Defining MIS : An Evolutionary Perspective Outline • Introduction • Background • Methodology • Analysis • Limitations and Discussion Introduction • Evolution of MIS - Amalgamation of Disciplines - Consistent changes to the pillars - Origins of MIS and Scholars • Evolutionary approach. Background • Errors of Inclusion and Exclusion (Benbasat and Zmud 2003). • Deviation from the IT Artifact (Orlikowski and Iacano 2001). • Considerable diversity in topics (Vessey et al 2002). Previous Years’ Work • Subdomain definitions • Most have highlighted key researchers • Other systematic examinations in recent years Methodology • H-Index Analysis o Publish or Perish and Google Scholar o 1970 - 2010 • Top Paper Analysis o Same data as H-Index Analysis • Keyword and Topic Analysis o JMIS, MISQ and ISR o 1990 – 2010 o Nine Pillars H-Index Analysis • 297 Researchers o 125 MIS researchers, as defined by Hsinchun Chen o 172 Reference Discipline researchers as defined by past projects and our own research • H-Index data from Google Scholar via Publish or Perish • Data entered into SQL database • Custom web application (Researcher Researcher) to determine H-Index for five year time slices between 1970 and 2011 Researcher Researcher Demo Paper Citation Analysis • Same dataset used for h-index analysis • 74,253 unique papers • Extracted top 10 papers for each time slice Keyword Analysis • • • • 1,765 papers from MISQ, JMIS, and ISR from ‘90 – ‘11 15,044 total Keywords 5,699 unique keywords 2,473 keywords after removing corrupt data, generic terms and combining similar terms (e.g., HCI and CHI) Keyword Analysis • Key Word Collection - Articles between 1990-2010. • Data Preparation • Classification (Round 1) • Pillar Adjustments • Classification (Round 2) • Cross Checking • Analysis Pillars Artificial Intelligence/Knowledge Management Behavior and Psychology Collaboration and Communication Database and Data Management Economics of Informatics Finance and Commerce Organizational Issues, Management Issues, Decision Science Policy, Ethics, and Social Issues Systems Analysis, Design, and Development Representative Keywords Pillar Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge Management, and Information Retrieval Behavior and Psychology Collaboration and Communication Representative Keywords artificial intelligence, content analysis, machine learning, knowledge management, search and retrieval, information quality, information and knowledge visualization acceptance and use, behavioral intentions, cognition and decision making, consumer/employee behaviors, group behaviors, humancomputer interaction, motivations, perceptions, trust collaboration, collective decision making, communication media, computer-mediated communication, group performance, idea generation, Database and Data Management Data management, data mining, data models, data processing, database performance, relational model, metadata Economics of Informatics Business Value of IT, economics of information systems, market economics, information economy, information costs, information advantage Finance and Commerce Auctions, e-commerce, electronic markets, buyer-seller relationships, B2B, B2C, mobile commerce, auction pricing Organizational Issues, Management Issues, Decision Science supply chain management, decision strategies, sustainability, industrial management, firm innovation, organizational optimization, risk management Policy, Ethics, and Social Issues Business ethics, IT controls, digital rights management, fraud, law, information privacy, societal impacts of IS Systems Analysis, Design, and Development computer programming, software development, CASE tools, IS project management, IS infrastructure, system analysis, requirements definition, system implementation Limitations Limitations - Journals Limitations - Authors VS Limitations - Industry Analysis & Results Time Slice Results 1970 – 1974 At A Glance Top MIS Publications • A program for research on management information systems (Mason) - 1973, 629 Citations • Management information systems: appreciation and involvement (Swanson) - 1974, 423 Citations • Operating systems (Madnick) - 1974, 221 Citations • Curriculum recommendations for undergraduate programs in information systems (Cougar) - 1973, 136 Citations • An algorithm for the quadratic assignment problem (Whinston) - 1970, 123 Citations • System analysis techniques (Cougar) - 1974, 104 Citations • Evolution of business system analysis techniques (Cougar) - 1973, 103 Citations • Fuzzy sets and social choice (Whinston) - 1973, 89 Citations • Job satisfaction: A study of computer specialists (Mumford) - 1972, 82 Citations Top Researchers by H-Index* MIS Reference Henry C. Lucas George Wright Enid Mumford Stuart Madnick J. Daniel Cougar 9 7 7 6 6 Herbert Simon Gerard Salton Donald Norman Allen Newell Roger Schank * H-Index reflects only papers written during this time period Key Notes • MIS emerging as a discipline • Much research in Systems Analysis and Design • Computer science and data research are hot topics Pillar Distribution 28 17 14 13 13 1975 – 1979 At A Glance Top MIS Publications • Chief executives define their own data needs. (Rockart) - 1979, 1738 Citations • Individual differences and MIS success: A review of the empirical literature (Zmud) - 1979, 610 Citations • Edge preserving smoothing (Nagao) - 1979, 397 Citations • Strategic planning for management information systems (King) - 1978, 392 Citations • User attitudes and management information system use (Robey) - 1979, 392 Citations • The dimensions of maintenance (Swanson) - 1976, 367 Citations • Computer systems in work design-the ETHICS method (Mumford) - 1979, 360 Citations • Performance and the Use of an Information System (Lucas) - 1975, 301 Citations • Characteristics of application software maintenance (Swanson) - 1978, 293 Citations Key Notes • Lucas and Mumford carry over as influential researchers from 1970-1974 • Herb Simon wins Nobel Prize in 1978 • Still heavily computer science influenced Top Researchers by H-Index* MIS Reference Andrew Whinston William R. King Henry C. Lucas Kenneth Kraemer Enid Mumford 14 13 11 11 10 Herbert Simon Donald Norman Roger Schank John McCarthy Peter Chen 33 19 19 18 15 * H-Index reflects only papers written during this time period Pillar Distribution 1980 – 1984 At A Glance Top MIS Publications • The measurement of user information satisfaction (Ives) - 1983, 1142 Citations • User involvement and MIS success: a review of research (Ives) - 1984, 894 Citations • The information system as a competitive weapon (Ives) - 1984, 679 Citations • Social analyses of computing: Theoretical perspectives in recent empirical research (Kling) - 1980, 653 Citations • Software maintenance management (Swanson) - 1980, 649 Citations • Query optimization in database systems (Jarke) - 1984, 613 Citations • Strategies for information requirements determination (Davis) - 1982, 561 Citations • The web of computing: Computer technology as social organization (Kling) - 1982, 528 Citations Key Notes • Blake Ives authors the three most cited MIS papers of the time period • William King’s second consecutive time period to be in the top • This marks the beginning of a twenty year run of Matthias Jarke and a fifteen year run of Ronald Rice as top researchers Top Researchers by H-Index* MIS Reference Ronald Rice Rob Kling Robert Blanning Blake Ives William R. King Matthias Jarke 15 14 14 14 13 13 Herbert Simon David Clark Ward Whitt John McCarthy Peter Chen Donald Norman 26 24 24 21 21 21 * H-Index reflects only papers written during this time period Pillar Distribution 1985 – 1989 At A Glance Top MIS Publications • The case research strategy in studies of information systems (Benbasat) - 1987, 2242 Citations • Measurement of business performance in strategy research: A comparison of approaches (Venkatraman) - 1986, 1689 Citations • Information technology and organizational change: causal structure in theory and research (Robey, markus) - 1988, 1365 Citations • The concept of fit in strategy research: Toward verbal and statistical correspondence (Venkatraman) - 1989, 1270 Citations • Validating instruments in MIS research (Straub) - 1989, 1131 Citations • Management strategies for information technology (Earl) - 1989, 1026 Citations • Toward a “critical mass” theory of interactive media (Markus) - 1987, 914 Citations Top Researchers by H-Index* MIS Reference Jay Nunamaker Kenneth Kraemer Matthias Jarke N. Venkatraman Ronald Rice 21 18 17 17 16 David Clark Herbert Simon John McCarthy Allen Newell Ward Whitt 39 34 25 25 21 * H-Index reflects only papers written during this time period Key Notes • Jay Nunamaker hits the list for a 10 year run in the top five list (and remains in the top overall thereafter). • Many of the top papers discuss research and academic issues Pillar Distribution 1990 – 1994 At A Glance Top MIS Publications • Information systems success: the quest for the dependent variable (Mclean) – 1992, 3908 Citations • Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology (Davenport) – 1993, 3370 Citations • Development of an instrument to measure the perceptions of adopting an information technology innovation (Benbasat) – 1991, 2780 Citations • The duality of technology: Rethinking the concept of technology in organizations (Orlikowski) – 1992, 2527 Citations • Strategic alignment: Leveraging information technology for transforming organizations (Henderson, Venkatraman) – 1993, 1881 Citations • Information technology implementation research: a technological diffusion approach (Zmud) – 1990, 1511 Citations • Electronic meeting systems (Dennis, Nunamaker, George, Vogel, Valacich) – 1991, 1483 Citations • • • • Key Notes Nunamaker on top with 60 publications Electronic Meeting Systems – UA Increasing focus on communication and collaboration First year the research team has keyword data for topic analysis Top Researchers by H-Index* MIS Reference Jay Nunamaker Ronald Rice Jonathan Grudin Alan R. Dennis N. Venkawtraman Matthias Jarke 26 25 23 23 20 20 Magid Igbaria David Clark Ward Whitt Jakob Nielsen Herbert Simon John McCarthy Peter Chen 38 35 33 32 30 30 30 * H-Index reflects only papers written during this time period Pillar Distribution AI (17%) Behavioral (14%) Communication (10%) Database (4%) Econometrics (8%) Commerce (2%) Operations (18%) Policy (7%) Systems Analysis and Design (19%) 1995 – 1999 At A Glance Top MIS Publications • Putting the enterprise into the enterprise system (Davenport) - 1998, 2504 Citations • Communication and trust in global virtual teams (Leidner, Jarvenpaa) - 1998, 1909 Citations • Sucessful knowledge management projects (Davenport) - 1999, 1886 Citations • Consumer Trust in an Internet Store: A Cross-Cultural Validation (Jarvenpaa) - 1999, 1603 Citations • Perspective making and perspective taking in communities of knowing (Boland) - 1995, 1416 Citations • Paradox lost? Firm-level evidence on the returns to information systems spending (Hitt) - 1996, 1399 Citations • Information technology adoption across time: a cross-sectional comparison of pre-adoption and post-adoption beliefs (Karahanna, Straub) - 1999, 1355 Citations Top Researchers by H-Index* MIS Reference Andrew Whinston 30 Varun Grover 29 Hsinchun Chen 26 Matthias Jarke 21 Micahel J. Shaw 21 Tosiyasu Kunii 21 Thomas Davenport 21 David Clark John McCarthy Peter Chen Magid Igbaria Herbert Simon 47 43 43 36 33 * H-Index reflects only papers written during this time period • • • • Key Notes Hsinchun Chen moves into the top MIS researchers list for a 17+ year run Herb Simon’s last year in the top list (Simon passes away in 2001) Rise in e-commerce related research Four top papers published by Thomas Davenport and Srikka Jarvenpaa Pillar Distribution AI (13%) -4% Behavioral (13%) -1% Communication (13%) +3% Database (3%) -1% Econometrics (9%) +1% Commerce (4%) + 2% Operations (18%) Policy (9%) +2% Systems Analysis and Design (18%) 1% 2000 – 2004 At A Glance Top MIS Publications • User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view (Davis, Venkatesh) - 2003, 3944 Citations • Review: Knowledge management and knowledge management systems: Conceptual foundations and research issues (Leidner, Alavi) - 2001, 3456 Citations • A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four longitudinal field studies (Venkatesh) - 2000, 3305 Citations • Information technology and business process redesign (Davenport) - 2003, 2416 Citations • Design science in information systems research (Hevner, Ram) - 2004, 2214 Citations • The DeLone and McLean model of information systems success: A ten-year update (Mclean) - 2003, 1984 Citations • Information Technology, Workplace Organization, and the Demand for Skilled Labor: Firm-Level Evidence* (Hitt) - 2002, 1653 Citations • • • • Key Notes H. Chen, Irani, and Whinston all remain in top five Sudha Ram from UA publishes a top papers H. Chen and Estrin are very productive Significant research in e-commerce Top Researchers by H-Index* MIS Reference Hsinchun Chen Zahir Irani Kalle Lyytinen Andrew Whinston Gary Klein David Gefen 37 28 26 25 25 25 Deborah Estrin David Clark Peter Chen John McCarthy Amit Sheth 73 46 45 38 34 * H-Index reflects only papers written during this time period Pillar Distribution AI (12%) -1% Behavioral (20%) +7% Communication (12%) -1% Database (3%) Econometrics (11%) +2% Commerce (8%) + 4% Operations (15%) 3% Policy (6%) -3% Systems Analysis and Design (14%) 4% 2005 – 2011 At A Glance Top MIS Publications • Toward the next generation of recommender systems: A survey of the state-of-the-art and possible extensions (Tuzhilin) - 2005, 2013 Citations • Using technology and constituting structures: A practice lens for studying technology in organizations (Orlikowski) - 2008, 1779 Citations • Desperately seeking the 'IT'in IT research: A call to theorizing the IT artifact (Orlikowski) - 2006, 1203 Citations • 14 IT-enabled Business Transformation: From Automation to Business Scope Redefinition (Venkatraman) - 2005, 926 Citations • Behavioral intention formation in knowledge sharing: Examining the roles of extrinsic motivators, social-psychological forces, and organizational climate (Zmud) - 2005, 778 Citations • Information Technology For Management (Leidner, Mclean) - 2008, 778 Citations Top Researchers by H-Index* MIS Reference Hsinchun Chen E. W. T. Ngai Robert Kauffman Zahir Irani Kenneth Kraemer Izak Benbasat 25 22 20 19 19 19 Peter Chen Amit Sheth John McCarthy Deborah Estrin David Clark 38 31 29 28 25 * H-Index reflects only papers written during this time period • • • • Key Notes Hsinchun Chen remains top MIS researcher W. Orlikowski has two highly cited papers Considerable shake up amongst MIS researchers Reference researchers fairly stable Pillar Distribution AI (16%) +4% Behavioral (16%) -4% Communication (7%) -5% Database (2%) -1% Econometrics (13%) +2% Commerce (13%) + 5% Operations (13%) 2% Policy (10%) +4% Systems Analysis and Design (11%) 3% Results Over Time Top Authors by h-index MIS Hsinchun Chen Andrew B. Whinston Ronald E. Rice Izak Benbasat Jay Nunamaker Reference Disciplines 57 56 55 54 51 Herbert Simon Deborah Estrin John McCarthy David Clark Peter Chen 103 92 89 88 82 MIS Authors 40 35 30 25 Hsinchun Chen Andrew Whinston 20 Ronald Rice Izak Benbasat 15 Jay Nunamaker 10 5 0 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99 00-04 2005-11 Reference Authors 80 70 60 Herbert Simon 50 Deborah Estrin 40 John McCarthy David Clark 30 Peter Chen 20 10 0 70-74 75-79 80-84 85-89 90-94 95-99 00-04 2005-11 Trends Over Time 450 400 350 300 AI Behave Comm 250 Data Econ 200 Commerc Ops Policy 150 SA&D 100 50 0 90-92 93-95 96-98 99-01 2002-04 2005-07 2008-10 Trends Over Time 450 400 350 300 250 Econ Commerc Ops 200 SA&D 150 100 50 0 90-92 93-95 96-98 99-01 2002-04 2005-07 2008-10 Trends Over Time 450 400 350 300 250 AI Behave Comm 200 Data Policy 150 100 50 0 90-92 93-95 96-98 99-01 2002-04 2005-07 2008-10 Pillar Trends Over Time 100% 90% 80% 70% SA&D Policy 60% Ops Commerc 50% Econ Data 40% Comm Behave AI 30% 20% 10% 0% 90-92 93-95 96-98 99-01 2002-04 2005-07 2008-10 90-94 05-11 Change AI 17 16 -1 Behavioral 14 16 +2 Communicatio n 10 7 -3 Database 4 2 -2 Econometrics 8 13 +5 Commerce 2 13 +11 Operations 18 13 -5 Policy 7 10 +3 SA&D 19 11 -8 2005-11 90-94 AI AI 11% Behave 17% 19% Comm Behave 16% Comm 10% Data Data 7% 14% Econ 16% 13% Commerce Commerce 18% 10% Polic 8% 2% Ops 4% SA&D Econ 7% 13% 13% Ops Polic 2% SA&D Discussion Evolution of MIS Evolving Definition of MIS Focus on the IT? Focus on information? The Future of MIS