• Gene- segment of DNA that codes for a trait
• Dominant- trait that normally is expressed,
only need one allele (gene) for it to show
• Recessive- trait that will only show if both
alleles are present
• Allele- type of gene that comes from mom or
dad
• Genotype- your genetic composition (BB,Bb)
• Phenotype- your appearance (brown hair)
The study of heredity
• Father of Genetics
• Experimented with pea
plants
• He used self-pollinating
plants, that produced
identical offspring.
•
•
•
•
•
Mendel studied seven different traits.
Trait- specific characteristic, like flower color.
P generation- parent generation.
F1 generation- offspring of the P generation.
Traits are controlled by genes.
• Mendel wanted to try
cross-breeding pea
plants.
• Cut off the male parts
(pollen), and dusted
pollen from another
plant to cause
fertilization.aka crosspollination.
•
•
•
•
Mom and Dad
Look at these “X”s.
What are these?
Where are they
located?
• Who gives them to you?
• Where are the genes
located?
• What are genes?
• Dominant= capital letter
• Recessive= lower case letter
• If capital letter is present, then that trait is
ALWAYS expressed.
• Must have two lower case letters for trait to
be expressed
• What is genetics the study of?
• What letter type denotes dominant genes?
• What letter type denotes recessive genes?
• How many genes must an organism have to
show a recessive trait?
• Where are your chromosomes located within
the cell?
•
•
•
•
T= tall, t= short
Genotypes for a tall plant. ________
Genotypes for a short plant: _______
Phenotype of a TT plant: ______, Tt plant
_____, tt plant: _______
• Place a “D” if the dominant
trait is expressed, and an
“R” if the recessive trait is
expressed.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. RR
2. dd
3. Ee
4. Ll
5. FF
6. Qq
7. ss
• Place a “G” for
genotype, and a “P” for
phenotype.
• 1. black hair
• 2. Mm
• 3. Hh
• 4. blood pressure
• 5. Yy
• 6. eye color
• 7. number of fingers
• After learning about viruses in Biology class, Sam
decides to have his cat vaccinated against feline
leukemia virus. According to cell theory, are
viruses, such as feline leukemia, considered living
things?
• A. Yes, because they can reproduce.
• B. Yes, because they are composed of cells.
• C. No, because they cannot adapt to their
environment.
• D. No, because they are not composed of cells.
• Many insects produce pheromones (chemical signals) to facilitate
mating and reproduction. Scientists have discovered that
pheromones, if given at a certain time in an insect’s life cycle, can
confuse male insects and disrupt the mating process. Crop
growers want to use this knowledge to help control insect pests.
Which step would be LEAST likely to change this scientific
information into a usable technology?
• A. Determining which pheromones most disrupt the mating of
common insect pests
• B. Determining when, during an insect pest’s life cycle, the
application of pheromones would most disrupt mating
• C. Developing a practical means of dispersing the pheromones
• D. Developing stronger insecticides to kill insects not affected
by the pheromones
•
• A scientist found that the results of an experiment
did not support her hypothesis. If she is following
proper scientific procedure, what should she do
next?
• A. Discard those results and repeat the experiment.
• B. Accept the hypothesis and exclude data that does
not fit.
• C. Reject the hypothesis and assume it is incorrect.
• D. Create a new hypothesis and a new experiment to
test it.
• Dominant= capital letter
• Recessive= lower case letter
• If capital letter is present, then that trait is
expressed.
• Must have two lower case letters for trait to
be expressed
• Genotype- gene combinations an individual
possesses (BB, Bb, bb)
• Phenotype- what an individual looks like
based on genotype (brown or blue eyes)
• If you were to guess a percent, what percent
do you think genetics is responsible for
making you how you are vs. environment?
• Online stopwatch
Dominant (D) vs. Recessive (R)
• 1. GG
• 2. Hh
• 3. Ll
• 4. mm
• 5. kk
• 6. Nn
• 7. Rr
• 8. FF
• 9. jj
• 10. Cc
• 11. SS
• 12. Pp
Genotype (G) vs. Phenotype (P)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. eye color
2. Diabetes
3. Jj
4. Oo
5. height
6. blood type
7. brown hair
8. UU
9. left handed
10. behavior
11. RR
12. mm
13. attached ears
Trait
Tongue-Rolling (R)
Free Earlobe (F)
Widow’s Peak (W)
Taste (T)
Straight Thumb (N)
Straight Little Finger (S)
Left over Right Thumb Crossing
(L)
Chin Cleft (C)
Mid-digital Hair (H)
Six Fingers (F)
Phenotype- what you look like
Genotype- genetic make-up
that makes up phenotype
• Gene- segment of DNA that codes for a trait
• Dominant- trait that normally is expressed,
only need one allele (gene) for it to show
• Recessive- trait that will only show if both
alleles are present
• Allele- type of gene that comes from mom or
dad
• Genotype- your genetic composition (BB,Bb)
• Phenotype- your appearance (brown hair)
• Breaking which type of bond would require
the most energy?
•
•
•
•
A. Covalent
B. Electrostatic
C. Hydrogen
D. Intermolecular
•
•
•
•
•
Which formula represents an organic molecule?
A. CuSO4•H2O
B. C12H22O11
C. AgNO3
D. H2O
What is the correct order of organization of all living
things from simplest to most complex?
• A. Atom, cell, organ, organelle, organ system,
organism, molecule, tissue
• B. Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ,
organ system, organism
• C. Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organelle, organ,
organism, organ system
• D. Organelle, atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ,
organ system, organism
Which sequence is in order from the simplest level of
organization to the most complex? (erythrocyte= red
blood cell)
• A. Muscle, erythrocyte, lipid, mitochondrion, carbon
• B. Carbon, lipid, erythrocyte, mitochondrion, muscle
• C. Muscle, mitochondrion, lipid, erythrocyte, carbon
• D. Carbon, lipid, mitochondrion, erythrocyte, muscle
• Heterozygous: for a particular trait the
individual has one dominant and one
recessive allele. (Tt)
• Homozygous: for a particular trait the
individual has both dominant or both
recessive alleles. (TT, tt)
• Used to predict possible offspring outcomes.
• Cross parents.
– Tall (TT) x short (tt)
Genotypic Ratio:
Phenotypic Ratio:
# of Heterozygous Individuals:
# of Homozygous Individuals:
– Cross a Black Bull (Bb) with Black Cow (Bb)
–
–
–
–
–
Genotypic Ratio:
Phenotypic Ratio:
# of Heterozygous Individuals:
# of Homozygous Individuals:
Can this bull be 100% guaranteed of throwing all black
calves?
• 1. Cross a homozygous dominant purple pea plant
(P) with a homozygous recessive white pea plant.
• 2. Cross 2 heterozygous spotted walking horses. Will
they ever have solid colored babies?
• Researchers claim that
40-60% of your
characteristics are
genetically linked.
• What is the other major
contributing factor?
How many chromosomes
are in your somatic
cells?
• Determine the mRNA from DNA:
– TACCCGGCGATTATCACT
• Create the amino acid sequence from the mRNA
above.
• If you delete the first “A” from the DNA sequence
create the mRNA, amino acid chain, and identify
the type of mutation.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
____________- the odds of getting a particular trait.
____________- the gene combination for a trait.
____________- the outward appearance of a trait
____________- genotype for a trait is either 100%
dominant or 100% recessive
____________- genotype for a trait is dominant and
recessive.
____________- map of an individual’s chromosomes.
____________- segment of DNA that codes for a trait
____________- passing of traits from parents to
offspring
• Mendel wanted to see if
recessive traits
disappeared in F1
generation. So he
crossed them to make
an F2 generation.
• He realized that
gametes (egg or sperm)
only contain one set of
genes.
• These alleles segregate.
• The odds that a
particular event is going
to take place.
• If you flip a coin, there
is a ½ chance that it will
land on heads.
• Apply this concept to
segregation of alleles.
• If (P) = purple, (p)= white what do the
following flowers look like?
• PP = ?
• Pp = ?
• pp = ?
• Circle the homozygous genotypes.
• These principles can only be viewed if there
are hundreds or thousands of offspring.
• You and your siblings are not enough to prove
or disprove these principles.
• Probability- ________ of getting a particular
result.
• Ind. Assortment- just because you inherit one
dominant trait, does not mean all your traits
will be __________.
• 1. Using the letter R, give an example of a
homozygous dominant individual.
• 2. Using the letter F, give an example of a
heterozygous individual.
• 3. If you were an animal breeder, which would
you prefer buying as breeding stock? A
homozygous or heterozygous animal? JUSTIFY
• A chart that shows
the phenotypes for an
organism and all of its
ancestors.
• Squares=males
• Circles=Females
• Generation = roman
numeral.
• Each individual is
numbered in the
generation.
• Offspring = vertical lines.
• Marriage = horizontal lines.
• Use your Family starting with one set of your
biological grandparents. (3 generations)
• Shade in all circles/squares of brunette
people, and leave blank all other hair colors.
• Using each other CREATE & ORGANIZE a pedigree.
• Neatness is worth 10 pts.
– Straight lines
– key present
– colored shapes
– numbered generations and individuals
– Place names in the shapes
• Pedigree is worth 30 lab pts.
• What is the difference between a karyotype
and a pedigree?
• Choose a person out of the basket.
• Fill in the classroom pedigree chart, with the
phenotype of tongue-rolling
• Left over Thumb= blue
• Right over Thumb= green
• Lines must be straight, generations must be
numbered, individuals must be numbered,
and each individual must be blue or green.
• Meiosis is the process by
which sex cells are
produced.
• During meiosis the
number of chromosomes
are cut in half, so that the
sex cells only contribute
half of the genetic
information for a
particular organism.
• Meiosis
• As a human you have
46 chromosomes in
your somatic cells.
• 23 inherited from your
father, 23 inherited
from your mother.
• You only have 23
chromosomes in your
sex cells (egg/sperm).
•
•
•
•
•
•
Probability- the odds of getting a particular trait.
Karyotype- map of an individual’s chromosomes.
Gene- segment of DNA that codes for a trait
Genotype- the gene combination for a trait.
Phenotype- the outward appearance of a trait
Homozygous- genotype for a trait is either 100%
dominant or 100% recessive
• Heterozygous- genotype for a trait is dominant and
recessive.
• Inheritance- passing of traits from parents to
offspring
• 1. How many chromosomes are in your
somatic cells?
• 2. How many chromosomes are in your sex
cells?
• 3. If you had to begin a job today, what line of
work would you enter?
• Map of an individual’s
chromosomes that have
been inherited from
one’s mother and father
• 1. Male/Female
• 2. Normal/Abnormal
number of
chromosomes.
• 3. List the autosome
pairs (give numbers)
• 4. List the sex
chromosome pairs.
• Each of the 23
chromosomes inherited
by your parents line up
in pairs.
• These pairs are known
as homologous
chromosomes.
• These homologous
chromosomes are
identical in size, shape,
and location of genes.
Figure 9.15 The Human Karyotype
DNA chromatin in Interphase in cell.
Chromosomes have been stained in Metaphase to distinguish
homologous chromsomes.
Figure 9.15 The Human Karyotype
Where do homologous chromosomes come from?
What phase are these homologous chromosomes next to one another?
All three of these
conditions cause a
form of mental
retardation.
• 1. How many chromosomes will be in a human
karyotype?
• 2. Define the term karyotype.
• 3. What is the study of inheritance called?
• 4. Make a pedigree:
–
–
–
–
–
Male I,1
Female, I, 2
Female, II, 1 Parents 1 & 2
Female, II, 2 Parents 1 & 2
Male, II, 3
• Sex-linked Trait- a trait found on the sex chromosomes
(usually the X because it is bigger than Y)
• Codominance- traits expressed together
• Incomplete dominance- blending of traits
• Multiple alleles- more than 2 options for a trait
• Polygenic traits- more than 1 gene codes for the trait
• Evolution- change over time
• Adaptation- a change in a trait to give an advantage
• Natural selection- certain species with adaptation
thrive, those without the adaptation diminish.
•
•
•
•
•
Cross Rr x rr
Cross Rr x Rr
Cross AA x AA
Cross AA x Aa
If P= purple, p= white. Give Genotypic ratio of
Pp xPp.
• Give Phenotypic Ratio of Pp xPp
• Autosomeschromosomes that
codes for all traits
except gender.
– Homologous pairs #1-22
• Sex chromosomeschromosomes that code
for gender.
– Homologous pair #23
– Karyotyping Activity
• Incomplete Dominancethink of this as a
blending of genes.
• Neither gene is
dominant.
• Heterozygous genotype
is a blend of the two
alleles.
• Red(RR) + White(WW) =
Pink(RW) flower
• Codominance- both alleles
contribute to the
phenotype.
• Genes do not blend, but
show up distinctly.
• Roan cattle, blood type,
calico cats
• Red cow (RR) x white
bull(WW) = roan calf(RW)
• Multiple Alleles- a gene
may have more than
two alleles to code for a
particular trait.
• Blood type, coat color,
hair color, etc.
• Polygenic Traits- traits
that are controlled by
several different genes.
• Examples include hair
color and skin color,
• Stop Talking and Work!
• Most of you have a great grade
Let’s keep it that way!
• What is the study of inheritance called?
• Make a pedigree:
– Male I,1
– Female, I, 2
– Female, II, 1 Parents 1 & 2
– Female, II, 2 Parents 1 & 2
– Male, II, 3
– Solve: 3x6+2x5-1=?
When chromosomes fail to separate
during anaphase of meiosis.
Meiosis is the process that sex cells are
formed.
• Trisomy 13/18- typically
die by 3 months of age
• Trisomy 21- Mental
retardation, facial
distortions.
• Down’s typically occurs in
egg and sperm
production.
• Likelihood of Down’s
occurs with maternal age.
• Turner’s Syndrome in
females, results in a
(XO).
• Klinefelter’s Syndrome
in males, results in
(XXY-XXXXY)
• What is the difference between autosomal
nondisjunction and sex chromosome
nondisjunction?
• Albinismanimal/person lacks
ability to produce
pigment in hair, skin,
and eyes if they have
two recessive genes for
pigmentation.
• DOMINANT ALLELE DISORDER:
– Polydactyl- six digit. Henry VIII
had a 6th finger. (dominant gene)
• Hemophilia- blood is
unable to clot. Queen
Victoria had this, also
affected Czar Nicholas
due to intermarriage.
(inbreeding depression)
• Muscular dystrophychronic muscle wasting
disease.
• Colorblindness- usually
in males.
• Prenatal detection of chromosomal
abnormalities.
• A thin needle is inserted into the amniotic fluid
surrounding the fetus (a term applied to an
unborn baby after the first trimester).
• Cells that are withdrawn have been sloughed off
by the fetus, yet they are still fetal cells and can
be used to determine the state of the fetal
chromosomes, such as Down's Syndrome and the
sex of the baby after a karyotype has been made.
• A female carries the color-blindness gene (b),
her husband has normal vision (B). Set up a PS
to show the likelihood of having normal vision
or colorblind children.