Aerosol, Cloud, & Ocean Ecosystem Mission
A cross-disciplinary mission
focused on climate forcings
of the Earth system
Mission Chief Scientist
David Starr, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Ocean Lead: Charles McClain, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Aerosol Lead: Lorraine Remer, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
Cloud Leads: Jay Mace, University of Utah & Graeme Stevens (Colorado State University
Suborbital Science Lead: Jens Redemann, NASA/Ames Research Center
Mission Study Leads: Lisa Callahan (NASA/GSFC) & Deborah Vane (Jet Propulsion Lab)
NASA Headquarter Leads
Hal Maring & Paula Bontempi
Decadal Survey Mission Overview
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Tier 1
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Tier 2
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Climate Absolute Radiance and Reflectivity Observatory (CLARREO)
Soil Moisture Active-Passive (SMAP)
Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite – II (ICESat-II)
Deformation, Ecosystem Structure, and Dynamics of ICE (DESDynI)
Aerosol, Cloud, Ecology (ACE)
Geostationary Coastal and Air Pollution Events (GEO-CAPE)
Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI)
Active Sensing of CO2 Emissions over Nights, Days, and Seasons (ASCENDS)
Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT)
Tier 3
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Lidar Surface Topography (LIST)
Precision and All-weather Temperature and Humidity (PATH)
Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE-II)
Snow and Cold Land Processes (SCLP)
3D-Winds
Global Atmospheric Composition Mission (GACM)
Decadal Survey ACE Mission Objectives
Objectives:
1. “…better constrain aerosol-cloud interaction by simultaneous
measurement of aerosol and cloud properties with radar,
lidar, a polarimeter, and a multiwavelength imager.”
2. “…estimate carbon uptake by ocean ecosystems through
global measurements of organic material in the surface ocean
layers.”  Ocean Ecology Spectrometer (OES)
NAS Decadal Survey pg 90
ACE & PACE Ocean Biogeochemistry Derived Products
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Normalized water-leaving radiances or reflectances (discrete bands)
Chlorophyll-a
Diffuse attenuation coefficient (490 nm)
Current CDRs
Primary production
Inherent optical properties (IOPs; spectral absorption, scattering coefficients,
beam-c)
Spectral diffuse attenuation
Spectral normalized water-leaving radiances or remote sensing reflectances
Particulate organic carbon concentration
Calcite concentration
Candidate CDRs
Colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM)
Photosynthetically available radiation (PAR)
Fluorescence line height (FLH)
Euphotic depth
Total suspended matter (TSM)
Trichodesmium concentration
Particle size distributions & composition (biogenic, mineral, etc.)
Taxonomic group distributions (needs to be defined)
Research Products
Phytoplankton carbon
Dissolved organic matter/carbon (DOM/DOC)
Physiological properties (e.g., C:Chl, fluorescence quantum yields, growth rates)
Other plant pigments (specific pigments need to be identified)
Export production
ACE Mission Scenarios
• Decadal Survey Baseline Mission: 4 recommended sensors
– Lidar for aerosol/cloud heights, aerosol properties, & ocean particle load
– Two options: multi-beam system or high spectral resolution lidar (HSRL)
– HSRL favored
– Dual frequency cloud radar for cloud properties and precipitation
– Polarimeter for imaging aerosol and clouds
– Multi-angle, multi-spectral wide swath
– Ocean ecosystem spectrometer (OES)
• Augmented Mission: 4 baseline sensors plus 1 to 4 additional cloud sensors
– IR multi-channel imager: cloud temperatures and heights
– High frequency microwave swath radiometer: cloud ice measurements
– Microwave temperature/humidity sounder for clouds
– Low frequency microwave swath radiometer: cloud water & precipitation measurements
ACE Ocean-related Working Groups
Ocean Ecology Working Group
Chuck McClain (NASA/GSFC): Chair
Zia Ahmad (NASA/GSFC)
Bob Barnes (NASA/GSFC)
Mike Behrenfeld (Oregon State U.)
Emmanuel Boss (U. of Maine)
Steve Brown (NIST)
Jacek Chowdhary (NASA/GISS)
Robert Frouin (UC/San Diego)
Stan Hooker (NASA/GSFC)
Yong Hu (NASA LaRC)
Stephane Maritorena (UC/Santa Barbara)
Gerhard Meister (NASA/GSFC)
Norm Nelson (UC/Santa Barbara)
Dave Siegel (UC/Santa Barbara)
Dariuz Stramski (Scripps Inst. Oceanography)
Rick Stumpf (NOAA/NOS)
Menghua Wang (NOAA/NESDIS)
Toby Westberry (Oregon State U.)
Ocean-Aerosol Interaction Working Group
Chuck McClain (NASA/GSFC): Chair
Santiago Gassó (U. of Maryland/BC): Co-chair
Zia Ahmad (GSFC)
Mike Behrenfeld (Oregon State U.)
Jacek Chowdhary (NASA/GISS)
Yuan Gao (Rutgers U.)
Santiago Gassó (U. of Maryland/BC)
Yong Hu (NASA LaRC)
Natalie Mahowald (Cornell U.)
Paty Matrai (Bigelow Lab. for Ocean Sci.)
Nicholas Meskhidze (NC State U.)
Norm Nelson (UC/Santa Barbara)
Joe Prospero (U. of Miami)
Lorraine Remer (GSFC)
Eric Saltzman (UC/Irvine)
Dave Siegel (UC/Santa Barbara)
Currently Inactive
ACE Atmosphere-related Working Groups
Aerosol Working Group
Lorraine Remer (NASA/GSFC): Chair
Zia Ahmad (NASA/GSFC)
Brian Cairns (NASA/GIS)
Pete Colarco (NASA/GSFC)
David Diner (JPL)
Rich Ferrare (NASA/LaRC)
Ann Fridland (NASA/GISS)
Santiago Gassó (U. of Maryland/BC)
Steve Ghan (DOE/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)
Chris Hostetler (NASA/LaRC)
Yong Hu (NASA/LaRC)
Ralph Kahn (NASA/GSFC)
Sejii Kato (NASA/LaRC)
Robert Levy (NASA/GSFC)
Norm Loeb (NASA/LaRC)
Jay Mace (U. of Utah)
Vanderlai Martins (U. of Maryland/BC)
Michael Mishchenko (NASA/GISS)
Jeff Reid (Naval Postgraduate School)
Jens Redemann (NASA/ARC)
Wenying Shu (NASA/LaRC)
Graeme Stevens (Colorado State U.)
Chien Wang (MIT)
Menghua Wang (NOAA/NESDIS)
Judd Welton (NASA/GSFC)
Cloud Working Group
Jay Mace (U. of Utah) & Graeme Stevens
(Colorado State U.): Co-Chairs
Steve Ackerman (U. Wisconsin)
Eric Jensen (NASA/ARC)
Roger Marchand (U. Washington)
Steve Platnick (NASA/GSFC)
Dave Starr (NASA/GSFC)
Graeme Stevens (Colorado State U.)
ACE Working Groups cont.
Suborbital Working Group
Jens Redemann (NASA/ARC): Chair
Norm Nelson (UC/SB) & Eric Jansen (NASA/ARC): Co-chairs
Brian Cairns (NASA/GISS)
Rich Ferrare (NASA/LaRC)
Santiago Gassó (U. of Maryland/BC)
Stan Hooker (NASA/GSFC)
Norm Nelson (UC/SB)
Chris Hostetler (NASA/LaRC)
Yong Hu (NASA/LaRC)
Jay Mace (U. of Utah)
Lorraine Remer (NASA/GSFC)
Eric Saltzman (UC/Irvine)
Judd Welton (NASA/GSFC)
Suborbital activities include:
• Focused process-oriented field
campaigns
• Interdisciplinary
• Discipline-specific
• Calibration & validation data collection
• Prelaunch for algorithm
development
• Post-launch for on-orbit sensor
calibration & product/algorithm
validation
ACE Ocean Ecology Working Group Activities
Spring 2008-Spring 2011
• Formulated the Ocean Ecology Science Traceability Matrix (STM)
• Science questions, approaches, measurement requirements,
instrument requirements, mission requirements, other
• Formulated the OES performance specifications
• Spectral bands, signal-to-noise, saturation, polarization, etc.
• Drafted the Ocean Ecology White Paper
• Science objectives & rationale, sensor requirements (appendix)
• Submitted mission support study proposals (theoretical analyses,
field studies, instrument development, and lab work that clarify how
science objectives can be met)
• Outlined product suite
• Geophysical parameters with baseline & desired ranges
• Assessments on field and laboratory measurement capabilities
and accuracies
• Held weekly telecons
ACE White Paper Draft Outline
Chapters have been submitted by the discipline working groups and are being
synthesized for final editing and publication.
Charter #
Chapter Topic
• Executive Summary
• Chapter 1. Aerosols, Climate and Long-range Transport
• Chapter 2. Cloud Properties and Processes
• Chapter 3. Aerosol-Cloud Interactions
• Chapter 4. Ocean Ecosystems and Carbon Cycle
• Chapter 5. Aerosol-Ocean Interactions
• Chapter 6. Essential Synergistic Science
• Chapter 7. Science Synthesis and Linkages
• Chapter 8. Instrument Requirements
• Chapter 9. Mission Formulation
• Chapter 10. Calibration and Validation
• Chapter 11. Mission Cost and Phasing Options
If anyone wants copies of Chapters 4 &/or 5, let me know.
ACE Science Traceability Matrices
• Each discipline working group is responsible for developing a Science
Traceability Matrix (STM)
• STM provides a roadmap from science questions to sensor and mission
requirements.
• STM elements: Category (e.g. Aerosols), Focused Questions, Approach,
Measurement Requirements, Instrument Requirements, Platform
Requirements, & Other Needs
Will use Ocean Ecosystems STM as an example
Goddard
Space
Flight Center
Approach
Quantify phytoplankton biomass,
composition, & productivity
of ocean ecosystems? How
and why are they changing?
[OBB1]
2
How and why are ocean
biogeochemical cycles
changing? How do they
influence the Earth system?
[OBB2]
What are the material
3 exchanges between land &
ocean? How do they
influence coastal ecosystems,
biogeochemistry & habitats?
How are they changing?
[OBB1,2,3]
How do aerosols & clouds
4 influence ocean ecosystems
& biogeochemical cycles?
How do ocean biological &
photochemical processes
affect the atmosphere and
Earth system? [OBB2]
How do physical ocean
5 processes affect ocean
ecosystems &
biogeochemistry? How do
ocean biological processes
influence ocean physics?
[OBB1,2]
6 What is the distribution of
algal blooms and their
relation to harmful algal and
eutrophication events? How
are these events changing?
[OBB1,4]
groups (functional/HABS), and
productivity using bio-optical
models & chlorophyll fluorescence
1
2
6
Measure particulate and dissolved
carbon pools, their characteristics
and optical properties
2
3
Quantify ocean photobiochemical
& photobiological processes
2 4
Water-leaving radiances in
near-ultraviolet, visible, &
near-infrared for separation
of absorbing & scattering
constituents and calculation
of chlorophyll fluorescence
Instrument
Requirements
• 5 nm resolution 350 to 755 nm
1000 – 1500 SNR for 15 nm
aggregate bands UV & visible
and 10 nm fluorescence bands
(665, 678, 710, 748 nm centers)
10 to 40 nm width atmospheric
correction bands at 748, 765, 820,
865, 1245, 1640, 2135 nm
• 0.1% radiometric temporal stability
(1 month demonstrated prelaunch)
• 58.3o cross track scanning
• Sensor tilt (±20o) for glint avoidance
• Polarization insensitive (<1.0%)
• 1 km spatial resolution @ nadir
• No saturation in UV to NIR bands
• 5 year minimum design lifetime
• 0.5 km aerosol vertical resolution
• 2 m sub-surface resolution
• < 0.3% polarization misalignment
• 0.0001 km-1sr-1 aerosol backscatter
sensitivity at 532 nm after averaging
• < 4 ns e-folding transient response
• Brillouin scattering capability;
Receiver FOVs: 0-60 m; 0-120 m.
Each question
maps to the
SixOBBP
Focused
plan
Ocean Science
Questions
Estimate particle abundance, size 1
distribution (PSD), & characteristics
3
2
Assimilate ACE observations in
ocean biogeochemical model fields
of key properties (cf., air-sea CO2
fluxes, export, pH, etc.)
2
Compare ACE observations with
ground-based and model data of
biological properties, land-ocean
exchange in the coastal zone,
physical properties (e.g., winds,
SST, SSH, etc), and circulation (ML
dynamics, horizontal divergence, etc)
3
4
5
6
Combine ACE ocean & atmosphere
observations with models to evaluate
(1) air-sea exchange of particulates,
dissolved materials, and gases and
(2) impacts on aerosol & cloud
properties
4
Assess ocean radiant heating and
feedbacks
5
Conduct field sea-truth
measurements and modeling to
validate retrievals from the pelagic
to near-shore environments
1 4
2 5
3 6
Platform
Requir’ts
Orbit
permitting 2day global
coverage of
ocean
radiometer
measurements
Other
Needs
Global data sets
from missions,
models, or field
observations:
Measurement
Requirements
(1) Ozone
Total radiances in UV, NIR,
(2) Total water
and SWIR for atmospheric
Sunvapor
corrections
synchronous
(3) Surface
orbit with
wind velocity
Cloud radiances for
crossing time
(4) Surface
assessing instrument stray
between 10:30
barometric
light
a.m. & 1:30
pressure
p.m.
(5) NO2
concentration
High vertical resolution
Storage and
(6) Vicarious
aerosol heights, optical
download of
calibration &
thickness, & composition
full spectral and
validation
for atmospheric corrections
spatial data
(7) Full
prelaunch
Subsurface particle
Monthly lunar
characterization
scattering & depth profile
o
calibration at 7
(2% accuracy
phase angle
radiometric)
Broad spatial coverage
through Earth
aerosol heights and single
observing port
• Observation angles: 60o to 140o
Science
scatter albedo for
• Angle resolution: 5o
Requirements
atmospheric correction.
• Degree of polarization: 1%
(1) SST
Subsurface polarized return
(2) SSH
for typing oceanic particles
(3) PAR
(4) UV
Supporting Field & Laboratory Measurements
(5) MLD
• Primary production (NPP) measurement & round-robin algorithm testing
(6) CO2
• Inherent optical properties (IOPs) instrument & protocols development,
(7) pH
laboratory & field (coastal and open ocean) measurement comparisons
(8) Ocean
• Measure key phytoplankton groups across ocean biomes (coast/open ocean)
circulation
• Expanded global data sets of NPP, CDOM, DOM, pCO2, PSDs, IOPs,
(9) Aerosol
fluorescence, vertical organic particle fluxes, bio-available Fe concentrations
deposition
Ocean Biogeochemistry-Ecosystem Modeling
(10) run-off
• Expand model capabilities to assimilate variables such as NPP, IOPs, and
loading in
phytoplankton species/functional group concentrations.
coastal zone
• Improve model process parameterizations, e.g., particle fluxes
Lidar
Ocean
Biology
1 What are the standing stocks, pigments, optical properties, key
Measurement
Requirements
Ocean Radiometer
Focused Questions*
Polarimeter
Category
Maps to
Science
Question
Ocean Ecosystems STM
focused questions are traceable to the four overarching science questions of NASA’s Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program [OBB1 to OBB4] as defined in the
* ACE
document: Earth's Living Ocean: A Strategic Vision for the NASA Ocean Biological and Biogeochemistry Program (under NRC review)
**
See ACE Ocean Ecosystem white paper for specific vicarious calibration & validation requirements
**
Goddard
Space
Flight Center
Approach
1 What are the standing stocks, pigments, optical properties, key
2
How and why are ocean
biogeochemical cycles
changing? How do they
influence the Earth system?
[OBB2]
What are the material
3 exchanges between land &
ocean? How do they
influence coastal ecosystems,
biogeochemistry & habitats?
How are they changing?
[OBB1,2,3]
How do aerosols & clouds
4 influence ocean ecosystems
& biogeochemical cycles?
How do ocean biological &
photochemical processes
affect the atmosphere and
Earth system? [OBB2]
How do physical ocean
5 processes affect ocean
ecosystems &
biogeochemistry? How do
ocean biological processes
influence ocean physics?
[OBB1,2]
6 What is the distribution of
algal blooms and their
relation to harmful algal and
eutrophication events? How
are these events changing?
[OBB1,4]
groups (functional/HABS), and
productivity using bio-optical
models & chlorophyll fluorescence
Measure particulate and dissolved
carbon pools, their characteristics
and optical properties
2
3
Water-leaving radiances in
near-ultraviolet, visible, &
near-infrared for separation
of absorbing & scattering
constituents and calculation
of chlorophyll fluorescence
Platform
Requir’ts
• 5 nm resolution 350 to 755 nm
1000 – 1500 SNR for 15 nm
aggregate bands UV & visible
and 10 nm fluorescence bands
(665, 678, 710, 748 nm centers)
10 to 40 nm width atmospheric
correction bands at 748, 765, 820,
865, 1245, 1640, 2135 nm
• 0.1% radiometric temporal stability
(1 month demonstrated prelaunch)
• 58.3o cross track scanning
• Sensor tilt (±20o) for glint avoidance
• Polarization insensitive (<1.0%)
• 1 km spatial resolution @ nadir
• No saturation in UV to NIR bands
• 5 year minimum design lifetime
• 0.5 km aerosol vertical resolution
• 2 m sub-surface resolution
• < 0.3% polarization misalignment
• 0.0001 km-1sr-1 aerosol backscatter
sensitivity at 532 nm after averaging
• < 4 ns e-folding transient response
• Brillouin scattering capability;
Receiver FOVs: 0-60 m; 0-120 m.
Orbit
permitting 2day global
coverage of
ocean
radiometer
measurements
Other
Needs
Global data sets
from missions,
models, or field
observations:
Measurement
Requirements
(1) Ozone
Total radiances in UV, NIR,
(2) Total water
and SWIR for atmospheric
Sunvapor
corrections
synchronous
(3) Surface
orbit with
wind velocity
Cloud radiances for
crossing time
(4) Surface
assessing instrument stray
between 10:30
barometric
light
a.m. & 1:30
pressure
p.m.
(5) NO2
concentration
High vertical resolution
Storage and
(6) Vicarious
aerosol heights, optical
download of
calibration &
thickness, & composition
full spectral and
validation
for atmospheric corrections
spatial data
(7) Full
prelaunch
Subsurface particle
Monthly lunar
characterization
scattering & depth profile
o
calibration at 7
(2% accuracy
phase angle
radiometric)
Broad spatial coverage
through Earth
aerosol heights and single
observing port
• Observation angles: 60o to 140o
Science
scatter albedo for
• Angle resolution: 5o
Requirements
atmospheric correction.
• Degree of polarization: 1%
(1) SST
Subsurface polarized return
(2) SSH
for typing oceanic particles
(3) PAR
(4) UV
Supporting Field & Laboratory Measurements
(5) MLD
• Primary production (NPP) measurement & round-robin algorithm testing
(6) CO2
• Inherent optical properties (IOPs) instrument & protocols development,
(7) pH
laboratory & field (coastal and open ocean) measurement comparisons
(8) Ocean
• Measure key phytoplankton groups across ocean biomes (coast/open ocean)
circulation
• Expanded global data sets of NPP, CDOM, DOM, pCO2, PSDs, IOPs,
(9) Aerosol
fluorescence, vertical organic particle fluxes, bio-available Fe concentrations
deposition
Ocean Biogeochemistry-Ecosystem Modeling
(10) run-off
• Expand model capabilities to assimilate variables such as NPP, IOPs, and
loading in
phytoplankton species/functional group concentrations.
coastal zone
• Improve model process parameterizations, e.g., particle fluxes
Particulate & dissolved carbon
Changes in ocean
2 4
Numbers
link
biogeochemical
cycles
Photochemistry
& photobiology
Quantify ocean photobiochemical
& photobiological processes
Estimate particle abundance, size 1
distribution (PSD), & characteristics
3
2
Particle
& size
Approaches
Coastal systems
& abundance
2
land-ocean exchange
Assimilate ACE observations in
ocean biogeochemical model fields
of key properties (cf., air-sea CO2
fluxes, export, pH, etc.)
to
Science
Ocean-atmosphere
Comparison
of ACE retrievals
Questions
interactions
Compare ACE observations with
ground-based and model data of
biological properties, land-ocean
exchange in the coastal zone,
physical properties (e.g., winds,
SST, SSH, etc), and circulation (ML
dynamics, horizontal divergence, etc)
Lidar
composition, & productivity
of ocean ecosystems? How
and why are they changing?
[OBB1]
Instrument
Requirements
Characterize
Ecosystem
stocks
& phytoplankton
1
2
communities & rates
6
changes
Quantify phytoplankton biomass,
Ocean
Biology
Measurement
Requirements
Ocean Radiometer
Focused Questions*
Assimilate ACE data in models
3
4
5
6
Combine ACE ocean & atmosphere
observations with models to evaluate
(1) air-sea exchange of particulates,
dissolved materials, and gases and
(2) impacts on aerosol & cloud
properties
Polarimeter
Category
Maps to
Science
Question
Ocean Ecosystems STM
with ground-based & model data
Interaction
ofEvaluate
ocean air-sea exchange &
4
aerosol/cloud properties with obs.
physics & ecosystems
Assess ocean radiant heating and
feedbacks
5
Ocean radiant heating & feedback
Phytoplankton
blooms
1 4
2 5
Field measurements & models to
& eutrophication
3 6
Conduct field sea-truth
measurements and modeling to
validate retrievals from the pelagic
to near-shore environments
focused questions are traceable to the four overarching science questions of NASA’s
Ocean Biology and
Biogeochemistry Program [OBB1 to OBB4] as defined in the
validate
retrievals
* ACE
document: Earth's Living Ocean: A Strategic Vision for the NASA Ocean Biological and Biogeochemistry Program (under NRC review)
**
See ACE Ocean Ecosystem white paper for specific vicarious calibration & validation requirements
**
Goddard
Space
Flight Center
Focused Questions*
Approach
Quantify phytoplankton biomass,
Ocean
Biology
1 What are the standing stocks, pigments, optical properties, key
composition, & productivity
of ocean ecosystems? How
and why are they changing?
[OBB1]
2
3
groups (functional/HABS), and
productivity using bio-optical
models & chlorophyll fluorescence
1
2
6
Measurement
Requirements
Water-leaving radiances in
near-ultraviolet, visible, &
near-infrared for separation
of absorbing & scattering
constituents and calculation
of chlorophyll fluorescence
Instrument
Requirements
Ocean Radiometer
Category
Maps to
Science
Question
Ocean Ecosystems STM
• 5 nm resolution 350 to 755 nm
1000 – 1500 SNR for 15 nm
aggregate bands UV & visible
and 10 nm fluorescence bands
(665, 678, 710, 748 nm centers)
10 to 40 nm width atmospheric
correction bands at 748, 765, 820,
865, 1245, 1640, 2135 nm
• 0.1% radiometric temporal stability
(1 month demonstrated prelaunch)
• 58.3o cross track scanning
• Sensor tilt (±20o) for glint avoidance
• Polarization insensitive (<1.0%)
• 1 km spatial resolution @ nadir
• No saturation in UV to NIR bands
• 5 year minimum design lifetime
• 0.5 km aerosol vertical resolution
• 2 m sub-surface resolution
• < 0.3% polarization misalignment
• 0.0001 km-1sr-1 aerosol backscatter
sensitivity at 532 nm after averaging
• < 4 ns e-folding transient response
• Brillouin scattering capability;
Receiver FOVs: 0-60 m; 0-120 m.
Ocean Ecosystem Spectrometer
Measure particulate
dissolved
• UV/Vis
high andspectral
2resolution
How and why are ocean
carbon pools, their characteristics
biogeochemical cycles
Total radiances in UV, NIR,
3
and optical properties
changing? How do •
they
Fluorescence
capability
and SWIR for atmospheric
influence the Earth system? Quantify ocean photobiochemical
corrections
global coverage
2 4
[OBB2]
• NIR& &
SWIR
bands2-day
photobiological
processes
Cloud radiances for
What are the material
stray
Estimatetilt
particle abundance, size 1 3 assessing instrument
•
Sensor
near-noon
orbit
exchanges between land &
light
ocean? How do they
influence coastal ecosystems,
biogeochemistry & habitats?
How are they changing?
[OBB1,2,3]
distribution (PSD), & characteristics
2
Platform
Requir’ts
Orbit
permitting 2day global
coverage of
ocean
radiometer
measurements
Other
Needs
Global data sets
from missions,
models, or field
observations:
Measurement
Requirements
(1) Ozone
(2) Total water
Sunvapor
synchronous
(3) Surface
orbit with
wind velocity
crossing time
(4) Surface
between 10:30
barometric
a.m. & 1:30
pressure
p.m.
(5) NO2
concentration
High vertical resolution
Storage and
(6) Vicarious
aerosol heights, optical
download of
calibration &
thickness, & composition
full spectral and
validation
for atmospheric corrections
spatial data
(7) Full
prelaunch
Subsurface particle
Monthly lunar
characterization
scattering & depth profile
o
calibration at 7
(2% accuracy
phase angle
radiometric)
Broad spatial coverage
through Earth
aerosol heights and single
observing port
• Observation angles: 60o to 140o
Science
scatter albedo for
• Angle resolution: 5o
Requirements
atmospheric correction.
• Degree of polarization: 1%
(1) SST
Subsurface polarized return
(2) SSH
for typing oceanic particles
(3) PAR
(4) UV
Supporting Field & Laboratory Measurements
(5) MLD
• Primary production (NPP) measurement & round-robin algorithm testing
(6) CO2
• Inherent optical properties (IOPs) instrument & protocols development,
(7) pH
laboratory & field (coastal and open ocean) measurement comparisons
(8) Ocean
• Measure key phytoplankton groups across ocean biomes (coast/open ocean)
circulation
• Expanded global data sets of NPP, CDOM, DOM, pCO2, PSDs, IOPs,
(9) Aerosol
fluorescence, vertical organic particle fluxes, bio-available Fe concentrations
deposition
Ocean Biogeochemistry-Ecosystem Modeling
(10) run-off
• Expand model capabilities to assimilate variables such as NPP, IOPs, and
loading in
phytoplankton species/functional group concentrations.
coastal zone
• Improve model process parameterizations, e.g., particle fluxes
subsurface
scattering
Compare ACE
observations with @ 2 m res.
How do aerosols & clouds
4 influence ocean ecosystems
& biogeochemical cycles?
How do ocean biological &
photochemical processes
affect the atmosphere and
Earth system? [OBB2]
ground-based and model data of
biological properties, land-ocean
exchange in the coastal zone,
physical properties (e.g., winds,
SST, SSH, etc), and circulation (ML
dynamics, horizontal divergence, etc)
3
4
5
6
Requirements for Polarimeter
Team
Howdefined
do physical oceanby Aerosol
Combine ACE ocean & atmosphere
5 processes affect ocean
ecosystems &
biogeochemistry? How do
ocean biological processes
influence ocean physics?
[OBB1,2]
observations with models to evaluate
(1) air-sea exchange of particulates,
dissolved materials, and gases and
(2) impacts on aerosol & cloud
properties
Expanding field component
critical to new ACEAssess
products
ocean radiant heating and
6 What is the distribution of
algal blooms and their
relation to harmful algal and
eutrophication events? How
are these events changing?
[OBB1,4]
feedbacks
4
5
Polarimeter
2
Lidar
full data downlink
Lidar: aerosol profiling
@ ½ kmlunar viewing
monthly
Assimilate ACE observations in
ocean biogeochemical model fields
of key properties (cf., air-sea CO2
fluxes, export, pH, etc.)
Conduct field sea-truth
1 4
Value of ACE data for models
&
measurements and modeling to
2 5
validate retrievals from the pelagic
3 6
Value of models for ACE
science
to near-shore
environments
focused questions are traceable to the four overarching science questions of NASA’s Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program [OBB1 to OBB4] as defined in the
* ACE
document: Earth's Living Ocean: A Strategic Vision for the NASA Ocean Biological and Biogeochemistry Program (under NRC review)
**
See ACE Ocean Ecosystem white paper for specific vicarious calibration & validation requirements
**
ACE Suborbital Activities
Pre-Launch
Post-Launch
1) Instrument development
1) Cal/val for orbital instruments
Develop suborbital instrument simulators
and cal/val field instruments.
Cal/val/testing of the ACE orbital
instruments through designated
campaigns.
2) Algorithm development
2) Continued algorithm development
Support algorithm development for the
suite of ACE sensors based on existing
data sets.
Continue support of algorithm
development based on suborbital data.
Carry out designated field campaigns to
support algorithm development for specific
sensor combinations.
3) Cal/val for suborbital simulators
3) Sustained science
Testing of design concepts for the ACE
orbital instruments through designated
cal/val campaigns for suborbital
simulators.
Operate a suite of suborbital platforms
and sensors in major field experiments
and sustained activities capable of
integrated science contributions as
defined by overall mission objectives.
ACE Ocean Radiometer Minimum Requirements
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
5 nm resolution 350 to 775 nm (functional group derivative analyses)
300 – 1000:1 SNR aggregate bands UV & visible
–
–
–
300:1 for 350 nm @ Ltyp
1000:1 for bands between 360- 710 nm @ Ltyps
1400:1 SNR for 678 @ Ltyp (chlorophyll fluorescence band)
10 to 40 nm bandwidth aerosol correction bands at 748, 765, 820,
865, 1245, 1640, 2135 nm
–
–
600:1 SNR for 748, 765, 820 & 865 nm @ Ltyps
250:1 SNR at 1245 nm and 1640 nm, 100 SNR at 2135 @ Ltyps
Stability
–
–
0.1% radiometric stability knowledge (mission duration)
0.1% radiometric stability (1 month prelaunch verification)
58.3o cross track scanning
Sensor tilt (±20o) for glint avoidance
Polarization: < 1.0% sensor radiometric sensitivity,
< 0.2% prelaunch characterization accuracy
< 2% prelaunch radiance calibration accuracy (minimum)
–
Goal: 0.5% prelaunch calibration accuracy
1 km spatial resolution @ nadir
No saturation in UV to NIR bands
5 year minimum design lifetime
Comparison of “Heritage Sensors” and ORCA
spectral coverage for ocean color applications
HERITAGE SENSORS
ORCA
SWIR
Atmospheric
Correction
(coastal)**
*
**
MODIS on Terra was launched in 2000, but does not
yet provide science quality ocean data
MODIS/Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite
(VIIRS) SWIR bands are not optimized for oceans
SWIR
NIR
5 nm resolution (345 – 885 nm)
26 required “multispectral” bands
Atmospheric
Correction
(clear ocean)
Dissolved organics
NIR
Atmospheric
Correction/
MODIS
chlorophyll
fluorescence
Absorbing aerosols
3 SWIR
bands
Total pigment or
Chlorophyll-a
(but major errors
due to
absorption by
dissolved
organics)
Ultraviolet
Products
Visible
No Measurements
Products
VIIRS
MODIS
(2002- )*
SeaWiFS
(1997- )
CZCS
(1978-1985)
108 “hyperspectral” bands + 3 SWIR bands
Visible
Ultraviolet
“Multispectral” Ocean Bands
CZCS: 4
SeaWiFS: 8
MODIS: 9
VIIRS: 7
ORCA: 26 (required for ACE)
Phytoplankton
pigments
Functional groups
Particle sizes
Physiology
Pigment fluorescence
Coastal biology
Atmospheric
correction
(clear ocean)
Atmospheric
Correction
(coastal) &
Aerosol/cloud
properties
The PACE Mission
• A data continuity mission, not one of the Decadal Survey missions
• Separate budget line item
• PACE mission announced in June 2010 as part of the Administration’s
focus on climate and carbon cycle research
• Proposed launch date of 2018
• May include a CNES (France) contributed aerosol polarimeter
• Not clear CNES has the funds allocated for a PACE mission
collaboration
• PACE ocean radiometer expected to be very similar to the ACE radiometer
• HQ still getting organized on how to proceed with PACE planning
• Initial start up funding in FY11
• Serious funding beginning in FY12
• Ocean radiometer selection in FY12
• Directed instrument a possibility
• If competed, GSFC to propose ORCA
• Working group to revisit ACE radiometer requirements in FY11
• Expect GSFC to be mission lead
Aerosol, Cloud, & Ocean Ecosystem Mission
Thank You
Goddard
Space
Flight Center
Category
Aerosol
-Ocean
Interaction
Focused Questions
Approach
Maps to
Science
Question
Aerosol-Ocean STM
1) Identify microphysical and optical
properties of aerosols, partition natural and
aerosols to the ocean and anthropogenic sources, and characterize
their temporal and spatial spectral complex index of refraction and
distribution
particle size distribution
1 What is the flux of
3
4
Satellite
• Radiances & polarization at selected UV,
visible and SWIR bands for aerosol types (dust,
smoke, etc.), complex index of refraction,
effective height, optical thickness, and size
distribution with 2-day global coverage to resolve
temporal evolution of plumes
• Active (lidar) measurements of aerosol
properties along orbit track to refine height
distribution and composition
• Drizzle detection and precipitation rates
coincident with lidar & polarimeter data
• Global phytoplankton pigment absorption,
dissolved organics absorption, total &
phytoplankton carbon concentration, ocean
particle size distribution, phytoplankton
fluorescence, Chl:C, and growth rate
• Particle scattering & vertical distribution
through active (lidar) subsurface returns
Aerosol flux to ocean
2
3
5
Deposited1 aerosol physical
2
& chemical
properties
2 What are the physical and 2) Characterize dust aerosols, their column
chemical characteristics,
sources, and strengths of
aerosols deposited into
the oceans?
Measurement
Requirements
mass, iron content and other trace elements,
and their regional-to-global scale transport and
flux from events to the annual cycle
3) Conduct appropriate field observations to
How are the physical and validate satellite retrievals of aerosols and
chemical characteristics ocean ecosystem features
of deposited aerosols
transformed in the
4) Use ACE space and field observations to
atmosphere?
constrain models to evaluate (1) aerosol
chemical transformations and long range
What is the spatial and
transport, (2) air-to-sea and sea-to-air
temporal distribution of
exchange and (3) impacts on ocean biology
aerosols and gases
emitted from the ocean
5) Characterize aerosol chemical composition
and how are these fluxes and transformation during transport (including
regulated by ocean
influences of vertically distributed NO2, SO2,
ecosystems? (Links to
formaldehyde, glyoxal, IO, BrO) and partition
Ocean Ecology Question gas-derived and mechanically-derived
4)
contributions to total aerosol column
1
4
Aerosol transformation in
2
atmosphere
4
5
Instrument
Requirements
Spectrometer
• requirements as
stated in ocean
STM
Polarimeter
• requirements
as stated in
aerosol STM
Lidar
• requirements as
in ocean STM
Duel frequency
Doppler radar
• requirements as
stated in cloud
STM
Supporting Field & Laboratory Measurements
• Dust chemical properties/solubility/ chemical transformation
• Aerosol optical properties, heights, chemical composition, and
partitioning of gas-derived and mechanically-derived contributions to
total column load
• DMS flux and dissolved concentration and precursors
• Atmospheric boundary layer trace gases, NO2 / SO2 height distribution
• Diffuse irradiance and in-water optics
• Surface layer plankton species, phytoplankton carbon, fluorescence
• observational network representative of global range in properties
• process/mechanism oriented field and laboratory studies
• sustain time series field measurements of key properties over active
lifetime of mission
Ocean aerosol emission &
2
3
link to ecosystem
structure
4
What are the feedbacks
Feedbacks between ocean
emissions45 & atmopheric
radiative properties
6) Monitor global phytoplankton biomass,
5 between ocean emissions pigments, taxonomic groups, productivity,
and the microphysical
and radiative properties
of the overlying aerosols
and clouds? How are
these feedbacks
changing?
Chl:C, and fluorescence; measure and
distinguish ocean particle pools and colored
dissolved organic material; quantify aerosolrelevant surface ocean photobiological and
photobiochemical processes
7) Relate changes in ocean biology/emissions
to aerosol deposition patterns and events
8) Demonstrate influences of ocean taxonomy,
physiological stress, and photochemistry on
cloud/aerosol properties, including organic
aerosol transfer
3
4
1
2
3
Modeling
• Conduct model tracer studies to determine sources, composition, and
chemical attributes of aerosols
• Model height distribution of NO2 & SO2 and dust chemistry
• Use satellite data to constrain model aerosol source strengths
• Model air-sea exchange rates and temporal variability, including
sources of aerosols to atmosphere
• Run coupled ocean biogeochemistry model to assess impacts and
compare to observed response of ocean ecosystems
Platform
Requir’ts
Orbit
permitting 2day global
coverage for
passive
radiometer &
polarimeter
measurements
Sunsynchronous
orbit with
crossing time
between 10:30
a.m. & 1:30
p.m.
Storage and
download of
full spectral and
spatial data
Monthly lunar
calibration at 7o
phase angle
through Earth
observing port
Additional
platform
requirements
for polarimeter,
lidar and radar
as detailed in
Ocean, Aerosol,
and Cloud
STMs
Other
Needs
Supporting
Global data
• Humidity
profiles
• Precipitation
• Formaldehyde
• Glyoxal
• IO
• BrO
• NO2
• SO2
Other Data
•Ground-based
aerosol
observational
network