SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
(E-SUPPLY)
Materi Pertemuan ke-10
E-supply Chain
• Supply Chain adalah
aliran material, informasi,
uang, dan servis/jasa
dari bahan baku yang
diperoleh melalui
supplier sampai ke
pabrikasi dan
pergudangan dan
akhirnya ke pelanggan
akhir.
Tiga segmen rantai pasokan
• Aliran ke atas / hulu
• Internal
• Aliran ke bawah / hilir
Gambar Rantai Persediaan Sederhana
(Simple Supply Chain)
Upstream
2nd tier
Supplier
2nd tier
Supplier
2nd tier
Supplier
Internal
1st tier
Supplier
Downstream
Distribution
Centers
Assembly/
Manufacturing
And packaging
1st tier
Supplier
Retailers
Customers
Contoh: Toys Manufacturer Process
Oil
Refinery
Sheet
Metal
Lumber
Company
Pulp
Company
Plastic
Shipping
Components
Manufacturer
Paper
Company
Shipping
Box
Makers,
Printers
Toy
Assembler/
Manufacturer
Toy
Packaging
Distribution
Retailers
Customers
Example : Cadbury Supply Chain
• Our supply chain
The processes involved
in making one of our
chocolate bars, Cadbury
Dairy Fruit & Nut, at our
factory in Bournville in
the United Kingdom,
give a good illustration of
how supply chains, and
our relationships within
them, can differ.
• A complex and diverse supply chain
For us the term 'supply chain' describes the
process we use to obtain the ingredients,
packaging goods and services that we need
to do our business.
At Cadbury
Schweppes, we have several
supply chains, depending
on the item we are sourcing.
Our supply chain for milk, for
example, is different from the
supply chain for advertising,
and supply chains for the same
item can also vary from country
to country.
Making and advertising
Cadbury Dairy Milk in the UK
• The processes involved in making
one of our chocolate bars, Cadbury
Dairy Milk Fruit & Nut, at our factory
in Bournville in the United
Kingdom, give a good illustration of
how supply chains, and our
relationships within them, can
differ.
• Advertising - one step away
Cadbury Schweppes has direct
contracts with the advertising
agency responsible for advertising
and promoting Cadbury Dairy Milk
Fruit & Nut. This means the
advertising agency is one step
away from our company.
• Milk - two steps away The milk that
goes into our chocolate bar comes
from the United Kingdom. We buy it
from farmer-run cooperatives. Here
we have direct dealings with the cooperatives but not with the
individual farmers, which means
the farmers who produce the milk
are two steps away from our
company.
• Raisins - two steps away The
raisins in our chocolate bar come
from Turkey. We buy the raisins
from a family-owned Turkish
processing plant near Izmir, which
buys its raisins from around 1,000
small farmers. The raisins are
traceable back to the original farms.
The processing plant maintains
close relations with the farmers to
ensure quality. We are two steps
away from these 1,000 small
farmers.
• Almonds - two steps away The almonds in our
chocolate bar come from California. We buy
the almonds from a processor who in turn
buys them from the farmer. Here we are two
steps away from the original producers, the
Californian almond growers.
• Sugar - two steps away The sugar we buy
comes from the UK and mainland Europe. We
buy it from sugar processors. The sugar
processor buys sugar beet direct from the
farmer. The farmers who grow the sugar beet
we use are therefore two steps away from our
company.
• Cocoa - three or more steps away Cocoa for
our chocolate bar is sourced from Ghana. We
buy cocoa from the Ghanaian government
Cocoa Board (COCOBOD), which controls the
cocoa trade in Ghana. Between COCOBOD
and the farmer there are licensed buying
companies. They buy cocoa from the farmer
and transport it to the seaport. Here we are
three steps or more away from more than half
a million farmers.
• How much influence we
can exert on particular
supply chains varies. If we
are a major buyer of a
product, or where we buy
directly from the producer,
our influence can be great.
When we are not a major
buyer, or where we are
several steps away from
the producer, our
influence tends to be more
limited. Nevertheless we
still recognise our
responsibilities for each
link in our supply chain.
Manajemen E-Supply (e-SCM)
Merupakan penggunaan teknologi untuk meningkatkan proses B2B dan
peningkatan kecepatan, ketahanan, kontrol langsung, serta
kepuasan pelanggan
Teknologi dimanfaatkan untuk peningkatan kegiatan operasi dari rantai
persediaan (Supply Chain)
Selain teknologi, juga melibatkan perubahan² pada kebijakan
manajemen, budaya organisasi, proses bisnis, dan struktur
organisasi
Kesuksesan E-supply chain bergantung pada:
1. Kemampuan dari semua partner pada Supply Chain untuk
memandang kolaborasi ini sebagai sebuah aset strategi
2. Kemampuan untuk melihat informasi yang ada pada semua partner
Supply Chain
3. Kecepatan, biaya, kualitas, dan layanan pelanggan
4. Pengintegrasian rantai persediaan yang lebih erat
Manajemen E-Supply (e-SCM)
Aktivitas/proses yang ada pada E-SCM:
•
•
•
•
Pengisian ulang persediaan
E-procurement (pemesanan)
Kolaborasi Perencanaan
Kolaborasi desain dan pengembangan
produk
• E-logistics
• Perdagangan dengan B2B dan Supply
Web
Permasalahan dalam
Supply Chain
Supply Chain dapat menjadi sangat lama karena
melibatkan partner internet dan eksternal yang
berada di banyak tempat berbeda
Masalah kualitas material, yang bisa terjadi
karena kesalahan pengiriman jenis material
Tidak adanya infrastruktur logistik (sistem)
Order yang tidak menentu baik dari pemasok
maupun distributor
Solusi
E-commerce untuk
Supply Chain
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Order melalui internet, EDI,
ekstranet secara otomatis
Cth: pada B2B, order
transmisikan secara otomatis
ke pemasok ketika level
inventori sudah mencapai titik
tertentu
Memenuhi order secara
langsung
Pembayaran Elektronik dapat
mempercepat pemenuhan
order dan jangka waktu
pembayaran
Persediaan dapat diperkecil
dengan melakukan
pemesanan bila akan ada
produksi dan dengan
memberikan informasi yang
cepat dan akurat kepada
pemasok
Kolaborasi perdagangan
antara anggota Supply Chain
dapat dilakukan di banyak
area sehingga dapat
mengurangi keterlambatan,
gangguan pada pekerjaan,
biaya administrasi dan
inventori
Kolaborasi Perdagangan
Penggunaan teknologi digital yang
memungkinkan perusahaan-perusahaan
untuk secara bersama-sama merencanakan,
merancang, mengatur, dan meneliti produk,
servis, dan aplikasi EC yang inovatif
Kegiatan ini dibedakan dari
penjualan dan pembelian. Cth:
sebuah perusahaan yang
berkolaborasi secara elektronik
dengan pemasoknya yang
mendesain produk atau bagianbagiannya untuk perusahaan
tersebut
Keuntungan : pengurangan biaya,
peningkatan pendapata, dan
hubungan yg lebih baik dengan
customer
Kolaborasi Perdagangan
1. Kolaborasi Tradisional
terjadi di antara anggota-anggota Supply Chain,
biasanya yang dekat satu dengan yg lainnya seperti
manufaktur dan distributornya atau distributor dan
pedagang.
Bahkan bila ada lebih banyak partner yang terlibat,
fokusnya adalah peningkatan informasi dan aliran
produk di antara mereka.
2. Kolaborasi Jaringan
Setiap partner dapat berinteraksi dengan semua unsur
dalam Supply Chain. Interaksinya dapat terjadi diantara
beberapa manufaktur atau distributor.
Kolaborasi jaringan dapat berbeda-beda bentuk,
tergantung pada industri yang dijalankan, produk/servis,
volume arus informasi, dan lainnya
Kolaborasi Tradisional
Contract
Manufacturing
Logistic
Services
CPFR
CPFR
VMI
Suppliers
Manufacturers,
Assemblers
VMI
Supply
Aggregators
Distributors,
Warehousing
Retailers
Demand
Aggregators
Financial
Services
Customers
Kolaborasi Jaringan
Logistics
Logistics
Logistics
Consumer
Component
Suppliers
Manufacturers
Distributor
Retailer
Assemblers
Reseller
Business
Customer
Contract
Manufacturers
Distributor
VMI
Sub
Suppliers
Raw Material
Suppliers
E-marketplace
E-marketplace
Demand
Aggregator
Financial
Services
Financial
Services
Financial
Services
Contoh E-Collaboration
(E-Kolaborasi)
• Berbagi informasi antara Pedagang dan
Pemasok barang
• Kolaborasi Pedagang-Pemasok
(mengumpulkan partner sebanyak mungkin)
• Pengurangan waktu perencanaan
pemesanan bahan baku
• Pengurangan waktu untuk pengembangan
produk