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How would you know that someone is intelligent? List the characteristics or behaviours that you associate with intelligence.

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Spearman (1904)
• A general ability which involves mainly the eduction of relations and correlates
Binet & Simon (1905)
• The ability to judge well, to understand well, to reason well
Terman (1916)
• The capacity to form concepts and grasp their significance
Thurstone (1921)
• The capacity to inhibit instinctive adjustments, flexibly imagine different responses, and realize modified instinctive adjustments into overt behaviour

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Wechsler (1939)
• the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment
Sternberg (1985)
• the mental capacity to automatize information processing and to emit contextually appropriate behaviour in response to novelty; intelligence also includes metacomponents, performance components, and knowledge-acquisition components
Gardner (1986)
• the ability or skill to solve problems or to fashion products which are valued within one or more cultural settings

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China (Yang & Sternberg, 1997)
• Emphasis on benevolence & doing what is right
• Importance of humility, freedom from conventional standards of judgment, knowledge of oneself

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Africa (Ruzgis & Grigorenko, 1994)
• Conceptions of intelligence revolve largely around skill that help to facilitate and maintain harmonious & stable intergroup relations
• E.g., in Zimbabwe, the word for intelligence, ngware, actually means to be prudent & cautious, particularly in social relationships

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Sternberg et al. (1981)
Contacted people
• In a train station
• Entering a supermarket
• Studying in a university library
Asked them to list behaviours characteristic of an intelligent person then took this list and had both laypersons & psychologists rate the importance of each of the behaviours in describing the “ideally intelligent” person

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The Everyday Problem Solving
Inventory
• Examinees indicate their typical response to everyday problems
• E.g., failing to bring money, checkbook, or credit card when taking a friend to lunch

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“the only information that reaches us concerning outward events appears to pass through the avenues of our senses; and the more perceptive the senses are of difference, the larger is the field upon which our judgment and intelligence can act” (Galton,
1883)

g
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Proposed that intelligence consisted of 2 kinds of factors: a single
“general” factor, g , and numerous specific factors ( s1, s2, s3, etc.) g factor was the most important; s factors were very specific to particular tests

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Invented factor analysis when he applied factor analysis to items making up intelligence tests, discovered several broad group factors, about a dozen of them the seven which have been frequently corroborated are referred to as the primary mental abilities:
• verbal comprehension
• word fluency
• number
• space
• associative memory
• perceptual speed
• inductive reasoning

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 problem – primary mental abilities correlated with one another
Vernon, more recently, said g was the single factor at the top of a hierarchy that included two major group factors:
• verbal-educational
• practical-mechanical-spatial-physical
• under these were the primary mental abilities
Recent research provides some support for the factor idea of intelligence; if there were just one g factor, then all the different abilities Thurstone said were separate should decline at the same rate; this doesn’t happen; things like verbal comprehension, word fluency, inductive reasoning, decline much more slowly than space and number abilities

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Also used factor analysis, discovered
2 major factors:
Fluid Intelligence:
Non-verbal & culture-free form of intelligence
Related to a person’s inherent capacity to learn
& solve problems
Used in adapting to new situations
Crystallized Intelligence:
What one has already learned through the investment of fluid intelligence in cultural settings
Highly culturally dependent
Used for tasks which require learned or habitual response

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Average Evoked Potential (AEP), assessed by noting the patter of brain waves that occurs in the quarter second or so after a light is flashed in a subjects eyes is presumably a measure of electrical activity of the brain certain measures of brain wave activity correlate as high as .77 with published IQ scores other measures of brain activity (e.g., glucose metabolic rates, measured by PET scans) show less brain activity for intelligent people than less intelligent people

Sternberg
• Analytic – ability to judge, evaluate, compare, contrast
• Creative – ability to invent, discover, imagine
• Practical – ability to apply knowledge to practice

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 argues for existence of several relatively independent human intelligences criteria for an autonomous intelligence includes:
• potential isolation by brain damage – faculty can be destroyed or spared in isolation
• existence of savants – who are talented in area but in no others

• Linguistic – sensitivity to language, grasp new meanings easily
• Musical – s ensitivity to speech and tone
• Logical-Mathematical – abstract reasoning & manipulation of symbols
• Spatial – relations among objects, re-create visual images
• Bodily-kinesthetic – represent ideas in movement
• Personal – sensitivity and understanding of self and others feelings
• Social – sensitivity to motives, feelings, and behaviors of others

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Oldest of the modern tests of intelligence very first test, developed by
Binet, used some key principles:
• age differentiation – Binet looked for tasks that could be successfully completed by 2/3 to
3/4 of children in a particular age group, a smaller proportion of younger children, and a larger proportion of older children
• general mental ability – conceived of intelligence as a unitary factor, not separate mental abilities, which can be represented by a single score

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30 tasks or tests of increasing difficulty no measuring unit – just categorized people very roughly into
• idiots (most severe intellectual impairment)
• imbeciles (moderate impairment)
• morons (mildest impairment)

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Follows moving object with eyes (1)
Recognizes the difference between a square of chocolate & a square of wood (4)
Repeats three spoken digits (11)
Tells how two common objects are different (e.g.,
“paper & cardboard”) (16)
Compares five blocks to put them in order of weight (22)
Puts three nouns, e.g., “Paris, river, fortune” (or three verbs) in a sentence (26)
Defines abstract words by designating the difference between, e.g., “boredom & weariness”
(30)

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 grouped items according to age could now describe individual in terms of “mental age” – based on his/her performance compared to average performance of individuals in a specific age group e.g., if 6 year old can perform tasks that average 8 year old can, has a mental age of 8

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developed by L.M. Terman of Stanford University first time the concept of
“intelligence quotient” was used:
IQ
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MA
X 100
CA

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Extended age range
Increased mental age range
Improved scoring standards
Improved standardization sample
PROBLEM: standard deviation of IQ scores differed across age levels
E.g., S for age six was 12.5, for age 12 was 20; this meant that an IQ score of
120 indicated something very different for different ages

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Adopted deviation IQ
Simply used standardization sample to transform all scores so that the mean would be 100 and the standard deviation would be 16 (15 on the most recent edition)
This corrected for differences in variability across ages

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Leonardo da Vinci 220 OR 190 OR
180
William Shakespeare 190
Albert Einstein 190 OR 160+
Plato 180 OR 170
Napoleon 180 OR 145
Pablo Picasso 175
Bill Gates 173 OR 160

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Confucius 170
Norman Schwarzkopf 170
Marilyn Monroe 163
Mahatma Gandhi 160
Richard Nixon 143
Charlie Chaplin 140
Bill Clinton 140

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Paul Hogan 140
Madonna 140
Shakira 140
Arnold Schwarzenegger 135
Nicole Kidman 132+
Walt Disney 123
Average person 90 to 110
Koko the trained gorilla 90
George Bush ?

IQ 140
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Madonna (Singer)
Jean M. Auel (Author)
Geena Davis (Actress)
IQ 150
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Sharon Stone (154) (Actress)
Carol Vorderman (154; Cattell?) (TV presenter)
Sir Clive Sinclair (159) (Inventor)
IQ 160
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Bill Gates (CEO, Microsoft)
Jill St. John (Actress)
Paul Allen (160+, Microsoft cofounder)
Stephen W. Hawking (160+) (Physicist)

IQ 170
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Andrew J. Wiles (Mathematician; solved Fermat's
Last Theorem)
Judith Polgar (Formula based; Female World
Champion in Chess)
IQ 180
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James Woods (Actor)
John H. Sununu (Chief of Staff for President
Bush)
Benjamin Netanyahu (Israeli Prime Minister)
Marilyn Vos Savant (186) (Author)
Bobby Fischer (187) (Former World Champion in
Chess)
IQ 190
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Philip Emeagwali (Extrapolated; Nigerian
Mathematician)