Introduction to Organic
Chemistry &
Carbohydrates
Note Templates pgs. 41-43
Before we start…
1.
2.
3.
To be considered a living organism, you
must be made up of _____.
What is inside of cells?
What are those things made up of?
Meet the Elements 
► Watch for what elephants are made of…
What do I want you to know
from Study Guide 2.1 and 2.2?
► 2.1
Atoms, Ions, Molecules
► Atom structure (basic)
► Compound
► Ion
► Bonds:
 Ionic (transfer)
 Covalent (share)
►Molecule
What do I want you to know
from Study Guide 2.1 and 2.2?
► 2.2
Properties of Water
► Polar Molecule
 “Like dissolves like”
► Hydrogen
Bond
Organic Chemistry
►The
study of carbon-containing compounds and
their properties.
►Biochemistry:
 Made by living things
 All contain the elements
carbon and hydrogen
Essential Elements
►30
elements essential to human life.
Element
O
C
H
N
Ca
P
K, Cl, S
% by mass in body
65
18
10
3
1.5
1.2
0.2 each
Essential Elements
►30
elements essential to human life.
 Some will make a slightly different list:
 CHOPKINS CaFe Mg
 This sounds like someone describing an excellent
small restaurant.
 Say it out loud
 This list is similar to the first list with some
things added and some things missing.
Inorganic compounds:
► Inorganic:





All other compounds
Usually do not contain carbon
H2O
Ca3(PO4)2
NaCl
Carbon containing molecules not considered
organic:
►CO2
►Bicarbonate ions HCO3-
Main branches of Organic Chemistry:
►Biochemistry,
which includes:
 Carbohydrates
►Simple
and complex sugars
 Proteins
 Lipids
►Fats
and oils
 Nucleic acids
►DNA
& RNA
Organic Chemistry
Carbon
►
Always forms 4 bonds
 (to fill the outer shell to 8 electrons to become stable)
These carbons, in nature, will link with each other to form
chains or rings
► Make large complex molecules called MACROMOLECULES
►
►
Hydrocarbon examples:
C-C-C-C-C
C=C
Can you fill in these molecules with the necessary hydrogen atoms?
Remember Carbon needs 4 bonds but hydrogen only needs one. Hint:
The first compound needs 12 H atoms and the second needs 4 H
atoms
.
22_502
H
H
H
H
C
H
C
H
Breaking Down
and
Combining Molecules
A.
Dehydration Synthesis
(Condensation)
 Forming bigger molecules
B.
Hydrolysis
 Breaking bigger molecules
into smaller molecules
Dehydration Synthesis
(Condensation):
► Dehydration-
 To take out water (H2O)
► Synthesis
 To create (To put
together, to make
bigger)
H2O
Condensation
+ H2O
Example:
Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide  Disaccharide + H2O
► Glucose
+
Glucose
C6H12O6
 Maltose + H2O
C6H12O6
C12H22O11
Hydrolysis:
► Hydro-
 water (H2O)
► Lysis-
 to split
Example:
Disaccharide + H2O  Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide
► Sucrose
+ Water  Glucose + Fructose
 C24H22O11 + H2O  C6H12O6 + C6H12O6
Welcome to:
Mmmmm -- so sweet and
yet so starchy…
Carbohydrates are:
Sugars



Sugars end with suffix “-ose”
Produced by photosynthesis
Contain the elements: C, H, O or in the
ratio of C(H2O)
Monosaccharides:


Simple sugars
Ex. Glucose
C6H12O6
* very, very important!
• It is from this molecule that
animals get their energy

Ex. Fructose
C6H12O6
“1”
All C6H12O6
Notice that glucose and fructose have identical formulas but their
structures are different.
Disaccharides




“2”
Two monosaccharides joined together through
dehydration synthesis
glucose – glucose
= maltose
glucose – fructose
= sucrose
glucose – galactose
= lactose
Polysaccharides “many sugars”



Complex carbohydrates
Long chains of monosaccharides
Also joined through dehydration
synthesis
Two basic types and purposes of
Polysaccharides:
• Storage, used to store energy
• Structural, for support and composition
Storage Carbohydrates

Starch: complex, stores energy in plants
“pearl necklace, each pearl = glucose”
broken down into monosaccharides
glu-glu-glu-glu-glu-glu-glu-glu
Storage Carbohydrates

Glycogen – a branched chain of as
many as 2000 glucose units. Storage
form of glucose in animals.
Structural Carbohydrates

Cellulose:
•
•
•
•
Structural compound in plant cell walls
•
found in wood and paper
uses a modified form of glucose
still a “string of pearls”
cannot be broken down by the body
Cellulose
Structural Carbohydrates

Chitin:
•
•
•
Structural carbohydrate in insect exoskeletons
and fungal cell walls
uses a highly modified form of glucose
still a “string of pearls”
Comparison: Starch vs. Cellulose
Identical in composition but not quite in structure.
•
•
The bond joining the glucose units together are different….our bodies
can break the bond in starch/amylose to get at the individual glucose
units but not in cellulose.
That’s why we can eat potatoes and pasta but not woody material.
Source:http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/sugar.htm
We tend to use the words “sugar” and “starch” and
“carbohydrate” loosely.
When we say a food is “high in carbohydrates” do we
mean the food is high in “sugar” or “starch” or both?
Potatoes and bread “starchy” foods and are “high in
carbohydrates” due to the starch they contain.
Fruits are “high in carbohydrates” but we would never
say they were “starchy” - they contain almost all simple
carbohydrates such as sucrose, fructose.
We tend to say “high in carbohydrates” for foods with a high
level of the complex carbohydrates known as starch. And for
foods that have high levels of the simplex carbohydrates, we
tend to say they are “high in sugar”.
But sugar and starch are really the same thing! They’re both
made from glucose.

The end