ALCOHOL-INVOLVED
FAMILY VIOLENCE
A/Prof Peter Miller
Co-Director, Violence Prevention Group, Deakin University
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
OUR STUDIES
Core studies
• DANTE: Dealing with Alcohol in the Night Time Economy
• POINTED: Patron Offending and Intoxication in Night Time
Entertainment Districts
• Alcohol and Drug Involvement in family and Domestic Violence
in Australia (ADIVA)
All of these studies were funded by NDLERF
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
ALCOHOL AND FAMILY &
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
(FDV):
THE EVIDENCE THUS FAR
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
OVERVIEW
• AOD use (particularly alcohol) increases:
– the incidence of FDV
– Severity of FDV
• Association is complex and multifaceted
• However, AOD use and FDV can involve a reciprocal bidirectional relationship
– Either problem can increase risk of the other.
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
FDV AND POLICE DATA
Trends and typologies
• 41% of domestic assault incidents in NSW were flagged
by police as alcohol related (Grech & Burgess, 2011)
• International estimates 25-45%
• Around 50% of offences are once-off offences
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
ALCOHOL USE AND FDV
Associations
• Any drinking day:
– 8 times higher odds of male-to-female violence
– 11 times higher odds of SEVERE male-to-female violence.
• Heavy drinking days:
– 19 times higher odds of SEVERE male-to-female violence
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
ALCOHOL USE AND FDV
Policy relationships
Moderate drinkers make up the bulk of offenders and victims
• Outlet Density - strong
– WA: residential violence increased by 26 per cent for every 10,000 L of pure alcohol sold
– VIC: a 10 per cent increase in off-licences was associated with a 3.3% per cent increase FDV.
• Price – not conclusive
– USA: a 1% price increase was associated with a 3.1 – 3.5% reduction in ‘wife abuse’.
• Trading hour restrictions (Brazil)
– reductions in assaults against women
– Reductions in homicides of women
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
TYPES OF FDV
FDV exists on a continuum:
(1) coercive controlling violence
(F 37%, M 6%)
(2) violent resistance
(F 6%, M 28%)
(3) situational couple violence
(F 25%, M 19%)
(4) Non-violent
(F 33%, M 6%)
Johnson, 1995; Kelly & Johnson, 2008
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
LONGITUDINAL PREDICTORS OF FDV
• CHILD ABUSE, NEGLECT AND MALTREATMENT
• Early Adversity
• Child and adolescent behaviour problems
• Substance Use in Adolescence
THE FIRST THOUSAND DAYS OF LIFE
Costa, Kaestle, Walker, Curtis, Day, Toumbourou & Miller, 2014
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
ADIVA
The current study
1. Australia-wide representative ‘safety’ survey
–
the role of different types of liquor outlets
2. Police data in three jurisdictions *
–
describe the trends in family violence
–
impact of AOD use on breaches of intervention orders.
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
FINDINGS
Postal survey, pilot
• 915 participants, 18 - 92 years
• Over half of participants (n=506) reported lifetime violence
• 84 participants (9.1%) experienced violence in past 3 months
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
FINDINGS
Postal survey, pilot
Alcohol involved in 40% of all cases of violence
• IPV:
– Daily drinking, 8.6
• Coercive Control Victimization:
– Female, 1.98
– Hazardous drinking, 1.3
– Drug dependence, 8.9
• Coercive Control Perpetration:
– Male, 0.98
– Hazardous drinking, 2.6
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
SOLUTIONS
Overview
•WHO framework
•A response framework for Australia
•Specific AOD interventions
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
A RESPONSE FRAMEWORK
A national strategic approach
• ALL forms of violence
• Across the life-course
• Across levels of prevention
• A research agenda
– programs must evaluate and demonstrate impact
• A focus on evidence-based intervention
– A specific component devoted to piloting new approaches
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
A RESPONSE FRAMEWORK
Ante-natal
Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood
Enforcement
Reduce maternal substance use
Reduce alcohol/drug supply
Education regarding the
impacts of substance use
Primary
Comprehensive education and labelling campaigns
Education should be a curriculum item
Reduce alcohol advertising
Parenting interventions aimed at whole-of-family
Pre-natal support for
Secondary
Therapeutic interventions
vulnerable parents
Community nursing
visits
Tertiary
Strengthening Families
Community nursing
visits
Peer Mentoring
Family Drug Court /Mandated Treatment
Psychological interventions
Child protection
Child protection
Social and Emotional
(including abstinence
(including abstinence
Competence Training
conditions)
conditions)
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
Social and Emotional
Competence
Situational interventions
-restricting trading hours
Swift and Certain Justice
Offender rehabilitation
-SADV
SOLUTIONS
Specific AOD approaches
• Drug treatment
– 1 year generic 12 step
– FDV reduced from 60% to 35% of
participants
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
• Combined treatments
– Substance Abuse-Domestic
Violence (SADV)
– the Stella Project
WHAT IF WE COULD
REMOVE ALCOHOL
FROM THE
EQUATION?
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
SOLUTIONS
Swift and Certain Justice
• 24/7 (alcohol)
• Breath tests 7am, 7pm daily
• Immediate incarceration
– 8-24hrs
• 99% tests passed
– 66% never failed one, 9% failed twice
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
• HOPE Hawaii (meth)
• Drug tests daily
– Randomly assigned
• Immediate incarceration
• 2-3 days
– servable on weekend if employed
SOLUTIONS
Swift and Certain Justice
• 24/7 South Dakota
• HOPE Hawaii
– Drunk diving 78%
• Assaults decline by 12%
• Domestic assaults decline by 16%.
• Statewide reports of FDV declined 10%
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
CONCLUSIONS
• A holistic approach is the only one which ultimately work
– It is time for a National Strategy to Prevent Violence
• AOD-related FDV is ‘low-hanging fruit’
• Swift and Certain Justice for AOD-related crime
• AOD specific interventions for offenders
– and customised support for victims with AOD problems
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B
THANK YOU
“the alcohol industry has no role in the formulation of alcohol
policies, which must be protected from distortion by commercial
or vested interests” (BMJ, 2013).
Margaret Chan, Director of the WHO
Our team:
Nic Droste, Ashlee Curtis, Lucy Zinkiewicz, Florentine Martino, Arlene Walker, Elise Cox,
Kerri Coomber, Beth Costa, Shannon Hyder, Steven Litherland, Anders Sonderlund, Molly
Bickerton, Bianca Tassone, Ashley Rapazzo, Eric Koukounas, Andrew Day, Darren
Palmer, John Toumbourou,
Deakin University CRICOS Provider Code: 00113B