Part 1
Getting Started
A journey of a thousand miles begins with
a single step.
- Chinese Proverb
Why Study Public
Speaking?
 Empowerment
 Employment
“ I will pay more for a person’s ability to
speak and express himself than for any
other quality he might possess.”
Charles M. Schwab
Speaking & Conversation
 Public Speaking is planned
 Public Speaking is formal
 The roles of public speakers & the
audiences are clearly defined
The Communication
Process
MESSAGE
FEEDBACK
RECEIVER
 The Speaker- the originator of the
communication message
 Message- ideas and feelings presented to
an audience through words, sound, and
action symbols that are selected and
organized by the speaker and interpreted
by members of the audience.
 The Speech- contains the message
 Encoding- the process of transforming
ideas and feelings into words, sounds, and
actions
 Decoding- the process of transforming
messages back into ideas and feelings
 The Channel- both the route traveled by
the message and the means of
transportation (Visual & Auditory)
 The Audience- your entire reason for
speaking
 The Context- the interrelated conditions of
communication
 Physical Setting- the location, time of day,
light, temperature, distance between
communicators, and seating arrangement.
 Historical setting-previous communication
episodes
 Psychological Setting- the manner in
which people perceive both themselves
and those with whom they communicate
 Noise- any stimulus that gets in the way of
sharing meanings
 External Noise- sights, sounds, and other
stimuli that interfere with intended
meaning
 Internal Noise- thoughts and feelings that
interfere with meaning
 Semantic noise- alternate meanings
aroused by speaker
 Feedback- verbal/non-verbal responses to
message
Vocabulary
 Elocution- the expression of emotion
through posture, movement, gestures,
facial expression, and voice.
 Declamation- The delivery of already
famous address.
 Rhetoric- the use of words and symbols
to achieve a goal
Speaking
Ethically
ETHICS
 Beliefs, values, and moral principles by
which people determine what is right or
wrong
 Free speech?
(Must be balanced by responsibility to
speak ethically)
SPEAKING ETHICALLY
 HAVE A CLEAR, RESPONSIBLE GOAL
 USE SOUND EVIDENCE &
REASONING
 BE SENSITIVE & TOLERANT OF
DIFFERENCES
 BE HONEST
 AVOID PLAGIARISM &
PLAGIAPHRASING
 DO YOUR OWN WORK
 ACKNOWLEDGE YOUR SOURCES
VOCABULARY
 Ethnocentrism: self culture is superior to
others
 Cultural Intelligence: Skilled & flexible
Listening
Seven laws to better
listening




Spend more time listening
Find interest in the other person
Stay out of the way
Listen to what people mean between the
lines
 Make notes
 Assume the proper stance
 Be aware of your filters

We spend more time listening than
reading, writing, and speaking.

Hearing is a physiological process that
occurs when you’re in the vicinity of
vibration. It is basically a passive process
occurs without any attention or effort on
your part.
I. The Listening Process
Responding
(backchanneling
cues or
feedback)
Evaluating
(pos. or neg.)
Receiving (stimuli)
Understanding
(assign
meaning)
Remembering
(reconstructive)
II. Listening, Culture,
Gender
A.
Effects:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Speech
Nonverbal Behaviors
Direct and Indirect Styles
Credibility
Feedback
III. Styles of Effective
Listening
A. Participatory and
Passive
Passive listening – listening that is
attentive and supportive but occurs
without talking and without directing
the speaker in any nonverbal way.
Also used negatively to refer to
inattentive an uninvolved listening.
A. Purposes of Active
Listening
1. Increases Accuracy
2. Validation of Others Feelings
3. Prompts the Speaker to
Explore Their Own Thoughts
& Feelings
B. Techniques
1. Paraphrase Speaker’s
Meaning
2. Express Understanding
of Speaker’s Feelings
3. Ask Questions
B. Empathic and
Objective
 Empathic listening – listening that
warrants that you feel and see what
speaker feels and sees.
 Objective Listening- the ability to gather
information beyond what you see and
hear.

Non-judgmental listening-and listening
with an open mind.

Critical listening- listening to evaluate
the quality, value, appropriateness and
importance of what you hear.
STYLES,CONT’D
 PEOPLE ORIENTED
 THEY EXPRESS FEELINGS & EMOTIONS
 ARE HIGHLY EMPATHETIC
 SEEK COMMON GROUND
 ACTION ORIENTED
 INFORMATION WELL ORGANIZED
 EVIDENCE
 CONTENT ORIENTED
 PREFER COMPLEX INFORMATION
 DETAILS
 MAKE GOOD LAWYERS/JUDGES
 TIME ORIENTED
 SUCCINCT MESSAGES
 BRIEF
Types Speeches
• Informative
Speech
– Provides the
audience with
new
information,
insight, ways of
thinking about a
topic
• Persuasive
– Intended to
influence the
attitudes,
beliefs, values,
or acts of others
Ceremonial
Speeches
• Introduction- speech designed to
pave the way for the main speaker
2-3min
• Presentation- Speech that present an
award, a prize or a gift to an
individual or a group 3-5 min
• Acceptance- a response to a
presentation 1-2 min
• Welcoming- speech that expresses
pleasure for the presence of a person or
an organization 2-3 min
• Tribute- speech that praises someone’s
accomplishments 4-6 min
– Roasts & Toasts
– Eulogies
Speeches of Inspiration
• Commencement address- a speech
presented by a major political, business,
or a social figure, or a prominent alumnus,
• Keynote address- a speech
presented near the beginning of an
organization’s conference or
convention that is designed to inspire
participants in their work
• Commemorative address- speeches
that are presented to celebrate
national holidays or anniversaries of
important dates and events
Special Occasion Speech
Assignment
• Choose any type of special
occasion speech that you would
like to present
• Time 2-3 minutes
• Outline: Required
• Notes: 1 side of 1 3x5 index card
Speaking with
Confidence
FEAR
• HUMILIATION
• NOT BEING PREPARED
• ONE’S LOOKS
• PRESSURE TO PERFORM
• PERSONAL INSECURITY
• AUDIENCE’S INTEREST
• LACK OF EXPERIENCE
• MAKING MISTAKES
• FAILURE
• Nervous- a state of fear or
anxiety about public speaking
interaction
• Cognitive nervousness- thinking
about how nervous you are likely
to be
• Behavioral nervousnessphysically displaying
characteristics of nervousness
• YOU ARE GOING TO FEEL MORE
NERVOUS THAN YOU LOOK
• ALMOST EVERY SPEAKER
EXPERIENCE SOME DEGREE OF
NERVOUSNESS
• ANXIETY CAN BE USEFUL
BUILD YOUR CONFIDENCE
• DO NOT PROCRASTINATE
• KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE
• APPROPRIATE TOPIC
• BE PREPARED
• BE WELL ORGANIZED
• KNOW YOUR INTRODUCTION AND
CONCLUSION
• RE-CREATE THE ENVIRONMENT
• USE DEEP BREATHING TECNIQUES
• CHANNEL YOUR NERVOUS ENERGY
• VISULAIZE SUCCESS
• GIVE YOURSELF A MENTAL PEP TALK
• FOCUS ON YOUR MESSAGE RATHER
THAN YOUR FEAR
• LOOK FOR A POSITIVE LISTENER
• SEEK SPEAKING OPPORTUNITIES
• AFTER THE SPEECH FOCUS ON YOUR
ACCOMPLISHMENT
YOUR FIRST SPEECH
• Speech goal- what you want your
listeners to know, believe, or do
• General goal- the type of speech you
are intending to give- informing, or
persuading
• Specific goal- a complete sentence
that specifies the exact response the
speaker wants from the audience
• Speech material- the factual,
humorous, exciting, or interesting
information that you have gathered
to present in your speech
• Chronological organization- following
an order that moves from first to last
• Topical organization- following the
order of headings
• Adaptation- relating a speech to the
audience interests and needs
• Visual Aids- they help clarify,
emphasize, or dramatize the verbal
information
• Language- ideas communicated
through verbal and nonverbal means
• Delivery- how you effectively use
your voice and gestures while giving
a speech
Effective speech plan
• Determine a goal
• Gather information
• Organize information
• Develop a strategy
• Create visual aids
• Practice wording
• Practice delivery
FIRST SPEECH
ASSIGNMENT
• Introduction Speech
• Time Limit: 2-3 min
• Notes Allowed: 1 side of 1 3x5 index card
•
•
•
•
Outline: None
Visual Aids: Optional
Sources: Yourself
Express yourself! Who are you? What are
your likes and dislikes? You have two
minutes to introduce yourself to the class.
What are the important details of your life
that you would like to share?