What is the cost of Progress?
Progressive Era
US History
Alameda High School
1890-1920
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At home Unit:
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Gilded Age & Progressive Response
Abroad: America Becomes a World Power
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American Expansion
WWI
Gilded Age (What does gilded
mean?)
•Immigration
•Industrialization
•Urbanization
Politics (Lack of Laws/Regulation)
Life: Education, Discrimination, Free Time
SO THEN…WHAT WAS THE
PROGRESSIVE RESPONSE!
Progressives respond to conditions
brought on by rapid Industrialization!
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The Industrial Revolution was the second
greatest shift in all of human history, following
the agricultural revolution which occurred about
11,000 years ago.
Industrialization effected EVERYTHING about
life, including urbanization (movement to cities)
Cities weren’t quite ready for the safe influx of
people and living conditions were harsh
The separation between rich and poor was huge
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
Homework: Memorize the
following vocabulary list for a pop
quiz next week…
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Gilded Age
Progressivism
Middle Class
Working Class
Robber Barons
Captains of Industry
Corruption
Muckraking
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Social Darwinism
Gospel of wealth
Industrialism
Urbanization
Progress
Immigration
Labor unions
Party platform
Introductory Film
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The Century:
America’s Time
The American Industrial Revolution led
to Gilded Age America
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One of biggest shifts in
human history, parelled to
the agricultural revolution
12,000 years ago
America leading industrial
producer by 1900
Increased wages and job
opportunities, but often
terrible living & working
conditions
PROGRESSIVES were
CHALLENGING the conditions of
the GILDED AGE
Take Notes…
America in the Gilded Age
Immigration The Growth The Rise of
of Cities
Industry &
(Urbanizati
Big
on)
Business
Politics
How did industry improve life?
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Increased wage for industrial workers
More jobs available
White collar jobs increased and a new middle
class emerged (though it was still small)
Cities grew quickly
America was leading in all industrial
categories making the country wealthy
Big Business, Robber Barons & Social
Darwinism
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Corporations were new and
this transformed capitalism
Robber Barons v. Captains
of Industry…more jobs for
workers, but often low pay
and harsh working
conditions
Social Darwinism: survival of
fittest in gaining wealth
Social Gospel emerges as
practice of wealthy
John D. Rockefeller
http://sparkmotive.blogspo
t.com/2008/04/john-drockefeller-american.html
Monopolies & Trusts
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Corporate consolidation was new & common
practice of 19th century
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Monopolies: only one business dominates
industry
Trust: separate companies under one managing
board
This practice not regulated, and limited
competition so they controlled price
Examples: Standard Oil Trust (Rockefeller) and
Carnegie Steel (Andrew Carnegie)
POLITICS IN THE GILDED
AGE
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As cities grew in the
late 19th century, so did
political machines
Political machines
controlled the
activities of a political
party in a city
Ward bosses, precinct
captains, and the city
boss worked to ensure
their candidate was
elected
ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS
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The “Boss” (typically the
mayor) controlled jobs,
business licenses, and
influenced the court
system
Precinct captains and
ward bosses were often
1st or 2nd generation
immigrants so they
helped immigrants with
naturalization, jobs, and
housing in exchange for
votes
Boss Tweed ran NYC
MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND SCANDAL
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Some political bosses were
corrupt
Some political machines
used fake names and voted
multiple times to ensure
victory (“Vote early and
often”) – called Election
fraud
Graft (bribes) was common
among political bosses
Construction contracts
often resulted in “kickbacks”
The fact that police forces
were hired by the boss
prevented close scrutiny
THE TWEED RING SCANDAL
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William M. Tweed, known as
Boss Tweed, became head
of Tammany Hall, NYC’s
powerful Democratic
political machines
Between 1869-1871, Tweed
led the Tweed Ring, a group
of corrupt politicians, in
defrauding the city
Tweed was indicted on 120
counts of fraud and
extortion
Tweed was sentenced to 12
years in jail – released after
one, arrested again, and
escaped to Spain
Boss Tweed
CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES
PATRONAGE
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Applicants for federal jobs
are required to take a Civil
Service Exam
Nationally, some politicians
pushed for reform in the hiring
system
The system had been based
on Patronage; giving jobs and
favors to those who helped a
candidate get elected
Reformers pushed for an
adoption of a merit system of
hiring the most qualified for
jobs
The Pendleton Civil Service
Act of 1883 authorized a
bipartisan commission to
make appointments for federal
jobs based on performance
The Worker in Industrial America
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Job conditions harsh for many
While industrial wage rose,
they still barely were a living
wage
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As a result, many times the
entire family had to work which
led to increase in child labor
With unions came better wages
No government regulation of
working conditions often led to
unsafe, unfair conditions for
poor
Middle class nearly doubled,
though still small
Child Labor in Mines
http://www.historyplace.com/uni
tedstates/childlabor/dust.jpg
Organized Labor & Great Strikes
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Pullman Strike, 1894
content.answers.com/main/con
tent/wp/en/thumb/...
Unions were
discouraged by bosses
Some industries did
organize such as
railroads and their
wages and conditions
improved
Strikes were a tool of
unions, example is
Pullman Strike of 1894
Draw the following 4 characters in your
notebook & answer the question…
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HAS INDUSTRIALIZATION IMPROVED
LIFE IN AMERICA????
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A factory owner
A factory worker
A union organizer
A Government official
In the West
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The country was expanding
Farming was becoming more efficient and goods
could move easily because of railroads
Populism was taking hold, seeking to align with
urban progressives. They believed in:
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Increased circulation of money
Unlimited minting of silver
A progressive income tax
Gov’t ownership of communication & transportation systems
Turner thesis and the closing of the frontier often led
to xenophobia
Rural conditions looked different from urban centers
of the east
Discrimination at the turn of the
century was heavy…
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Plessey v. Ferguson legalizes segregation of
the races, Jim Crow laws big in South
Xenophobia (fear of immigrants)
While pubic education expanded, all people
did not have equal access
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Women
Immigrants & assimilation
View of minority education (Washington v.
Dubois)booker.notebook
What was it like to live in a Gilded Age
city? (1870-1900) (CH 8)
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With industrialization came
urbanization
Overcrowded and unsanitary
conditions
Heavy pollution
No government assistance
for poor
No labor regulations
No wage regulations
Xenophobia
Large waves of immigrants,
esp from Eastern and
southern Europe
UNSAFE!
www.uen.org
Cities Grow…
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6 cities over ½ million by 1900 (up from 2)
and 32 ¼ million (up from 7)
By 1920, over ½ of Americans lived in cities
with 68 cities having over 100,000 people
Life was harsh, esp. for immigrants
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Housing was slum like in tenements
No ventilation, sanitary system, sewage system,
or garbage and no fire protection
City governments were corrupt
A Nation United?
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www.associatedcontent.com
NO!
Collection of political
factions and machines
Ghettos,
neighborhoods and
ethnic enclaves
Extreme rich and poor
all competing to realize
THEIR “American”
Dream!
IMMIGRANTS
AND
URBANIZATION
AMERICA BECOMES A MELTING
POT IN THE LATE 19TH & EARLY
20TH CENTURY
NEW IMMIGRANTS
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Millions of immigrants
entered the U.S. in the
late 19th and early 20th
centuries
Some came to escape
difficult conditions,
others known as “birds
of passage” intended to
stay only temporarily to
earn money, and then
return to their homeland
EUROPEANS
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Between 1870 and 1920,
about 20 million
Europeans arrived in the
United States
Before 1890, most were
from western and
northern Europe
After 1890, most came
from southern and
eastern Europe
All were looking for
opportunity
CHINESE
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Between 1851 and
1882, about 300,000
Chinese arrived on the
West Coast
Some were attracted
by the Gold Rush,
others went to work
for the railroads,
farmed or worked as
domestic servants
An anti-Chinese
immigration act by
Congress curtailed
immigration after 1882
Many Chinese men
worked for the railroads
JAPANESE
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In 1884, the Japanese
government allowed
Hawaiian planters to
recruit Japanese
workers
The U.S. annexation of
Hawaii in 1898 increased
Japanese immigration to
the west coast
By 1920, more than
200,000 Japanese lived
on the west coast
THE WEST INDIES AND
MEXICO
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Between 1880 and 1920,
about 260,000 immigrants
arrived in the eastern and
southeastern United
States form the West
Indies
They came from Jamaica,
Cuba, Puerto Rico, and
other islands
Mexicans, too, immigrated
to the U.S. to find work
and flee political turmoil –
700,000 Mexicans arrived
in the early 20th century
LIFE IN THE NEW LAND
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In the late 19th century
most immigrants arrived
via boats
The trip from Europe
took about a month, while
it took about 3 weeks
from Asia
The trip was arduous and
many died along the way
Destination was Ellis
Island for Europeans, and
Angel Island for Asians
ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK
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Ellis Island was the arrival
point for European
immigrants
They had to pass inspection
at the immigration stations
Processing took hours, and
the sick were sent home
Immigrants also had to
show that they were not
criminals, had some money
($25), and were able to work
From 1892-1924, 17 million
immigrants passed through
Ellis Island’s facilities
ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR
ANGEL ISLAND WAS CONSIDERED MORE
HARSH THAN ELLIS ISLAND
FRICTION DEVELOPS
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While some immigrants tried to
assimilate into American
culture, others kept to
themselves and created ethnic
communities
Committed to their own culture,
but also trying hard to become
Americans, many came to think
of themselves as ItalianAmericans, Polish-Americans,
Chinese-Americans, etc
Some native born Americans
disliked the immigrants
unfamiliar customs and
languages – friction soon
developed
Chinatowns are found in many
major cities
IMMIGRANT RESTRICTIONS
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Anti-Asian feelings included
restaurant boycotts
As immigration increased,
so did anti-immigrant
feelings among natives
Nativism (favoritism
toward native-born
Americans) led to antiimmigrant organizations
and governmental
restrictions against
immigration
In 1882, Congress passed
the Chinese Exclusion Act
which limited Chinese
immigration until 1943
Why were people immigrating to the
United States at this time? Where were
they from?
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US was extremely xenophobic at the turn of the
century…
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Why were immigrants coming?
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Link to political cartoons anti immigration Cartoons.doc
why:?
Push v. Pull factors
Largest period of immigration in US history
Fleeing revolutionary upheavals (ex. Mexico), fleeing
religious persecution (ex. Jews in E Europe), economic
necessity (ex SE Europe)
Life like for immigrants…
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Unsafe factory work, unhealthy ghettos (slums), life
desperate cycle of poverty, exhausting labor and early
death
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THE CHALLENGES OF
URBANIZATION
Rapid urbanization
occurred in the late 19th
century in the Northeast
& Midwest
Most immigrants settled
in cities because of the
available jobs &
affordable housing
By 1910, immigrants
made up more than half
the population of 18
major American cities
MIGRATION FROM
COUNTRY TO CITY
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Discrimination and segregation were
often the reality for African
Americans who migrated North
Rapid improvements in
farm technology (tractors,
reapers, steel plows) made
farming more efficient in
the late 19th century
It also meant less labor
was needed to do the job
Many rural people left for
cities to find workincluding almost ¼ million
African Americans
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URBAN
PROBLEMS
Problems in American
cities in the late 19th
and early 20th century
included:
Housing:
overcrowded
tenements were
unsanitary
Sanitation: garbage
was often not
collected, polluted air
Famous photographer Jacob Riis
captured the struggle of living in
crowded tenements
URBAN PROBLEMS
CONTINUED
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Harper’s Weekly image of Chicagoans
fleeing the fire over the Randolph
Street bridge in 1871
Transportation: Cities struggled
to provide adequate transit
systems
Water: Without safe drinking
water cholera and typhoid fever
was common
Crime: As populations
increased thieves flourished
Fire: Limited water supply and
wooden structures combined
with the use of candles led to
many major urban fires –
Chicago 1871 and San Francisco
1906 were two major fires
PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS
CAPTURED IMAGES OF THE CITY
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
To Summarize the Gilded Age
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Industrialism
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Need for cheap labor
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Urbanization
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Immigration
Exploitation of workers
Urban squalor
Need for Change
Wealthy industrialists
Innovation
Life easier
American wealthy &
powerful
Ideas for reform emerge…
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The Progressive Movement!
Refresh our thinking: How does technology impact
humanity? Response? Adapt?
Today, this is happening? What problems are going
on?
Are people trying to solve them?
Watch video – if this group is a modern progressive:
– What problems are they trying to solve?
– How did they get people to care about them?
– What solutions do they advocate?
Timeline Activity: Use the
timelines to preview these
questions about the Progressives:
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What problems do the Progressives seem to
be trying to solve?
Who-individuals and organizations-were the
Progressives?
How did the Progressives get people to care
about their problems?
What solutions did they advocate?
The Origins of the Progressive
Movement
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Roots of 20th Century Reform
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Populists
Nativism
Prohibition
Purity crusades
Charity reform
Social gospel philosophy
Settlement houses
http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/modules/pro
gressivism/index.cfm
Who were the Progressives?
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Product of a political debate surrounding progress in
America, so historians call the period from 18901920 the Progressive Era
Difficult to define them b/c they had many different
beliefs, never a unified group
Generally:
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White Middle class (often women)
Believed in 4 common things
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Gov’t should be accountable to citizens
Gov’t should curb the power & influence of wealthy
Gov’t should have expanded powers to improve lives of
citizens
Gov’t should be more efficient and less corrupt
What were their goals?
Remember…different & sometimes
contradictory:
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End to “white slavery”
(prostitution and sweat
shops)
Prohibition
“Americanization” of
immigrants
Anti-trust legislation
Rate regulation of
private utilities
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Full gov’t ownership of
private utilities
Women’s suffrage
End to child labor
Progressive Tactics
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Muckraking: Journalists and authors who, some say,
stretched the truth to sensationalization events to
draw public attention to problems
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Example: Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle
Organized
Political Lobby
Private Charities/Settlement Houses
BY 1912, have a national political platform to run as
a 3rd party.
REFORMERS MOBILIZE
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Jacob Riis was a reformer who
through his pictures hoped for
change– he influenced many
The Social Gospel Movement
preached salvation through
service to the poor
Some reformers established
Settlement Homes
These homes provided a place
to stay, classes, health care and
other social services
Jane Addams was the most
famous member of the
Settlement Movement (founded
Hull House in Chicago)
Jane
Addams
and Hull
House
Primary Document Analysis
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http://chnm.gmu.edu/7tah/units/unit-lessons.html
You must produce:
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Poster for your assigned area of concern for the
Progressives
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Child Labor
Working Conditions
Rise of Organized Labor
Women’s Suffrage
Temperance Movement
Identify & Describe your topic
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Choose 3 primary documents that best exemplify your cause &
complete an analysis form of it
prepare for presentation on your subject
Exemplar & Rubric On Board
Your Final Product
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In your analysis of your primary document
packet, you are looking for problems, people,
methods & solutions to your assigned topic
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Read documents & complete analysis forms
Select the photos, cartoons and documents
they want to exhibit and write captions for
each in their own words
Place into final exhibit & rehearse
presentation
Presentations…
Topic
Problems
People
Methods &
Solutions
Journal…
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Based on the presentations, write three
paragraphs, one each to
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Describe the three biggest problems Progressives
were facing
Explain the role of the key individuals or groups in
the movement
Describe the methods and solutions they offered
Muckraking:Comparing Then and Now:
Is muckraking more or less successful today than in the
Progressive period? Why do you think? How is it the
same/different? What did we learn from the Progressive
journalists?
Jungle
Author
Purpose
Format
(book, movie?)
Concern(s)
Response to
what? What
is wrong?
Successful?
Why or Why
not?
Fast Food
Nation
China’s
Labor
Article
China’s
Environmen
tal Article
Read the article…
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Read the article that
describes the
biggest problems
facing the nation
(you might not
agree-maybe there
are others you care
about…perhaps you
want to focus locally
or globally)
You Decide…Storyboard
Infomerical or Write a Song
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What is the biggest issue facing your
generation?
Who is concerned about it?
What methods are being used to combat it?
What goals to reformers have?
What do you think should be done?
Now, its time to evaluate the success of
the movement!
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Page 389-407 describe the political successes of the
Progressive Era
As you read these pages, record all of the legislation which the
Progressive achieved in your notebook use chart on board
After you are finished, look back at your journaling activity &
notes from the presentations
Based on your analysis of side-by-side comparison, write a five
paragraph essay which responds to the question
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To what extent were the Progressives successful in achieving their
goals?
Outline & rough draft IS HOMEWORK
Peer edit Monday before conclude content, HW will be final copy
To what extent were the Progressives
successful in achieving their goals?
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THESIS/Introduction : Get to the Point! Counter agruement, your arguement.
Be assertive. For example, “Progressive America was a turbulent world in
which greed and corruption ruled. In this context many middle-class reformers
came together to make the US a better place. While many historians would
argue that the Progressive Movement was highly successful in
combating the injustices of their time, the evidence will demonstrate that
they fell short of meeting their own reform goals.”
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I. Area A
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II. Area B
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Evidentiary Support
Evidentiary Support
Transition Sentence
III. Area C
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Evidentiary Support
Evidentiary Support
Transition Sentence
Evidentiary Support
Evidentiary Support
Transition Sentence
IV. Conclude
Chapter 11, Section 3
The Limits of Progressivism
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The changes made by Progressives were limited to certain
groups in the United States.
Progressives championed municipal reforms, but did little for
tenant or migrant farmers.
Progressive Presidents took little action to pursue social justice
reforms.
Wilson continued the Jim Crow practice, begun under Taft, of
separating the races in federal offices.
At the 1912 Progressive Party convention, Roosevelt declined
to seat black delegates from the South for fear of alienating
white Southern Progressives.
By 1916, the reform spirit had nearly died. It was replaced by
American concerns about World War I.
Women’s Suffrage
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Go to textbook slides
General Classes: Reading Comprehension
Questions after notes
Honors: Finish essay for HW
EXAM next class, BRING ALL MATERIALS!
Exam…
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Group assessment based on standards
You may utilize your resources
50 Minutes
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Political Cartoon
Sinclair excerpt/muckraking (4 ?) Document Based
Define Progressive Era
Immigrant experience (expected streets paved with gold, what was
reality)
How did Progressives effect role of federal gov’t?
Immigrants: settlement house worker v. nativist
Robber barons or captains of industry?
Why did population in cities boom?
Gilded Age?
What was cost of Industrial Revolution?