國立政治大學公共行政研究所
碩博班
「第三部門研究」
Seminar on the Third Sector
授課老師︰江明修 教授
上課時間︰每週二 (14:10~17:00)
上課地點︰
聯絡電話：
（02）2938-7402
傳真電話：
（02）2939-3304
學生時間：（請先預約）
會面地點：另約
e-mail: msjiangdr@gmail.com
【課程主旨】
本課程主要宗旨，在於透過對第三部門理論、國際性與本土性個案的引介
與討論，以增進學生對於第三部門的內涵、組織運作及其對公共政策影響的認識。
自 1990 年以降，各國民間公益組織的日益蓬勃發展，更積極地擔負起彌補社會
需求和政府供給間落差之角色，形成私人企業（第一部門）及政府部門（第二部
門）等機構外，而以公益為先的「第三部門」(The Third Sector)，其主要成員包含
「非營利組織」(NPOs)及「非政府組織」(NGOs)。而對於私人企業不願介入，而
政府又力有未逮的文化及社會領域，第三部門的參與恰可彌補此一缺口。
由於「公民參與」(Citizen Participation)的理念日受重視，「第三部門」目前
已逐漸成為當前社會科學研究的重要領域之一。「公民參與」的意義，乃是緣於
公民建構其「公民資格」(Citizenship)意識，以公民對公共事務擁有的主權地位，
主動發起公共行動，以對公共事務進行更多樣、更廣泛，與更深入的參與，並且
藉「社區意識」(Sense of Community)的凝塑，以期實現社會之「公共利益」(Public
Interest)，並建立「公民社會」(Civil Society)。在國家與社會互動架構下，公民對
於攸關其福祉至鉅的「公共服務」(Public Service)自然會形成種種要求，除了責求
政府「公正廉能」，以及提供更多元、更具品質，及更具社會公平正義的「公共
服務」之外，甚至要求主動參與公共政策之規劃、執行和評估，這也正是國家民
1
主化的落實。而「第三部門」，因其所具有的取私為公、去私存公的「公共性」
特質，正好成為公民參與公共服務的最佳管道。因此，深入研究「第三部門」課
題，對學術研究與實務工作之發展，均極深具意義與價值。
<<課程規範>>
一、學術倫理
為維護學術倫理，於學習過程中，不論分組報告、議題報告、期中報告或學
期報告，請同學務必親自參與，不宜發生抄襲或委請他人操刀情事發生，違者該
次報告或作業以零分計算。
二、學術規格
學期報告格式、內容、註釋、參考書目等皆必須符合學術規格要求，否則退
回。
<<課程要求>>
一、主題報告
1、分組原則：2人一組為限，分組名單請班代於第一週下課後次日，以電子
郵件送交老師。
2、報告方式：採輪流報告方式，報告順序由同學自行協調。請當週負責報
告同學，以powerpoint準備報告，內容為針對當週主題試提出「為何」，
而非摘要指定教材之內容。此外，當週負責報告同學，請於上課時，繳
交一份書面摘要及powerpoint資料給老師，同時請於上課前一天，將簡報
檔案上傳至公行異言堂，以供同學們提前下載、閱讀、參考。
3、報告流程：每週進度分由1組負責，各組報告時間以20分鐘為原則。
4、器材準備：主題報告皆須使用電腦及投影機，所需器材請同學於上課前
備妥，任何器材使用問題，請洽詢系辦公室。
2
二、期中報告
1、分組原則：2人一組，期中報告可自行完成，分組名單請班代於第一週下
課後次日，以電子郵件送交老師。（分組狀態希盡量與主題報告相同）
2、指定期中研究對象：期中研究對象，可由授課老師提供「非營利組織名
單」
，並由老師協助向上述組織執行長或負責人推薦各組同學研究，以利
研究。
3、報告內容：可針對前述指定之非營利組織負責人進行口述歷史之撰寫，
瞭解其願景、生命歷程與如何克服困難的成長之道，進以作為學期報告
之基礎。
4、繳交時限：5月16日（第13週）。
三、學期報告
1、 繳交學期報告大綱：5月16日（第13週）。
2、 繳交時限：下學期開學前一週；連同「自我評鑑表」一同繳交。
3、 報告內容：可延續期中報告所指定之研究對象，與該組織負責人（或適
當人選）進行深度訪談，以獲取深度之田野資料，進而為該組織提出具
體的發展策略與建議。亦可自行設定相關研究主題。
四、課堂參與
除積極出席、上課討論外；針對每週授課內容，每位同學於第三節時，下
課前三十分撰寫「心得報告」，並於下課前繳交。
上述報告須著重個案與當週上課進度之整合，鼓勵各位同學搜尋相關國內
外個案，作為議題報告素材。前述報告可「手寫或電腦打字」 ( A4，一面)繳交，
請於老師評閱完成後上傳至公行異言堂。
3
<<課程評估>>
1. 主題報告
20 ％
2. 期中報告
20 ％
3. 學期報告
30 ％（含學期報告大綱，著重學術格式）
4. 課堂參與
30 ％（個人成績，心得報告、出席、上課討論）
<<授課流程>>
節
次 流
第一節
第二節
第三節
程時 間備
議題分享
10
江老師
主題報告（一）
20
分組簡報
深度匯談（一）
20
江老師及全體學生
下課休息
10
議題分享
10
江老師
深度匯談（二）
40
江老師及全體學生
下課休息
10
綜合講解
20
江老師
撰寫心得報告
30
全體學生
<<課程進度>>
週次
1
2
日期
2/21
2/28
主題
N/A
N/A
指定教材
課務分工、課程介紹、師生相見歡、填寫個人資料
（停課）
4
考




3
3/7
起
源






4
3/14
理
論
基
礎



Etzioni, A., 1973, “The Third Sector and Domestic Missions,”
Public Administration Review, 33: 314-323.
Levitt, T., 1973, The Third Sector: New Tactics for a Responsive
Society. New York: Amacom.
Nielsen, W. A., 1979, The Endangered Sector. New York:
Columbia University Press.
Salamon, Lester M., 2003, “The Stakes: The Nonprofit Sector and
Why We Need It”and “The Challenges,” The Resilient Sector:
The State of Nonprofit America. Washington, D.C.: Brookings
Institution Press. (Ch 2 & 3)
Evers, Adalbert and Jean-Louis Laville, 2004, “Defining the
third sector in Europe,” in Adalbert Evers and Jean-Louis
Laville (eds.), The Third Sector in Europe. Northampton, pp.
11-42. MA.: Edward Elgar.
Najam, A., 1996, “Understanding the third sector: revisiting the
prince, the merchant, and the citizen,” Nonprofit Management
& Leadership, 7(2), pp.203-219.
Kingma, Bruce R., 1997, “Public Good Theories of the Nonprofit
Sector: Weisbrod Revisited,” Voluntas, 8(1): 135-148.
Weisbrod, Burton A., 1975, “Toward a Theory of the Voluntary
Nonprofit Sector in a Three-Sector Economy,” in E. S. Phelps
(ed.), Altruism, Morality, and Economy Theory. New York: Russell
Sage Foundation.
俞可平著，1999，社群主義。台北：風雲論壇出版社。
Badelt, Christoph, 1990, “Institutional choice and the nonprofit
sector,“ in Helmut Anheier et al. (eds.), The Third Sector:
Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organizations, pp. 53-63.
New York: deGruyter.
James, Estelle, 1990, “Economic Theories of the nonprofit
sector: A comparative perspective,” in Helmut Anheier et al.
(eds.), The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit
Organizations, pp. 21-30. New York: deGruyter.
Hansmann, Henry, 1987, “Economic theory of nonprofit
organizations,” in Walter Powell (ed.), The nonprofit sector: A
research handbook, pp. 27-42. New Haven: Yale University
Press.
Salamon, Lester M., 1987, “Of market failure, voluntary failure,
and third party government: Toward a theory of
government-nonprofit relations in the modern welfare states,”
Journal of Voluntary Action Research, 16(1-2): 29-49.
5


5
3/21
問
題
意
識





6
3/28
內
、
外
在
關
係



7
4/3
英
國
個
案

Anheier, Helmut K. & Jeremy Kendall (eds.), 2001, Third
Sector Policy at the Crossroads: An international nonprofit
analysis. London and New York: Routledge.
Brooks, Arthur C., 2002, “Can Nonprofit Management help
answer Public Management’s ‘big questions’?” Public
Administration Review, 62(3): 259-266.
Couto, Richard A., 2001, “The Third Sector and Civil Society:
The Case of the “Yes” Campaign in Northern Ireland,”
Voluntas, 12(3): 221-238.
Bauer, Rudolf, 1990, “Nonprofit organizations in international
perspective,“ in Helmut Anheier et al. (eds.), The Third Sector:
Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organizations, pp. 271-276.
New York: deGruyter.
Anheier, Helmut K., 1990, “The third sectorin comparative
perspective: Four propositions,“ in Helmut Anheier et al. (eds.),
The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit
Organizations, pp. 379-385. New York: deGruyter.
Brinkerhoff, Jennifer, et al., 2002, “Government-Nonprofit
relations in Comparative Perspective: Evolution, Themes and
new Directions”, Public Administration & Development, 22(1):
3-18.
Phillips, Susan D., 2003, “Voluntary Sector-Government
Relationships in Transition: Learning from International
Experience for the Canadian Context, in Kathy L. Brock et al.
(eds.), The Nonprofit Sector in Interesting Times: Case
Studies in a Changing Sector, pp. 17-70. Montreal & Kingston:
McGill-Queens’s University Press.
Najam, A., 2000, “The four-C’s of third sector-government
relations: Cooperation, confrontation, complementarity, and
co-optation,” Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 10(4),
pp.375-396.
Isett, Kimberley Roussin, 2005, “The Evolution of Dyadic
Interorganizational Relationships in a Network of Publicly
Funded Nonprofit Agencies.” Journal of Public Administration
Research and Theory, 15(1), 149-165.
Taylor, Marilyn and Diane Warburton, 2003, “Legitimacy and
the Role of UK Third Sector Organizations in the Policy
Process”, Voluntas, 14(3): 321-338.
Nichols, G. et al., 2005, “Pressures on the UK Voluntary Sport
Sector,” Voluntas, 16(1), 33-50.
Warnaby, Gary & Jill Finney, 2005, “Creating customer value in
the not-for-profit sector: A case study of the British
Library,” International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary
Sector Marketing, 10(3), 183-195.
Vincent, Jeremy & Jenny Harrow, 2005, “Comparing Thistles
and Roses: The Application of Governmental-Voluntary Sector
Relations
Theory
to
Scotland
and
England,” Voluntas, 16(4), 375-395.
6


8
4/10
美
國
個
案


9
4/17
N/A
Salamon, L. M., 1999. American’s Nonprofit Sector: A Primer
(2th), New York: The Foundation Center.
Starik, Mark and Marl Heuer, 2002, “Strategic
Inter-organizational Environmentalism in the US: A
Multi-Sectoral Perspective of Alternating Eco-Policy Roles”,
Business Strategy and the Environment, 11(4): 221-235.
Sidel, Mark, 2006, “The Third Sector, Human Security, and
Anti-Terrorism: The United States and
Beyond,” Voluntas, 17(3), 199-210.
Salamon, Lester M., 1990, „The nonprofit sector and
government: The American experience in theory and practice,”
in Helmut Anheier et al. (eds.), The Third Sector: Comparative
Studies of Nonprofit Organizations, pp. 219-240. New York:
deGruyter.
提交「期中報告」（期中考週，停課）

10
11
12
4/24
加拿
大個
案
5/1
歐
盟
個
案
5/8
澳
洲
個
案
Steedman, Eric & Jane Rabinowicz, 2006, “Changing dynamics
in the Canadian voluntary sector: challenges in sustaining
organizational capacity to support healthy communities,” The
Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of
Health, 126(6), 275-279.
Berger, Ida E., 2006, “The Influence of Religion on Philanthropy in
Canada,” Voluntas, 17(2), 110-127.
 Delors, Jacques, 2004, “The European Union and the Third
Sector,” in Adalbert Evers and Jean-Louis Laville (eds.), The
Third Sector in Europe. Northampton, pp. 206-218. MA.:
Edward Elgar.
 Connolly, Pauline, 2006, “Management Style in the Non-Profit
Sector in Ireland,” Irish Journal of
Management, 26(2), 129-147.
 Borzaga, Carol, 2004, “From suffocation to re-emergence: the
evolution of the Italian third sector,” in Adalbert Evers and
Jean-Louis Laville (eds.), The Third Sector in Europe.
Northampton, pp. 45-62. MA.: Edward Elgar.
 Dekker, Paul, 2004, “The Netherlands: from private initiatives
to non-profit hybrids and back?”, in Adalbert Evers and
Jean-Louis Laville (eds.), The Third Sector in Europe.
Northampton, pp. 144-168. MA.: Edward Elgar.
 Leiter, Jeffrey, 2005, “Structural Isomorphism in Australian
Nonprofit Organizations”, Voluntas, 16(1), 1-31.
 Tyler, Melissa Conley, 2005, “Benchmarking in the non-profit
sector in Australia,” Benchmarking, 12(3), 219-235.
 Madden, Kym, 2006, “Growing national philanthropy: Australia
steps forward”, International Journal of Nonprofit and
Voluntary Sector Marketing, 11(3), 155-163.
7
13
5/15
14
5/22
15
5/29
16
6/5
本
土
案
例
國
際
非
營
利
組
織


第三部門：經營策略與社會參與（第五章）
第三部門：經營策略與社會參與（第七章）





第三部門：經營策略與社會參與（第八章）
第三部門：經營策略與社會參與（第九章）
第三部門：經營策略與社會參與（第十章）
第三部門：經營策略與社會參與（第十一章）
Dato-on, Mary Conway et al., 2006, “Creating effective
customer relationships in not-for-profit retailing: the Ten
Thousand Villages example,” International Journal of
Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 11(4), 319-333.
江明修審訂，2003，非政府組織。台北：智勝出版社。
Anheier, Helmut K., 1990, “Private voluntary organizations and
the Third World,“ in Helmut Anheier et al. (eds.), The Third
Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organizations, pp.
361-376. New York: deGruyter.
Moore, Gwen, et al., 2002, “Elite interlocks in three U.S.
Sectors: Nonprofit, Corporate, and Government”, Social
Science Quarterly, 83(30): 726-744.
Lohmann, Roger A., 2007, “Charity, Philanthropy, Public
Service, or Enterprise: What Are the Big Questions of Nonprofit
Management
Today?” Public
Administration
Review, 67(3), 437-444.
Helmig, Bernd, et al., 2004, “Challenges in Managing Nonprofit
Organizations: A research Overview”, Voluntas, 15(2): 101-116.
LeRoux, Kelly M. & Bethany G. Sneed, 2006, “The
convergence of public and nonprofit values: a research agenda
for the intersectoral study of representative
bureaucracy,” International Journal of Organization Theory
and Behavior, 9(4), 537-556.




17
18
6/12
6/19
挑
戰
與
發
展
N/A


（期中考週，停課）
說明：標示「☆」者，意指為「當週必讀文獻」。
<<指定書目>>
1. 江明修主編，2000，第三部門：經營策略與社會參與。台北：智勝文化。
2. 俞可平著，1999，社群主義。台北：風雲論壇出版社。
3. 江明修審訂，2003，非政府組織。台北：智勝出版社。
4. Anheier, Helmut K. & Jeremy Kendall (eds.), 2001, Third Sector Policy at the
Crossroads: An international nonprofit analysis. London and New York:
8
Routledge.
5. Anheier, Helmut K., 1990, “Private voluntary organizations and the Third
World,“ in Helmut Anheier et al. (eds.), The Third Sector: Comparative Studies
of Nonprofit Organizations, pp. 361-376. New York: deGruyter.
6. Anheier, Helmut K., 1990, “The third sectorin comparative perspective: Four
propositions,“ in Helmut Anheier et al. (eds.), The Third Sector: Comparative
Studies of Nonprofit Organizations, pp. 379-385. New York: deGruyter.
7. Badelt, Christoph, 1990, “Institutional choice and the nonprofit sector,“ in Helmut
Anheier et al. (eds.), The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit
Organizations, pp. 53-63. New York: deGruyter.
8. Bauer, Rudolf, 1990, “Nonprofit organizations in international perspective,“ in
Helmut Anheier et al. (eds.), The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of
Nonprofit Organizations, pp. 271-276. New York: deGruyter.
9. Berger, Ida E., 2006, “The Influence of Religion on Philanthropy in
Canada,” Voluntas, 17(2), 110-127.
10. Borzaga, Carol, 2004, “From suffocation to re-emergence: the evolution of the
Italian third sector,” in Adalbert Evers and Jean-Louis Laville (eds.), The Third
Sector in Europe. Northampton, pp. 45-62. MA.: Edward Elgar.
11. Brinkerhoff, Jennifer, et al., 2002, “Government-Nonprofit relations in
Comparative Perspective: Evolution, Themes and new Directions”, Public
Administration & Development, 22(1): 3-18.
12. Brooks, Arthur C., 2002, “Can Nonprofit Management help answer Public
Management’s ‘big questions’?” Public Administration Review, 62(3): 259-266.
13. Connolly, Pauline, 2006, “Management Style in the Non-Profit Sector in
Ireland,” Irish Journal of Management, 26(2), 129-147.
14. Couto, Richard A., 2001, “The Third Sector and Civil Society: The Case of the
“Yes” Campaign in Northern Ireland,” Voluntas, 12(3): 221-238.
15. Dato-on, Mary Conway et al., 2006, “Creating effective customer relationships in
not-for-profit retailing: the Ten Thousand Villages example,” International
Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 11(4), 319-333.
16. Dekker, Paul, 2004, “The Netherlands: from private initiatives to non-profit
hybrids and back?” in Adalbert Evers and Jean-Louis Laville (eds.), The Third
Sector in Europe. Northampton, pp. 144-168. MA.: Edward Elgar.
17. Delors, Jacques, 2004, “The European Union and the Third Sector,” in Adalbert
9
Evers and Jean-Louis Laville (eds.), The Third Sector in Europe. Northampton,
pp. 206-218. MA.: Edward Elgar.
18. Etzioni, A., 1973, “The Third Sector and Domestic Missions,” Public
Administration Review, 33: 314-323.
19. Evers, Adalbert and Jean-Louis Laville, 2004, “Defining the third sector in
Europe,” in Adalbert Evers and Jean-Louis Laville (eds.), The Third Sector in
Europe. Northampton, pp. 11-42. MA.: Edward Elgar.
20. Hansmann, Henry, 1987, “Economic theory of nonprofit organizations,” in Walter
Powell (ed.), The nonprofit sector: A research handbook, pp. 27-42. New Haven:
Yale University Press.
21. Helmig, Bernd, et al., 2004, “Challenges in Managing Nonprofit Organizations: A
research Overview”, Voluntas, 15(2): 101-116.
22. Isett, Kimberley Roussin, 2005, “The Evolution of Dyadic Interorganizational
Relationships in a Network of Publicly Funded Nonprofit Agencies.” Journal of
Public Administration Research and Theory, 15(1), 149-165.
23. James, Estelle, 1990, “Economic Theories of the nonprofit sector: A comparative
perspective,” in Helmut Anheier et al. (eds.), The Third Sector: Comparative
Studies of Nonprofit Organizations, pp. 21-30. New York: deGruyter.
24. Kingma, Bruce R., 1997, “Public Good Theories of the Nonprofit Sector:
Weisbrod Revisited,” Voluntas, 8(1): 135-148.
25. Leiter, Jeffrey, 2005, “Structural Isomorphism in Australian Nonprofit
Organizations”, Voluntas, 16(1), 1-31.
26. LeRoux, Kelly M. & Bethany G. Sneed, 2006, “The convergence of public and
nonprofit values: a research agenda for the intersectoral study of representative
bureaucracy,” International
Journal
of
Organization
Theory
and
Behavior, 9(4), 537-556.
27. Levitt, T., 1973, The Third Sector: New Tactics for a Responsive Society. New
York: Amacom.
28. Lohmann, Roger A., 2007, “Charity, Philanthropy, Public Service, or Enterprise:
What Are the Big Questions of Nonprofit Management Today?” Public
Administration Review, 67(3), 437-444.
29. Madden, Kym, 2006, “Growing national philanthropy: Australia steps
forward”, International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector
Marketing, 11(3), 155-163.
10
30. Moore, Gwen, et al., 2002, “Elite interlocks in three U.S. Sectors: Nonprofit,
Corporate, and Government”, Social Science Quarterly, 83(30): 726-744.
31. Najam, A., 1996, “Understanding the third sector: revisiting the prince, the
merchant, and the citizen,” Nonprofit Management & Leadership, 7(2),
pp.203-219.
32. Najam, A., 2000, “The four-C’s of third sector-government relations: Cooperation,
confrontation, complementarity, and co-optation,” Nonprofit Management &
Leadership, 10(4), pp.375-396.
33. Nichols, G. et al., 2005,
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