计算机网络技术的
历史和新进展
1

高速计算机信息网络是信息社会的神经和
血管

体系结构：网络的骨架和神经

协议：网络的心脏和血液
2
主要内容





网络概述
Internet的发展和成功经验
计算机网络技术的历史回顾
国际高速计算机网络研究计划
中国高速计算机网络研究计划
3
What is a Network?
from end system point of view

Network offers a service: move information
- bird, fire, messenger, truck, telegraph, telephone, Internet …
- another example, transportation service: move objects
• horse, train, truck, airplane ...

What distinguish different types of networks?
- The services they provide

What distinguish the services?
-
latency
bandwidth
loss rate
number of end systems
service interface (how to invoke?)
other details
• reliability, unicast vs. multicast, real-time, message vs. byte ...
4
What is a Network?
Infrastructure Centric View






Electrons and photons as communication
medium
Links: fiber, copper, satellite, …
Switches: mechanical/electronic/optical,
crossbar/Banyan
Protocols: TCP/IP, ATM, MPLS, SONET,
Ethernet, PPP, X.25, FrameRelay, AppleTalk,
IPX, SNA
Functionalities: routing, error control, congestion
control, Quality of Service (QoS)
Applications: FTP, WEB, X windows, ...
5
Types of Networks

Geographical distance
- Local Area Networks (LAN): Ethernet, Token ring, FDDI
- Metropolitan Area Networks (MAN): DQDB, SMDS
- Wide Area Networks (WAN): X.25, ATM, frame relay

Information type
- data networks vs. telecommunication networks

Application type
- special purpose networks: airline reservation network,
banking network, credit card network, telephony
- general purpose network: Internet
6
Types of Networks

Right to use
- private: enterprise networks
- public: telephony network, Internet

Ownership of protocols
- proprietary: SNA
- open: IP

Technologies
- terrestrial vs. satellite
- wired vs. wireless

Protocols
- IP, AppleTalk, SNA
7
计算机网络发展历史回顾

七十年代的计算机网络




八十年代的计算机网络




X.25 分组交换网：各国的电信部门建设运行
各种专用的网络体系结构：SNA，DNA
Internet 的前身ARPANET进行实验运行
标准化计算机网络体系结构：OSI
局域网络 LAN 技术空前发展
建成NSFNET，Internet 初具规模
九十年代的计算机网络


Internet空前发展
Web技术在Internet/Intranet 得到广泛应用
8
主要内容





网络概述
Internet的发展和成功经验
计算机网络技术的历史回顾
国际高速计算机网络研究计划
中国高速计算机网络研究计划
9
The Internet


Global scale, general purpose, heterogeneoustechnologies, public, computer network
Internet Protocol
- open standard: Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as
standard body
- technical basis for other types of networks
• Intranet: enterprise IP network

Developed by the research community
10
History of the Internet







70’s: started as a research project, 56 kbps, < 100
computers
80-83: ARPANET and MILNET split,
85-86: NSF builds NSFNET as backbone, links 6
Supercomputer centers, 1.5 Mbps, 10,000 computers
87-90: link regional networks, NSI (NASA), ESNet(DOE),
DARTnet, TWBNet (DARPA), 100,000 computers
90-92: NSFNET moves to 45 Mbps, 16 mid-level networks
94: NSF backbone dismantled, multiple private backbones
Today: backbones run at 2.5 / 10 Gbps, 10s millions
computers in 150 countries
11
Growth of the Internet
10000000
1000000
100000
10000
1000
100
10
1999年
1997年
1995年
1993年
1991年
1989年
1987年
1985年
1983年
1
1981年
Number of Hosts on
the Internet:
Aug. 1981
213
Oct. 1984
1,024
Dec. 1987
28,174
Oct. 1990
313,000
Oct. 1993 2,056,000
Apr. 1995 5,706,000
Jul. 1997 19,540,000
Jul. 2000 93,047,785

100000000
12
Recent Growth (1991-2000)
13
Internet 发展规模和趋势

Internet的发展速度
- 是历史上发展最快的一种技术
- 以商业化后达到 5000 万用户为例
• 电视用了13年，收音机用了38年，电话更长
• Internet 从商业化后达到 5000 万用户用了4 年
时间

Internet 正在以超过摩尔定理的速度发展
14
网络时代的三大基本定律
摩尔定律:
光纤定律：
CPU性能18个月
翻番,10年100
倍。
所有电子系统
（包括电子通
信系统，计算
机）都适用
超摩尔定律，
骨干网带宽9
个月翻番，10
年10000倍。
带宽需求呈超
高速增长的趋
势
迈特卡尔夫定
律:联网定律，
网络价值随用
户数平方成正
比。未联网设
备增加N倍，效
率增加N倍。联
网设备增加N倍，
效率增加N2倍
15
网络带宽与CPU性能
16
光纤容量
17
高水平大容量光纤传输试验系统
容量
光纤长度
特点
研制单位
3Tb/s
40km
用 T-EDFA
NTT
(160Gb/s X 19 CH OTDM/WDM) (DSF-0=1535nm)
用DSF光纤 (NZDSF)
PD1-1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.02Tb/s
1000km
0.4b/s/Hz，用 SMF光纤
CNET
(20Gb/s x 51 CH WDM)
(SMF 环测)
101km放大器间距
PD4-1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1Tb/s
342km
用True Wave光纤
Lucent
(40Gb/s x 25 CH)
(True Wave 光纤)
85 km放大器间距
PD7-1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------750Gb/s
2000km
采用 C波段和 L波段
Tyco
(5.3Gb/s x 50 CH,10Gb/s x 8CH) (纯Si光纤+NZDSF环测) 纯Si光纤
PD16-1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------640Gb/s
7200km
0.33b/s/Hz
Tyco
(10Gb/s x 64 CH)
(NZDSF 环测)
PD2-1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------490Gb/s
335.2KM
采用拉曼放大+EDFA混合
Lucent
(10Gb/s x 49 CH)
(ZDSF 环测 )
0色散光纤(67km)+NZDSF(17km)PD8-1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------340Gb/s
6380km
实线试验
Alcatel
(10Gb/s x 34 CH WDM)
(NZDSF)
50GHz Spacing
PD18-1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------80Gb/s
172km
Soliton
Chalmer
18
(10Gb/s x 8 CH OTDM)
(DSF 0=1547nm)
已敷设的光纤
PD6-1
Data (Still) Overtaking Voice
International data traffic already exceeds international
voice from Australia and Scandinavia.
180
160
140
Relative
Capacity 120
(%)
100
Voice
80
60
Data
40
20
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Source: MCI (Vint Cerf)
19
IP (Still) Conquering Data
Traffic Ratios
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
All Other
IPX
TCP/IP
1996
1998
2000
Source: Gartner 1997
20
Internet (Still) Going Interactive
To Transactional Pages (Red) and
Audio/Video Content (Purple)
100%
80%
Relative
User
60%
Population
40%
2%
7%
7%
14%
28%
Multimedia
Dynamic WWW
Static WWW
15%
FTP and Telnet
E-Mail and News
Other
16%
27%
23%
39%
23%
12%
20%
18%
17%
13%
14%
1998
2000
17%
0%
8%
1996
Source: The Yankee Group, 1996
21
Apps (Always) Driving Capacity
155
ATM/POS
Virtual Reality, Medical Imaging
3
T3/E3
Video Conferencing, MPEG1 NTSC Video
1.5
T1/E1
Simple Video, Multimedia
.128
Browsing, PCM Voice
.0288
ISDN,
Frame Relay
New Modem
IP, PCS, E-Mail,
File Transfer
.0192
Old Modem
Telnet, VoIP
.004
Mb/s
Wireless WAN
Paging
Minimum Bandwidth for
Application per User
22
Data/Voice/Video Transport Convergence
Internet
23
高速信息网络的发展方向：
通信与计算聚合

通信和计算技术的聚合
- 改变了各自的原有特征

高速信息网络体系结构的发展趋势
- 分层结构；分布控制、管理和安全机制

分层结构
- 比特路层
- 服务层
- 应用层
24
高速信息网络的体系结构

比特路层
- 主干网传输技术：SDH/SONET，光纤
- 主干网交换技术：IP over SDH或光纤，GbE，支持IPv6
- 端系统接入技术：LAN；ADSL、FTTH、HFC

服务层（支撑技术）
- 全球统一的地址、域名；安全的系统管理和访问控制
- Browser/Server 计算模式，支持 Data, Voice, Video
- 以 Java 为代表的网络编程语言

应用层（用户功能）
- 用户－用户（立即响应，可适当延迟）
- 用户－服务器（立即响应，可适当延迟）
25
IP Transport Alternatives
B-ISDN
IP over
ATM
IP over
SDH/SONET
IP over
Optical
Multiplexing, Protection, and Management at Every Layer.
IP
Long-Term Winners
ATM
IP
IP
SDH/SONET
ATM
SDH/SONET
IP
Optical
Optical
Optical
Optical
Eliminating Layers Lowers Costs.
26
Who is Who on the Internet ?




Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF): The IETF is the
protocol engineering and development arm of the Internet.
Subdivided into many working groups, which specify
Request For Comments or RFCs.
IRTF (Internet Research Task Force): The Internet
Research Task Force is a composed of a number of
focused, long-term and small Research Groups.
Internet Architecture Board (IAB): The IAB is responsible
for defining the overall architecture of the Internet,
providing guidance and broad direction to the IETF.
The Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG): The
IESG is responsible for technical management of IETF
activities and the Internet standards process. Standards.
Composed of the Area Directors of the IETF working
groups.
27
Internet Standardization Process

All standards of the Internet are published as
RFC (Request for Comments). But not all RFCs
are Internet Standards !
- available: http://www.ietf.org

A typical (but not only) way of standardization is:
-

Internet Drafts
RFC
Proposed Standard
Draft Standard (requires 2 working implementation)
Internet Standard (declared by IAB)
David Clark, MIT, 1992: "We reject: kings,
presidents, and voting. We believe in: rough
consensus and running code.”
28
Services Provided by the Internet

Shared access to computing resources
- telnet (1970’s)

Shared access to data/files
- FTP, NFS, AFS (1980’s)

Communication medium over which people interact
- email (1980’s), on-line chat rooms, instant messaging (1990’s)
- audio, video (1990’s)
• replacing telephone network?

A medium for information dissemination
- USENET (1980’s)
- WWW (1990’s)
• replacing newspaper, magazine?
- audio, video (1990’s)
• replacing radio, CD, TV?
29
Today’s Vision



Everything is digital: voice, video, music,
pictures
Everything is on-line: bank statement, medical
record, books, airline schedule, weather,
highway traffic, toaster, refrigerator …
Everyone is connected: doctor, teacher, broker,
mother, son, friends, enemies
30
What is Next?

Electronic commerce
- virtual enterprise

Internet entertainment
- interactive sitcom

World as a small village
- community organized according to interests
- enhanced understanding among diverse groups

Electronic democracy
- little people can voice their opinions to the whole world
- bridge the gap between information haves and have no’s

Electronic terrorism
- hacker can bring the whole world to its knee
31
Industrial Players

Telephone companies
- own long-haul and access communication links,
customers

Cable companies
- own access links

Wireless/Satellite companies
- alternative communication links

Utility companies: power, water, railway
- own right of way to lay down more wires

Medium companies
- own content


Internet Service Providers
Equipment companies
- switches/routers, chips, optics, computers

Software companies
32
Internet Physical Infrastructure
ISP

Residential
Access
- Modem
- DSL
- Cable
modem
- Satellite
- LAN
Backbone
Enterprise/ISP access,
Backbone transmission
T1/T3, DS-1 DS-3
OC-3, OC-12
ATM vs. SONET, vs.
WDM
ISP
Campus network
Ethernet, ATM
Internet Service Providers
access, regional, backbone
Point of Presence (POP)
Network Access Point
(NAP)
33
Links for Long Haul Transmission

Types of links
-
Possibilities
T1/DS1: 1.544 Mbps
IP over SDH/SONET
T3/DS3: 44.736 Mbps
IP over ATM
STS-1/OC-1: 51.850 Mbps
IP over Frame Relay
STS-3/OC-3: 155.2 Mbps
IP over WDM
STS-12/OC-12: 622.080
Mbps
- STS-48/OC-48: 2.488 Gbps
- STS-192/OC-192: 9.953
Gbps

Higher levels of services
offered commercially
- Frame Relay
- ATM
34
Internet 的成功经验


有远见的政府不断支持：1969－
有风险的企业参与和投入：
- NFS：MCI、IBM
- vBNS：MCI；Abilene: Qwest，CISCO


联合协作的开放式研究：IETF/RFC
教育和科研的示范网络为起点
- 具有实验物理学的研究特点
- ARPAnet、NSF、ANS、vBNS

简单实用的技术路线：TCP/IP
35
Commercialization
Privatization
21st Century
Networking
SprintLink
InternetMCI
US Govt
Networks
ANS
Interoperable
High
Research
Performance
Networks
&Education
ARPAnet
Active
Nets
wireless
WDM
gigabit
testbeds
Research and
Development
NSFNET
Quality of Service
(QoS)
Internet2, Abilene, vBNS
Advanced US Govt Networks
Partnerships
36
主要内容





网络概述
Internet的发展和成功经验
计算机网络技术的历史回顾
国际高速计算机网络研究计划
中国高速计算机网络研究计划
37
Outline




The first design for a packet-switched
network by Paul Baran in early 60’s
TCP/IP protocol: one realization of the
basic principles in Baran’s design
How the Internet looks like today
Where it may be moving to
38
Paul Baran’s classical work
“On Distributed Communications”



Time: 1960 - 1964
Goal: building a robust communication system
that could survive nuclear attacks
Outcome: a packet-switched network
DST Distce Nxt-H
Destination address
data
39
What is in Baran’s Design
A self-adaptive system: hot-potato routing
 If don’t know better: forwarding packets to all
neighbors
 Update routing table by observing packets
passing by; old routing entries timeout and
deleted
 Forward packets ASAP
- not necessarily along shortest paths all the time
Learning & adapting to the changing environment
40
What is in Baran’s Design (cont’)
Datagram delivery
 Each switch makes packet forwarding decision
based on its own routing table
 Each packet is forwarded independently from
any others
 Switches keep no state about end nodes
- Not a most efficient network
- Delivery will not be perfect
End systems must tolerate & recover from transmission
errors
41
What is in Baran’s Design (cont’)
A distributed system
 all switch nodes are equal
- eliminating any single point of failure


components may fail, the system must not
system robustness through
- adequate physical redundancy
- adaptive routing
Simulation experiment demonstrated that
“extremely survivable networks can be built
using a moderately low redundancy of
connectivity level”—Paul Baran, 1964
42
some less known side of the story...
at the time
 a number of people in telecommunication industry
considered Baran’s proposal “totally preposterous”
 “they kicked, screamed, grumbled, and worse. Their
response tended to be emotional, often with anger, rarely
with humor…”
“outsiders could not possibly understand
the complexity of large systems like the
telephone network”
43
Different approaches to system
reliability

phone system at the time (still true today)
- Dumb end nodes, smart network
- making each and every network component reliable
• system reliability = component reliability
• high component reliability by local redundancy
• everything expected to work; failures expected to be
extreme exceptions
- a human configured, tightly controlled system

Baran proposal
- a reliable system built out of simple, unreliable parts
- an adaptive system that adjusts itself to changes
automatically
- Smart ends to fix transmission errors
44
One Realization of Baran’s Desing:
the Internet
IP’s view of the world
all kinds of applications
all kinds of transport
protocols
IP
All kinds of subnet
technologies


interconnecting heterogeneous subnets
two basic functionalities:
- globally unique addresses
- datagram delivery from sources to destinations via dynamic routing
Claim: simple, flexible, scalable, and robust
45
Datagrams as the basic building block:
System Simplicity



Each packet carries its own address
One routing table serves all traffic
An enabler to the explosive growth
- the simpler, the fewer chances to go wrong
- the simpler, the easier to grow
- the requirement of least common network functionality
maximizes the number of usable networks
46
Datagrams as the basic building block:
Flexibility

“runs over anything”
- IP started with ARPANET, PRNET, SATNET; all long
gone
- today IP runs over 100 Mb or Gb/s Ethernet,
FDDI, Frame Relay, ATM, SONET, DWDM …

Supports all different applications
- used to be telnet, ftp, email only
- now audio, video, web, e-commerce, online-education
What will the future bring?

The best bet would be to stay flexible
47
Datagrams as the basic building block:
Scalability
To scale the system must be able to gracefully
handle
 the growth in the total number of end systems
 the growth in traffic volume
 the growth in network size
- larger routing tables
- More frequent changes
With IP, “the network knows nothing about individual end
applications; end applications know nothing about network
internals”—Van Jacobson
 made it possible to aggregate routing table entries according
to scaling need
48
Datagrams as the basic building block:
Robustness

self-adaptive nature of dynamic routing facilitated
the growth
- dynamic routing and datagram delivery go hand-in-hand
- periodic routing updates: “are you still there”
- silent assumption: existing parts may fail, new parts may
appear any time  changes considered the norm rather
than exceptions

trades off optimal link usage (e.g. header
overhead, update overhead) for system robustness
49
“Unintended consequence” ?
In a casual conversation Noel Chiappa said,
[without DoD’s Internet research initiative] “Perhaps we’d
have discovered computer networks eventually, but I have
no idea when; ... It’s also unclear if we’d have the kind of
network we do if it hadn’t been intended for such a use.
“A spirit of intense robustness, and the ability to keep going
no matter what, has been part of the ‘Internet ethic’ since
day one, and it is due in part to the rather severe operation
environment for which it was originally intended. This
extremely monolithic nature of the Internet is one of the
things which is making it hostile to control, and perhaps that
is in some part due to the original goals of the network.”
50
“Why a tougher system?”

things do go wrong from time to time, despite all
the honest efforts to prevent them
- Have a guess on how often network outage happens?
- Get worse as the system grows larger

“What sort of changes would be helpful in next
generation networks? Of course higher data rate
and lower cost are desirable, but of all
parameters I would opt for greater emphasis on
robustness.” — Paul Baran, 1977
51
How the Internet looks like today

No longer the same as 20 years ago
-

A lot bigger
A lot more users
A lot more useful, a lot more valuable
less robust, less adaptive, and less connected ...
Effectively we were out of IPv4 address space
some years ago
- most users are connected via Network Address
Translator (NAT) now
52
NAT: a feature or a problem?
NAT
Later
comer
Internet
NAT
NAT
NAT
NAT
•
•
•
•
NAT
NAT
NAT
NAT
NAT
“NAT solves the address exhaustion problem, and even brings a benefit of more
control, more security”
NATs broke a number of existing protocols and applications which were built on the
assumption of IP address being globally unique
Lost ability to support new peer-to-peer applications
end-to-end packet delivery path becomes a concatenation of NAT boxes 
effectively a virtual circuit
53
Facts versus fairy stories…

Over time the original architecture has eroded...
- Entropy (delay) that happens to all large systems?

To restore IP architecture: moving to IPv6
- fixes the address exhaustion problem

Why IPv6 has not been widely deployed: a “we
do not need it” group going around telling fairy
stories
- NAT lovers: cheaper & easier than moving to v6
- betting against address exhaustion, “IPv4 addresses
would last us till 2010”, or even 2020

How soon, really?
54
How Soon?

When do we run out IPv4 addresses?
- NAT assures you never "run out", but end up with a
fragmented Internet

If IPv6 needs to be deployed: better sooner than
later
- With exponential growth of the net, a problem ignored
is twice as hard next year, fixing it is twice as costly
- “Wait & watch for next couple years”: 4 times as hard
and costly
55
To wrap up


The datagram-based IP architecture has been
an enabler for the net’s explosive growth
The net needs to move to IPv6 quickly to stop
the structural erosion and enable future growth
- the fact that the Internet has not collapsed yet does not
mean IPv4 is OK and will last

IP6 fixes the address exhaustion problem, but
the deployment wont be cheap or easy
56
主要内容





网络概述
Internet的发展和成功经验
计算机网络技术的历史回顾
国际高速计算机网络研究计划
中国高速计算机网络研究计划
57
国际高速信息网络技术研究计划







1992年美国政府的“ 国家信息基础设施 NII”
1993年西方七国的“ 全球信息基础设施 GII”
美国NII组成部分“ 高性能计算和通信 HPCC”
NGI 和 vBNS
Internet 2 和 Abilene
TransPAC、APAN、STAR TAP
CANARIE 和 CA* net3
58
59
60
61
62
NGI：美国下一代 Internet研究计划


美国总统和副总统宣布启动NGI（1996.10.10）
保证美国的重要利益
- 保持技术领先，创造更多的就业和市场机会

NGI 的三个主要目标：
- 先进网络技术的实验研究
- 下一代网络测试床
- 革命性的应用



政府协调：计算机、信息和通信协调办公室 CCIC
可访问的Web站点: www.ccic.gov; www.ngi.gov
NGI 的进展：
- NGI 实现计划（1998年2月）
- NGI 概念文章（1997年7月）
63
NGI 目标 1：先进网络技术的实验研究

网络工程
- 规划和模拟；监视；集成；数据传递；
- 网络管理；动态和自适应的网络

服务质量（端到端）
- 服务质量体系结构；允许控制，计费和优先权；
- 可观察和控制的API；Drill Down技术

安全
-
用户用安全和公平的方法服务网络资源；
优越的网络管理；网络内部的监视；
游动/远程访问；
公钥基础设施
64
NGI 目标 2：下一代网络测试床

开发下一代网络测试床，用比现在Internet快100倍 以上的速度连接至少
100个大学和国家研究实验室
- 以1997年1.54Mbps计，10个连接点速度达到比现在Internet快1000倍
- 端到端连接速度达到100Mbps~1Gbps

NGI 目标2包括
- 高性能连接：开发广域网结构，用100+Mbps速度连接100个广域点
- 下一代网络技术和超高性能连接：开发超高速交换和传输技术，用 1+Gbps速度连接10
个以上的局域点

主要策略：协调建立一个高性能的协作网络
- 利用现有的网络试验床：vBNS, ESnet, NREN

评价标准：连接点的数量，端到端的性能
- 支持目标1的研究，支持目标3的应用
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NGI 目标 3：革命性的网络应用

开发今天Internet没有，对国家重要的网络应用
-

健康保健：远程医疗、紧急医疗响应支持
教育：远程教育、数字图书馆
科学研究：能源、地理系统、气象、生物
国家安全：高性能全球通信、先进的信息传播
环境：监测、预测、警告、响应
政府：传递政府服务和信息给公民和企业
突发事件：灾难响应、危机管理
设计和制造：制造工程
主要策略：重点研究基础性应用
- 分布式计算应用、协同性应用
66
vBNS Cooperative Agreement


Competitively awarded in April 1995
Established by the NSF in order to
- ensure the availability of high performance networking
resources for the US Research & Education community
- foster the advancement of networking technology


NSF contributes: program management and funding
MCI contributes: bandwidth, equipment, and
engineering
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vBNS Backbone Network Map
Seattle
C
Boston
National Center for
Atmospheric Research
C
Ameritech NAP
C
C
Pittsburgh
A Supercomputing C
Center
C
National Center for
Supercomputing
Applications
Denver C
C New York City
A
C
C
Sprint NAP
Perryman, MD
C
C
Washington, DC
MFS NAP
Los Angeles
C
J
C
Chicago
A
San Francisco
C
J
Cleveland
C
Atlanta
A
C San Diego
Supercomputer Center
A
Ascend GRF 400
DS-3
C
Cisco 7507
OC-3C
J
Juniper M40
OC-12C
FORE ASX-1000
OC-48
C
Houston
NAP
68
vBNS Backbone 3Q99
Seattle
Boston
Cleveland
Chicago
National Center for
Atmospheric Research
New York City
Pittsburgh
Supercomputing
Center
National Center for
Supercomputing
Applications
San Francisco
Denver
Perryman, MD
Washington, DC
Los Angeles
Atlanta
San Diego
Supercomputer Center
Houston
vBNS POP
OC-12C
DS-3
OC-48
OC-3C
69
Internet 2

UCAID（120多个大学会员）的一项研究计划
University Corporation for Advanced Internet Development

形成大学试验网，开发下一代 Internet 技术和应用
- IPv6，Multicasting，QOS
- 以竞争方式得到 NGI 计划的经费支持

NGI是政府计划，Internet 2 是大学合作计划
- 相互补充，相互依靠

Internet 2和 NGI的合作范围
- NSF支持的 vBNS
- Internet 2 将建立用于地区连接的gigaPoP
- Internet 2 的许多网络应用开发由NGI支持
70
Internet2 Applications

Deliver qualitative and quantitative improvements
in the conduct of:
- Research
- Teaching
- Learning

Require advanced networking
72
Virtual Laboratories


Interactive research and
instruction
Real-time access to remote
scientific instruments
Images courtesy of the
University of Michigan
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Virtual Laboratories

Real-time access to remote
instruments

University of Pittsburgh,
Pittsburgh Supercomputing
Center
3-D Brain Mapping
74
Digital Libraries

Video and audio

Indiana University
Variations Project
75
Distributed Computation

Multi-site databases

Old Dominion
University
Chesapeake Bay
Simulation
Image courtesy of Old Dominion University
76
Teleimmersion

Shared virtual reality

University of Illinois at
Chicago
Virtual
Temporal
Bone
Images courtesy
Univ of IllinoisChicago
77
Abilene


Project announced 14 April 1998 by VP Gore
Most advanced and far reaching research and
education network in the world
- support advanced research applications
- integrated advanced network services

Developed by UCAID
- Qwest, Nortel and Cisco corporate partners

Advanced native IP backbone network available to
universities participating in UCAID’s Internet2 project
78
79
Abilene Characteristics




2.4 Gbps (OC48) among gigaPoPs, increasing to
9.6 Gbps (OC192)
Connections at 622 Mbps (OC12) or 155 Mbps
(OC3)
IP over Sonet technology
Access PoPs very close to almost all of the
anticipated university gigaPoPs
80
Abilene Schedule



Fall 1998: Demonstrated network at member
meeting, in pre-production at several universities,
connected to Chicago switch for STAR TAP
Janurary 1999: Abilene in service
By December 1999: around 65 institutions
connected
81
The TransPAC Network




The network is based on a 70 Mbps VBR-nrt ATM
international connection between the STAR TAP in
Chicago and the APAN Tokyo exchange point.
The underlying ATM service provided by AT&T/KDD.
TransPAC provides ATM and IP-layer user services.
APAN-TransPAC-vBNS/Canarie provides one of the
world’s largest high-performance research networks and
constitutes the premier global testbed for developing next
generation network protocols and services.
83
STAR TAP

Science, Technology And Research Transit Access
Point”

A persistent infrastructure to facilitate the long-term
interconnection of advanced international networking in
support of collaborations in research and education

Funded by the NSF CISE Networking and
Communications Research and Infrastructure division.

Anchors the international vBNS connections program.

http://www.startap.net
84
STAR TAP
Common Interconnect for NGI, Internet2,
International High-Performance Networks
85
“Canada’s National Optical Internet”
Bill.St.Arnaud@canarie.ca
http://Tweetie.canarie.ca/~bstarn
Tel: +1.613.785.0426
December1998
http://www.canarie.ca
http://www.canet3.net
86
CA*net 3 National Optical Network
CA*net 3
GigaPOP
RAN
WURCnet
OC3
SRnet
MRnet
DS3
OC12
ACORN
BCnet
OC3
Calgary
Regina
RISQ
Winnipeg
ONet
OC48
OC12
Montreal
Ottawa
Vancouver
STAR TAP
Chicago
St. John’s
Charlottetown
Fredericton
Teleglobe
Halifax
Toronto
87
主要内容





网络概述
Internet的发展和成功经验
计算机网络技术的历史回顾
国际高速计算机网络研究计划
中国高速计算机网络研究计划
88
中国的高速计算机网络研究计划


国家“九五”、“十五” 科技攻关项目
国家 863 高技术研究发展计划
- 863计算机主题，863通信主题
- 中国高速信息示范网络 CAINONET（863-300）


国家 “十五”863高技术研究发展计划
中国高速互连网络示范工程 CAINET
- 中科院、上海市、广电部、铁道部联合建设

中国高速计算机互连试验网络 NSFCNET
- 国家自然科学基金会

CERNET 2000 （高速网络）工程
- 面向 21世纪中国教育振兴计划：现代远程教育工程
89
APAN/STAR
CERNET
POS OC-48
GE
DPT Ring
清华
GSR12008
GSR12012
GSR12008
北大
基 金委
GSR12008
GSR12008
中科院
CSTNET
北航
GSR12008
北邮
90
ATM
设备
ATM
设备
地区A
CR
OXC
节点A1
节点B1
OADM
节点B2
UAS
TM
OADM
节点C4
地区C
OADM
节点C2
OADM
节点B3
CR
LAN
LAN
TM
ER
PSTN
OADM
节点C3
ER
UAS
ER
…
ADM
OXC
节点C1
CR
PSTN
ADSL
TM
地区B
ADM
ATM
设备
ER
中国高速信息示范网
IP/SDH/DWDM
OXC
ATM
设备
SDH
SDH
OADM
节点A2
LAN
中国高速信息示范网
CAINONet示意图
OADM
节点A3
LAN
91
92
93
机会和挑战并存，挑战大于机会





知识经济：机会和挑战并存，挑战大于机会
Internet、高速信息网络是国家信息基础设施的主要部
分，具有重要的战略地位
要特别重视网络基础理论和关键技术的研究
优先发展以Internet、高速信息网络及其应用为主的我
国信息产业
建立平等开放的市场竞争机制是Internet、高速信息网
络及其应用发展的重要条件
94