Principles of Democracy:

Popular Sovereignty

Republicanism

Federalism

Separation of Powers

Checks and Balances

Limited Government

Individual Rights
Greg Byers and Mary Smith,
TSSSA 2003
Popular Sovereignty:
The people are the only source of power.
"Government can govern only with the consent of the governed"
- it is woven all throughout all parts of the Constitution
-it sets necessary boundaries that allow the people's voice to be heard and
overruled
"We the people of the United States...do ordain and establish this
Constitution for the United States of America..."
- the sovereign people who created the Constitution and the US government
gave to the Constitution certain powers
-through the Constitution and it's own fundamental law, each state
government receives it's powers from the people
Republicanism
• people elect
representatives
and give them
the
responsibility
to make laws
and conduct
government
• A Republic is a form
of government
controlled by the
people through
elected
representatives
Federalism
• The idea that power
is divided by the
Constitution
between the federal
(central or national)
govt and the state
govts.
Separation of Powers
• The idea that the power of govt is separated
into 3 branches of govt
Checks & balances
A government
structure
designed to
keep any one
branch of the
federal govt
from gaining
too much
power.
One Principle of the U.S. Constitution
Which of these is an example of the system of
checks and balances?
Checks and Balances
A system by which each branch of government limits the power of the
other branches
A
Congress can regulate industry.
B
Governors can pardon federal prisoners.
C
The president can veto bills passed by Congress.
D
The Supreme Court can impeach members of
Congress.
Limited Government
• Governments are
created by the
consent of the
governed and that
the power of
government is
limited by rule of
law
• Everybody has to
obey the law
• Constitutions/other
laws define limits of
those in power
Individual Rights
• Rights guaranteed
to individual
citizens by the Bill
of Rights and other
amendments to the
Constitution
• Structure of
Constitution allows
for adaptation
based on changing
public opinion & the
need to protect
individual rights
1.
Practice & Review
2.
Which title best completes the
diagram above?
A. Freedom from Unreasonable
Searches
The diagram above best
describes the constitutional
principle of —
A. checks and balances
B. popular sovereignty
B. Freedom of Speech
C. Federalism
C. Right to Vote
D. republicanism
D. Right to Bear Arms
3.
Practice & Review
4.
Which title best completes the
diagram above?
A. Women’s Suffrage
B. Abolition of Slavery
C. Right to Petition
D. Freedom from Poll Taxes
Excerpt from the Sixth
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
The provisions made in this excerpt were
intended to address which of the following
grievances listed in the Declaration of
Independence?
A .“For imposing taxes on us without
our consent . . .”
B. “For quartering large bodies of armed
troops among us . . .”
C. “For cutting off our trade with all
parts of the world . . . ”
D. “For transporting us beyond seas to
be tried for pretended offenses . . . ”
Practice & Review
5. The U.S. Constitution is
considered an evolving
document because it
A. has roots in earlier political
documents and contains
processes that allow for change
B. depends on citizens who are
willing to protect liberty and justice
C. establishes a political system
designed to control the use as well
as the misuse of power
D. creates a framework that defines
the authority of the state and
federal governments
6.
Which of the following best completes
the diagram above?
A. Examples of judicial abuse of power
B. The results of free speech and a free
press
C. Examples of government checks and
balances
D. The impact of the separation of
powers
Practice & Review
7. Excerpt from Federalist No. 51
According to the excerpt above,
Madison favored the basic
constitutional principle of —
A.
B.
C.
D.
separation of powers
republicanism
federalism
popular sovereignty
8.
This excerpt reflects the
principle of —
A. individual rights
B. executive power
C. popular sovereignty
D. checks and balances
th
13
Amendment
th
14
Amendment
Granted citizenship &
protected civil rights of
recently freed slaves
• Guaranteed = protection
under law
• States could not deny life,
liberty, property w/o due
process of law
th
15
Amendment
th
16 Amendment
th
17 Amendment
Senate
th
19 Amendment
th
24 Amendment
th
26 Amendment
Gee it’s fun to
be 18
th
15 ,
What do the
th
th
th
17 , 19 , 24 .
th
And 26
Amendment
have in
common?
1776
1787
1861-1865
1898
“ A Splendid Little War”
VS.
Imperialism
1914-1918
Archduke Franz
Ferdinand
1929
1941-1945
George Washington
• Leader of
Continental Army
during Revolution
• President of
Continental
Convention
• 1st President of the
United States
Thomas Jefferson
• Wrote Declaration of
Independence
• Colonial Leader
• 3rd President of the
United States
- Louisiana Purchase
- Louis & Clark
Expedition
Theodore Roosevelt
• Rough Rider in
Spanish-American
War
• Progressive
• 26th President of the
United States
- US a World Power
- focus on
Conservation
“Speak softly & carry a
big stick”
Woodrow Wilson
• 28th President of the
United States
• WWI
• Fourteen Points
• League of Nations
Susan B. Anthony
• Reformer
• Temperance Mvmt
• Abolitionist
• Women’s Suffrage!
1820-1906
W.E.B. DuBois
• 1st black to earn Phd from
Harvard
• Niagara Movement (demanded full
political & social rights &
responsibilities for black Americans
• One of the founders of NAACP
(secure blacks’ legal rights) 1909
• Urged blacks to become
politically involved (unlike Booker
T’s emphasis on job skills)
1868-1963
Clarence Darrow
• Famous criminal lawyer
• Defense attorney in
Scopes trial1925
• Issue about teaching
evolution
• Darrow lost the case
but debate continues
1857-1938
William Jennings Bryan
• 3 time Populist Party
presidential
candidate
• Secretary of State
• Prosecution lawyer
in the Scopes trial
• Argued evolution
should not be taught
in school
1860-1925
Henry Ford
• Leading industrialist
& manufacturer of
one of the 1st autos
• Assembly-line
production
• Inexpensive Model A
& Model T
revolutionized
transportation &
industry in the USA
1863-1947
Charles Lindbergh
• Aviation pioneer
• 1st non-stop, solo
trans-Atlantic flight
1927
• Symbol of American
ingenuity, courage
& ability
1902-1974
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
• US President from
1933-1945
• Democrat
• Elected to 4 terms
• Elected during
Great Depression
• New Deal
• WWII
Adolf Hitler
• Political & military
leader of Nazi
Germany
• Der Fuhrer
• ambitious program
of world domination
• WWII
• Holocaust –
elimination of Jews
1889-1945
Josef Stalin
• Communist leader
of USSR during
WWII
• Satellite nations in
Eastern Europe
after WWII
• Cold War rivalry
with US
Winston Churchill
• Prime Minister of
Great Britain during
WWII
• Major US Ally
• “Never have so
many owed so much
to so few” Battle of
Britain
• Iron Curtain Speech
Harry S Truman
• VP under FDR
• Became President as a
result of death of FDR
• President at end of
WWII
• Made decision to drop
atomic bombs on
Japan ending WWII
• Early Cold War
• Berlin Airlift
• Korean War
• Truman Doctrine
• Marshall Plan
Martin Luther King Jr.
• Believed in non-violent
civil disobedience
• Led Montgomery Bus
Boycott 1955
• Organized “March on
Washington” – I have a
dream speech `963
• Focused on
desegregating public
facilities and expanding
voting rights
• Assassinated in
Memphis, 1968
1929-1968
Cesar Chavez
• Organized United
Farm Workers Union
(UFW)
• Organized nationwide
grape boycott
• Worked to improve
conditions for farm
workers
• Worked to increase
voter registration of
Hispanics
1927-1993
American Revolution
1775-1783
• British Taxation w/o representation (Stamp Act
(1765)
• Quartering of Brit troops (Boston Massacre)
• Boston Tea Party (1773)
• Fighting @ Lexington/Concord (1775)
• Brit surrender at Saratoga (1777) (Thanks France!)
• Brit surrender at Yorktown (1781)
• Treaty of Paris (1783)
The Civil War
1861-1865
• North (Union) led by U.S. Grant vs.
South (Confederacy) led by Robert E. Lee
• Issue over states’ rights
• Issue over slavery
• Preservation of the union vs. secession
• Abraham Lincoln is President
• North wins – union preserved
• Followed by Reconstruction
Spanish-American War
1898
Causes:Spanish atrocities in Cuba +
sinking of the USS Maine in
Havana + deLome letter
Effects: US becomes a world power!
US gains overseas territory
*
*
*
*
*
Philippines
Puerto Rico
Panama Canal Zone
Hawaii annexed
Cuba becomes US protectorate
1914-1918
• Start of War – begins in Europe 1914
• Causes – Nationalism, Militarism,
Entangling Alliances, Imperialism
• US Entry – US enters war in 1917 over
Germany’s Unrestricted Submarine
Warfare; Zimmermann Telegram
• US entry breaks deadlock – Germany surrenders
1918
• Wilson issues - “Fourteen Points”
• Treaty of Versailles – formally ends WWI (some
say leads to WWII)
WWII (1939)1941-1945
• Rise of Totalitarian Govts
in Europe Hitler in
Germany; Military in Japan
• Outbreak of war in Europe
Germany invades Poland
in 1939
• US attempts at neutrality
fail
• Japanese attack on Pearl
Harbor 12/7/41. US
declares war against
Japan; Germany & Italy
declare war against the US
WWII The Homefront
• Women to the
factories
• End of
Depression
• Rationing
• Japanese to
internment
camps
• GI Bill
WWII The War Effort
• War fought on multiple fronts:
Europe/North Africa & Pacific (ETO &
PTO)
• Battle of Midway: US defeats Japanese
Navy. Major turning point (1942)
• Allied forces invade Normandy, France:
Germany in 2-front war; relieves pressure
on USSR; Allies move on to Germany
(6/6/44)
• Atomic Bomb: US drops on 2 Japanese
cities (Hiroshima, Nagasaki) – ends war
The Cold War 1945-1990
•
•
•
•
Ideological Differences: The USSR was
Communist, while the US was a democracy w/
free enterprise. Americans feared Communists
were trying to spread their system to dominate
the world
Soviet Occupation of Eastern Europe: Soviet
army occupied Eastern Europe at the end of
WWII and put in satellite Communist govts.
Stalin broke his promise to allow free elections
Iron Curtain:USSR shut off Eastern Europe from
Western Europe
US Response: Containment Policy : keep
communism from spreading!!!
Iron Curtain
Cold War in Europe
• Truman Doctrine (1947) Truman promised
military & economic aid to Greece & Turkey
to “contain” Communism
• Marshall Plan (1948) US gave economic aid
to rebuild war-torn Europe – to better resist
Communism
• Creation of NATO Mutual Defense Alliance
US, Canada, & Western Europe – members
pledged a common defense against
aggression; extended US nuclear shield to
Europe
Other important Cold War details
• McCarthyism: US Senator Joseph
McCarthy claimed Communists had
entered the US govt State Dept. in the
1950s. Fear of Communism & false
charges against other Americans
appeared “witch hunts”
• Sputnik I: 1957 – 1st satellite sent into
space -by the USSR. Led to “space race”
btwn US & USSR, creation of NASA,
increased emphasis on math and science
in US schools
Korean War
1950-1953
• Cause: Communist North Korea invaded
South Korea in 1950
• Highlights: US/UN forces came to assist
South Korea. China entered war on North
Korea’s side. War ended in stalemate, as
borders remained the same as before the
war
• Impact: Increased intensity of the Cold War;
Showed civilian control of the military;
occurred at time of McCarthyism
Cuban Missile Crisis
• October 1962
• USSR attempted to place nuclear missiles w/in
Cuba
• US blockades island of Cuba to prevent further
Soviet shipment
• USSR removes missiles from
Cuba; US promises not to
invade Cuba
• Thought to be the closest the US/USSR came to
an actual nuclear war
Vietnam War 1946-1973
• Cause. Vietcong & Communist N. Vietnam
attacked S. Vietnam. US intervened to stop
fall of “row of dominoes” to Communism
• Highlights.Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964); Tet
Offensive (1968); Strong anti-war
movement in US
• Impact. Large # of US casualties; led to
distrust of American leaders; War Powers
Act (1973)
INNOVATIONS
Industrial Revolution: 1800s: use of machinery,
factories, steam power TRAINS
Impact: mass produced goods at low prices,
improved standard of living, increased
people’s life expectancy
Modern Age: telephone, electricity, autos, jets,
medicines, computer
Impact: further improved standards of living,
world became “global village”, greater use
of transportation & communication, world
trade increased sharply
fast communication across long
distances
Improved Standard of living
Jonas Salk: Polio vaccine
Results of
the Vaccine!
Jonas Salk
Getting
Vaccinated
Magna Carta (1215)
• Limits to the power of the
King
• Limited power to tax
• Right to a fair trial
English Bill of Rights (1689)
• Guaranteed English citizens certain
rights (freedom of speech; trial by jury)
• Set procedure for electing
representatives to Parliament
Growth of Representative
Institutions in the US
• Virginia House of Burgesses:1st
representative govt assembly in
colonies (1619)
• Mayflower Compact:outlined
principles of self-govt for colonists
(1620)
• Fundamental Orders of CT:1st written
constitution in the colonies (1639)
Foundations of Government
• Declaration of Independence (1776)
unalienable rights; govts have power thru
consent of the governed
• Articles of Confederation (1781)
weak central govt; loose confederation of 13
states; no power to tax; no nat’l court
• Constitution (1787)
written plan of govt; established a
representative democracy
• Bill of Rights (1791)
1st 10 amendments to Constitution; protects
individual rights
• Federalist Papers essays written to support
ratification
Treatment of Minorities
• African Americans: Loss of voting rights in
the South due to poll taxes, literacy tests, &
grandfather clauses. JIM CROW LAWS
• Native Americans: Pushed westward, and
confined to reservations. DAWES ACT
(1887)
• Asian Americans: Chinese Exclusion Act
• Mexican Americans: Loss of land in former
Mexican territories
Milestones in the Civil Rights
Movement
• Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
ends segregation in public schools
(overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
• Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)
ended segregation on Montgomery,
AL busses
• Crisis in Little Rock
(1957)
Sit-ins & Freedom
Rides (1960s)
protested
segregation
Brown v. Board/Little Rock Nine
Civil Rights Legislation
• Civil Rights Act of 1964: Prohibited
segregation in interstate commerce
• 24th Amendment: ended poll taxes
• Voting Rights Act of 1965: federal officials
could register voters if states blocked
registration
• Affirmative Action: preference in hiring to
minorities
What are Primary Sources?
• Primary Sources
are actual records
that have survived
from the past –
letters, artifacts,
maps, diary,
photographs,
articles of clothing.
What are Secondary Sources?
• Secondary Sources
are accounts of the
past created by
people writing
about events
sometime after they
happened –
textbooks,
encyclopedia,
secondhand
descriptions or
analyses
States’ Rights
• Based on 10th Amendment
• Idea that states had right to control all
issues/laws in their state not specifically
given to the fed. govt by the Constitution
• Used by southern states to argue that they
had the right to nullify (ignore) fed laws
they didn’t agree with
• Leading cause of Civil War
Nullification Crisis 1832
• Congress passes tariff
• South Carolina used states’ rights doctrine to
nullify (ignore) tariff laws, threatened to secede
• Argued that since states had created the
federal union, they had the right to declare a
federal law null
• Pres. Andrew Jackson threatens to send troops
to enforce tariff law
• Tariff lowered
• SC repealed its nullification of the tariff law
What will be produced? How will it be
produced? For whom will it be
produced?
Market Economy
a. People freely choose what to buy & sell
according to the laws of supply & demand
b. Individuals or companies make decisions
about production, price & distribution –
competition
c. Capitalism – biz, industries, resources are
privately owned
d. In US, govt provides some svc & imposes
some govt regulations
e. Pure capitalism: gov’t plays NO part in
economy
Free Enterprise System
The system in the
US and other free
market economies.
It includes
economic choice,
competition, profit
motive, and limited
government
regulation of the
economy
Command Economy
a. Central Govt makes decisions about
production/distribution - decides what to
make, where to make it, how much to
make, what price to charge, what to pay
workers
b. Production doesn’t necessarily reflect
consumer demand
c. Communist economy – govt owns,
operates all major farms, factories,
utilities, stores
D. Mixed Economy
a. Combo of command & market economies
b. Socialism: state owns/operates some basic
industries while allowing pvt enterprise in
other parts of economy
c. Belief that wealth should be distributed
more equally – all entitled to certain
goods/svcs
d. “welfare states” characterized by HIGH
TAXES to pay for the many social svcs like
housing, health care, child care, pensions
Ways of Meeting Economic Needs
• Subsistence Agriculture: In a traditional
economy, families generally
grow food for themselves
• Cottage Industries: Production of goods by
hand at home or in small shops
• Market-oriented Agriculture: Farmers grow
cash crops to sell at market for a profit
• Commercial industries: Producers
manufacture goods, usually in a factory by
machine, to sell at market
Standard of Living
Indicators determining quality of life:
– Income (per capita GNI)
– GDP/GNP
– Infant Mortality Rate ***
– Education (literacy rate; college etc)
– Growth Rate (Birth rate/Death rate)
– Life Expectancy
– $ spent on food
– Communication/Transportation
Developing Nations vs. Developed Nations
• High birthrate
• High infant
mortality rate
• Growing
population
• Low per capita
GDP/GNP/GNI
• Low literacy rate
• Low Life Expect.
• Low birthrate
• Low infant
mortality rate
• Stable population
growth
• High per capita
GDP/GNP/GNI
• High literacy rate
• High Life Expect.
Trade Balance
•
Trade Deficit occurs when a country imports
more than it exports
- domestic biz lose profits, fail
- unemployment rises
- national debt increases
•
Favorable balance of trade occurs when a
country exports more than it imports – or
50/50
Know
This!!!!
Spacial or Cultural Diffusion
• Spread or movement of ideas,
products, culture, disease
US Territory Expansion
In US History!
• Gilded Age (1876 – 1900)
• Progressive Era (1900-1919)
• Roaring 20s (1920s)
• Great Depression (1930s)
• World War II – Cold War (1940s50s)
• Civil Rights (1960s)
Gilded Age
Shining surface of prosperity, but inequality
and corruption lay beneath
1876-1900
• Westward Expansion
• Industrialization
• Urbanization
• Immigration
• Robber Barons
• Rise of labor unions
• Machine Politics
• Imperialism
Homestead Act (1862)
• Gilded Age (Westward Expansion)
• Offered 160 acres of land with few
conditions (pay filing fee, make
improvements, live on it for 5 yrs)
• Led to explosion of settlement in the West
Dawes Act (1887)
• Gilded Age (Westward Expansion)
• Attempt to assimilate or “Americanize”
Indians into white culture
• Broke up reservations into farm plots
• A FAILURE:
- destruction of their culture by breaking up
tribal ties
- Most Indians had no farm skills (nomadic,
buffalo hunters)
Lands left
over after
reservation
broken up
were sold
to white
settlers
US Expansion &
Imperialism
• Gilded Age (Imperialism)
• US becomes World Power after Sp-Am war
• Built Panama Canal: shortened distance
(cheaper too) btwn Atlantic & Pacific
benefiting US military and US industry
• Open Door Policy with China: all nations
have right to trade with China
Building the Canal in the
Jungles of Panama
Fumigating to eradicate Malaria
and mosquitos
Progressive Era
• Reform (child labor, immigrants, against
machine politics)
• Muckrakers (writers etc who exposed
social ills)
• Fightin’ Bob LaFollette (direct
primary, referendum, recall, initiative)
• Amendments (16-19)
• Imperialism(US becomes World Power)
• World War I (ends Progressive Era)
Nat’l Park Service (1916)
•
•
•
•
Progressive Era
Teddy Roosevelt & Conservation
Began conservation awareness
Set up and service nat’l parks
Progressive Era
Presidents?
1) Teddy Roosevelt (Panama Canal,
Conservation)
2) William Taft
3) Woodrow Wilson (WWI)
Roaring
20s
• Prosperity
• Isolationism
• Prohibition
• Jazz music
• Harlem Renaissance
• Flapper (revolution in manners &
morals)
• Red Scare - fear if communism in US
Prohibition
• 18th amendment
• Result of the Temperance Movement
• Ban on manufacture, sale, consumption of
alcohol
• Led to Rise of organized crime
(bootlegging etc)
• 21st amendment repeals prohibition
Role of Labor Unions
• Result of rise of big biz
• Bargained for better pay, better working
conditions, better working hours
• Sometimes led to strikes, violence
• Sometimes led to concessions by factory
owners
Great Depression
• Stock market crash
10/29/1929
• Unemployment,
homelessnes
• FDR
• New Deal
What was the New Deal?
• FDR’s program for helping US recover from
Great Depression (expanded role of gov’t in the
economy)
• Various programs to provide jobs for people
(CCC, WPA), regulation of banks, and other gov’t
regulatory agencies
• New Deal Programs still around?
1) Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. (FDIC) –
insures bank savings deposits
2) Social Security Act – provides retirement
pensions, unemployment insurance,
disability insurance
• Lasting Impact? Expand size & scope of gov’t
World War II – Cold War
• Pearl Harbor
• Atomic bombs on Japan
• 1950s prosperity + movement to
the suburbs + population
• Growth in Education ala GI Bill
• Rivalry between US – USSR
• Escalate to Korean War, Vietnam,
Cuban Missile Crisis
Baby Boom after War
The Suburbs
•
•
•
•
Population Growth
Construction Growth
Move to the suburbs
New interstate
highway system got
you there
Levittown – a new concept self-contained community
with its own pools, parks,
elementary school, and
shopping center.
GI Bill
• Provided $ for veterans of WWII to go to
college
• Low interest loans for veterans
Cold War
Truman Doctrine
• 1947
• Pledge to help nations who are resisting
communist threats from abroad or from
within
• Contain communism through military aid
Cold War
Marhsall Plan
• European Recovery Program
• Plan to give economic aid to European
countries to rebuild their economies after
WWII
• “When the economy looks good,
communism looks bad!”
Cold War
NATO
•
•
•
•
1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Mutual Defense Alliance
Btwn US and other countries of W. Europe
who pledged to help each other in case of
attack
• Still operational today
Cold War
McCarthyism
• Post-WWII fear of
communists
• Senator Joseph
McCarthy accused
many in gov’t and
Hollywood of being
communists
• Little efforts to support
claims
• “witch hunt” scenario
Cold War
Arms Control
• SALT I and II: Strategic Arms Limitation
Talks
• Btwn US and USSR
• An effort to put caps on each sides
number of nuclear weapons
President
Gerald Ford
USA
Pres. Leonid
Brezhnev
USSR
Civil Rights
• More Vietnam
• JFK Assassinated
• LBJ’s Great Society
• MLK Jr.
• End of Segregation
• Improved equality for women &
minorities
Brown v. Board of Education
• 1954. Landmark supreme court case
• Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson 1896
(separate but = facilities ok)
• Ends segregation of public schools
Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Banned racial discrimination in all public
facilities and as a consideration for
employment
BEFORE
AFTER
Voting Rights Act of 1965
• Banned use of restrictive practices to
prevent people, particularly minorities,
from registering and voting
President L.B. Johnson’s
Great Society
•
•
•
•
Civil Rights legislation
Education programs
Medical programs: Medicare, Medicaid
Like the New Deal, expanded size and
scope of gov’t
In US History
UN = United Nations
• Established 1945
• Goal to maintain world
peace
• 192 members
• Members pledge to work together to solve
disputes
• oversees many agencies that promote
health, welfare, and cooperation around
the world
United Nations
UN Security Council
UN General Assembly
UN Headquarters:
New York City
NATO = North Atlantic
Treaty Organization
• Established 1949 to protect member nations
from Communist threats
• Now has 28 member nations
• US belongs to this! (sorry George
Washington!)
• Goal: safeguard the freedom & security of
members through political & military means
(Translation? It is a mutual defense
alliance!!!)
• USSR formed Warsaw Pact in response
The Cold War Military Alliances
= NATO Countries
= Warsaw Pact Countries
Current NATO members
** The Warsaw Pact is dissolved
NASA
• National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
• Formed in response to USSR’s launch of
Sputnik in 1957
• Goal to coordinate research in rocket
science and space exploration
NAFTA
• North American Free Trade Agreement
• Countries: Canada, USA, Mexico
• Free trade zone (eliminate tariffs, quotas
etc)
• Export sales for C, US, M up
• Some manufacturing jobs in US lost to
cheaper labor in Mexico
• Increased trade across US/Mex border
EU
• European Union
• Created to promote economic and political
cooperation among many European
nations
• Forms a regional trade bloc that competes
with NAFTA
• 27 members
USSR
• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
• Created in 1924 after the Russian
Revolution that overthrew the czarist
monarchy.
• Cold War enemy of US
• Consisted of Russia and 14 of its
neighboring countries
• 1991 – communism failed and many of the
internal republics became independent
states