireless networking
Wireless protocols for 802.16e, 802.11, …
July 18, 2004
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• Universal networking language
• Combinatorial and stochastic methods
in machine learning
• Semantics and Verification
Machine Translation
Machine Learning
Intelligent Systems
July 18, 2004
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Product Development
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IISc, all ITTs, BITs, etc.
have
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Business Incubators
IITM
IISc -- SID (Soc. for
Innovation and
Development)
IITKgp - STEP
IITD -- FIST
IITB – SINE
IITK – SIIC
…
July 18, 2004
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Proucts in the market:
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Simputer – IISc
PARAM Computer from
CDAC
CorDECT – IITM
Rural ATM – IITM
Indian Language software
tools package (CDAC,
Chennai Kavigal, …)
…
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Students, Faculty and Colleges
1981-1982
1991-1992
2001-2002
3,000000
5,270000
8,821000
9,227833
Intake in
Engineering
28,500
66,600
359, 723
692,087
No of Engrg.
colleges
158
337
1208
All colleges
4886
7592
13,150
Faculty Strength
199,904
264,000
351,000
Ph.D.s awarded
6080
8743
11,450
Ph.D.s in
Engineering
139
299
739
Higher Education
Expenditure: %
GDP
1.0
0.46
0.40
Total enrolment
July 18, 2004
2002-2003
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No. of
Faculty
No. of
Ph.D. /yr
No. of
M.Tech./yr
Comp. Sci. &
Engrg.
250-275
~ 30
~ 500
Comm. Sig.
Proc. and
Microelectronics
350-400
~ 50
900-1000
Nat. Conf.
Int. Conf.
CSE
3-4
2-4
CSP-MuE
4-5
3-5
July 18, 2004
Manpower and Output
Int. Journal Int. Conf.
Publications Publications
Comp. Sci.
&
Engrg.
~ 150
~ 300
Comm., Signal
Process. &
Micro. Electro.
~ 300
~ 400
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John F. Welch
“India is a developing country but it is a developed country
as far as its intellectual infrastructure is concerned. We get
the highest Intellectual capital per dollar”
Many multinationals, which include Microsoft, Motorola,
Lucent, Google, IBM, TI, Analog Devices, Philips, Sony,
Erickson, HP, Intel, Nokia etc. have already opened their R&D
centers in the country. These centers are over and above their
regular development centers.
July 18, 2004
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Riardo Giacconi, a Nobel Laureate in Physics,
“A scientist is like a painter. Michelangelo became
a great artist, because he had been given a wall
to paint. My wall was given to me by the United
States.”
Many thanks
Now such walls are emerging in India
and we are seeing a ray of reverse migration
July 18, 2004
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