Dealing with Food Allergies
and Anaphylaxis
at School
Cathy Owens, RN, M.Ed, NCSN, ERSN
Credentialed School Nurse/Coordinator of Health Services
Murrieta Valley Unified School District
National Epinephrine Resource Nurse
cowens@murrieta.k12.ca.us /(951) 696-1600 ext 1027
Food Allergies-A National Concern
• On November 13, 2013, President Obama signed into
law the School Access to Emergency Epinephrine Act
• The federal legislation provides an incentive for states to
enact their own laws allowing school personnel to keep
and administer a non-student specific epinephrine autoinjector in case of an emergency.
The Duty of Schools
• Provide a safe environment for children
• Act appropriately in an emergency
Keeping students safe-it is our most
important responsibility!
Why this matters to me….
A few students we have lost to anaphylaxis
Ammaria Johnson
Katelyn Carlson
Natalie Giorgi
SB 1266-A life saving law
“Peanuts” 1970’s
“Peanuts” Today
• Allergies tripled in past 15 yrs
• More severe reactions
• One in 5 reactions are without a known
allergy/trigger
• First reaction is often (20-25%) at school
» Dr. Allen Lieberman 2014
What we know…
• In 2006, about 88% of schools had one or
more students with a food allergy
• According to the CDC (2013), the prevalence of food allergies
among children increased 50% during 1997–2011
• Nearly 20%-25% of school aged children with food allergies
had their first reaction in school!
• Children spend almost half their waking hours in
school-out of their parents’ care
• Failure to promptly treat food anaphylaxis without
epinephrine is a risk factor for fatalities.
So, what are some of the challenges?
• Lack of school nurses
• Inability to get prescription
•
•
•
Lack of school wide food allergy plan
–
Classroom Issues
–
Storage-locked vs unlocked
–
Cafeteria/Field trips
Lack of trained staff
–
Resistance of staff to administer it –when to give, which one (Jr or Reg)
–
“Epinephrine is dangerous”
–
Should Benadryl be given first?
IHP, ECP, 504-which one??
Lack of School Nurses
• EC Section 49414(a) requires a school district, county office of
education, or charter school to provide emergency epinephrine
auto-injectors to school nurses and trained personnel who have
volunteered
• Without a school nurse-districts can avoid providing this
life saving protection for students
– Students in these districts are at RISK!
• School nurses develop plans, communicate with
physicians and parents, train staff, ensure safety
precautions are in place
• School nurses supervise the health and safety of all
students
Food allergy plan
Every school should have a plan to address food allergies
• Plan should include:
– Classroom snacks/treats/ food
– Medication storage/access
– Kitchen/cafeteria issues
– Field trips
– Training
– Emergency response plan
• CDC has an excellent guideline for schools and anaphylaxis
– http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/foodallergies/pdf/13_243135_A_Food
_Allergy_Web_508.pdf
CDC Guidelines
Food Allergy Management and Prevention Plan
1.Ensure the daily management of food allergies for
individual children.
2.Prepare for food allergy emergencies.
3.Provide professional development on food allergies for
staff members.
4.Educate children and family members about food
allergies.
5.Create and maintain a healthy and safe educational
environment.
Classroom issues
• There should be a classroom policy on food/snacks
– Parents should be notified PRIOR to any
party/snacks!
– Parental notification regarding students with
allergies
– Risk can be reduced by encouraging other parents
to reduce/eliminate offending foods in their child’s
lunch
Food allergens are often ‘hidden’
– Unable to screen every child’s lunch
No use of food for rewards
Classroom issues-Con’t
• Classrooms are often used by outside groups
(churches, girl scouts, etc.-food may be eaten on
desks)
• Cleaning of desk surface?
• Hand washing policy
– Wash hands before and after eating?
Storage/Access
• Medication should be kept in
an UNLOCKED, but secure cabinet/place
• CLEARLY marked on outside of cabinet
• Students and backpacks are ‘moving targets’
– Backpacks all ‘look’ the same-critical seconds could be lost
• Classroom may be locked at time of highest need
Cafeteria/Kitchen issues
• Food preparation-Kitchen Staff should be fully trained
and aware
• All peanut product food should be prepared/served away
from other food
• NO cross contamination
• Allergy Safe Tables-pros and cons
• Paper placemats
Field Trips
• Plans should be developed for off campus activities
• Epinephrine auto-injector should always go along for
students with identified allergies/prescribed medication
• Staff needs to be trained for signs and symptoms and how
to act in an emergency
Lack of Trained Staff
• Staff must ‘volunteer’-but not as restrictive as Diastat law
– Notification must be done annually
• Training should include when to give (if no known history)
– For student with KNOWN allergy-if they have any serious
symptom-GIVE epi
– For students with NO known history-generally should have 2 or
more symptoms
• Fears that epinephrine is dangerous
– “if 911 is needed”-but due to biphasic concerns
– Dosage concerns (55 lbs vs 66 lbs)
– What if given when not truly needed
Volunteer Agreement
Notification of Volunteer Agreement for training in administration of Epinephrine
auto-injector
Current law (SB 1266) now requires schools to provide emergency epinephrine for individuals who
may be experiencing anaphylaxis. Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction which can occur after
expose to an allergen, an insect sting or even (rare) after exercise. Without immediate
administration of epinephrine and summoning Emergency Medical Services (911), death could
occur. Certain individuals may experience anaphylaxis that have no known previous history an
allergy and therefore, may not have their own prescription.
Legislation allows for a school nurse or a trained volunteer to administer an epinephrine autoinjector to an individual who is exhibiting potentially life-threatening symptoms of anaphylaxis
after exposure or ingestion of an allergen. Training will be provided to the volunteer on signs and
symptoms of anaphylaxis, how to administer the epinephrine auto-injector, calling EMS (911) and
any follow up documentation or actions required.
Staff members who volunteer to be trained are protected under the law and will provided defense
and indemnification by the school district for any and all civil liability.
This notification is provided annually to all staff. If you are willing to be identified as a volunteer
and be trained, please complete the section below and submit it to your site administrator.
____________________________ __________________________ ____________
Signature
Printed Name
Date
Epinephrine auto-injectors
“No contraindications, no serious, harmful side
effects if overused”
“Too much better than too little”
“Too little better than none”
“Expired better than none at all”
Who should be Trained?
• Office/Health staff
• Teacher/classroom staff
• Playground supervisors
• Transportation staff
• Kitchen/cafeteria staff
• Anyone who provides care of student
• CSNO has an training packet including PPT
• NASN has a training program ‘Get Trained’
NASN-Get Trained www.nasn.org
Epinephrine is the first line treatment for anaphylaxis
•
Should be administered IMMEDIATELY
Some protocols call for epinephrine to be administered with or
without symptoms
Parents & school administrators should not be concerned about
adverse health effects of epinephrine – it has an impressive safety
profile
When in doubt – give the epinephrine
Adverse effects for average healthy child not harmful – anxiety,
palpitations
A delay in treatment can have devastating results
Schoessler & White, 2013
Robinson & Ficca, 2011
Sicherer & Simons, 2007
NASN-Get Trained (sample slide)
CDE Training Guidelines
“Person suffering or reasonably believed to be suffering for an
anaphylactic reaction”
•
Techniques for recognizing symptoms of anaphylaxis.
•
Standards and procedures for the storage, restocking and emergency
use of epinephrine auto-injectors.
•
Emergency follow-up procedures, including calling the emergency 911
phone number and contacting, if possible, the pupil's parent and
physician
•
Recommendations on the necessity of instruction and certification in
cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
•
Instruction on how to determine whether to use an adult junior
epinephrine auto-injector, considering pupil’s grade level or age as a
guideline of equivalency for the appropriate pupil weight
determination
Recommendations for CPR
CPR certification is recommended
However, it may present a roadblock to training staff
• Due to lack of staff who are CPR certified/ or willing to
volunteer
• Only health professionals, coaches, bus drivers and a few
other positions ‘required’ to have CPR
• Cost to districts to have to provide certification
• Training should at least include ‘training’ in CPR (review
of steps/what to do)
Epinephrine auto-injectors
Requires a qualified supervisor of health to obtain from an
authorizing physician a prescription for epinephrine autoinjectors
• that, at a minimum, includes, for elementary schools, one
regular epinephrine auto-injector and one junior
• For junior high schools, middle schools, and high schools, if
there are no pupils who require a junior epinephrine autoinjector, one regular epinephrine auto-injector.
• Qualified supervisor of health shall be responsible for stocking
the epinephrine auto-injector and restocking it if it is used
(within 2 weeks after use)
Inability to obtain prescription
• School districts are having difficulty finding a physician to
write orders
• Hesitancy from physicians because they are not the physician
of record for individual who may need epinephrine
(questions regarding training, etc.)
• SB 738 –amendment that provides indemnification for
physicians who write order
- "An authorizing physician and surgeon shall not be subject to professional review, be
liable in a civil action, or be subject to criminal prosecution for the issuance of a
prescription or order pursuant to this section, unless the physician and surgeon’s
issuance of the prescription or order constitutes gross negligence or willful or malicious
conduct."
• Standing orders should be standardized to reduce liability
concerns
Obtaining epinephrine auto-injectors
• Need to submit a prescription
• Can obtain two 2-packs:
– .15 mg or 0.3 mg
• http://www.epipen4schools.com/
• Auvi Q now has a school program
(California only) www.directrelief.org/auvi-q/
Types of Plans… ‘Alphabet Soup’
Student with Food Allergy may qualify
for any of these….
• IHP-Health Care plan designed to address specific
medical condition or treatment protocol
• ECP- Emergency Care plan designed to give directions
on how to recognize and act in emergency (allergic
reaction)
• 504-Federal anti-discrimination law-(equal access) part
of American with Disabilities Act
• IEP-Educational plan to address student’s academic
needs with consideration of handicapping condition
IHP-Sample form
School Year ______________
Murrieta Valley Unified School District
Health Services
Individualized Healthcare Plan
Anaphylaxis-Food Allergies
Student Name: _________________________________ DOB ___________ School:______________________
Parent/Emergency Telephone Numbers: __________________________________________________________
Physician Information: _________________________________________________________________________
Medical Information:___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
Background Information: Anaphylaxis is a sudden, severe, potentially fatal, systemic allergic reaction that can involve various areas of the
body (such as the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and the cardiovascular system). Onset may be sudden (generally within minutes to
two hours after contact with the allergy-causing substance such as foods, bee stings, chemical or medications, but may occur up to four hours
after contact). Allergic reactions may be mild to life threatening. Patients with asthma are those most at risk for life-threatening anaphylaxis
events.
• If any difficulty with breathing or cardiac symptoms (such as fainting, turning blue, etc) – GIVE Epinephrine auto-injector
and CALL 911
•Other Symptoms may include:
• Tingling sensation, itching, or metallic taste in mouth.
• Hives or generalized flushing, itching, or redness of the skin.
• Nasal congestion or wheezing (asthma-like symptoms).
• Swelling of the throat, lips, tongue, and around the eyes.
• Feeling of apprehension, agitation, sweating, weakness or shock.
• Abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
•Drop in blood pressure and paleness.
•Throbbing heart beat/throbbing in ears/dizziness/headache.
•Throat tightness/change of voice.
•Procedure
•Get epinephrine auto-injector (seconds count!)
2nd grade and below-use .15 mg (junior) 3rd grade and above –use .3 mg
If no junior-Use regular despite age
• Pull off safety cap
• Inject auto-injector (push tip) into side of thigh (can go through clothing)
•Hold in place for 10 seconds (if removed earlier-most of medication has injected)
•CALL 911
• Have someone contact school nurse and parent
•.Stay with individual, keep them calm, monitor breathing
• If symptoms re-occur and paramedics have not arrived (10-15 minutes later), re-inject with 2nd autoinjector
•Document on log according to orders.
•Special Considerations:_______________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________.
Prepared by:___________________________________Credentialed School Nurse Date__________________
Revised 9‐2015
Emergency Care Plans
•Schools should
have an
emergency plan
•For known and
UNKNOWN cases
of anaphylaxis
•People with a
prescription for
epinephrine do
not always
carry/provide an
auto-injector
Studies show
that they only
have them
approximately
55% of the time
Stock
epinephrineSAVES lives!
Section 504 -definition
• Plan outlines accommodations needed for the student to be safely
included in all school activities
• “Any person who has a physical or mental impairment that:
– substantially limits one or more major life activities,
– has a record of such impairment,
– or is regarded as having such impairment.”
• "No otherwise qualified individual with a disability in the United
States . . . shall, solely by reason of her or his disability:
– be excluded from the participation in,
– be denied the benefits of,
– or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity
– receiving Federal financial assistance . . . ."
Section 504 Plan
• District is responsible to notify parents annually and are
responsible to refer students who may have disability
• Evaluation is required to determine if qualifies
• Requires team meeting (can take time to schedule)
• Team develops written plan re: aids, services, and necessary
providers to ensure FAPE
• Includes two key components
– Accommodations so student can participate in school
activities
– ECP-how to recognize and allergic reaction
• Written plan will be provided to parent
All district personnel who work with student must be informed of
plan
Updates/changes to 504
• On September 25, 2008 President Bush signed into law the
American with Disabilities Amendment Act (ADA) of
2008.
•
The actual language of the definition remains the same but
the Act expands the meaning of “disability”
Even if an impairment that is episodic or in remission-can
meet the “disability requirement”
if it substantially limits a major life activity when active.
(often times anaphylaxis is considered ‘episodic’ and therefore,
students are denied 504 accommodations)
What School Nurses Can Do
• Epinephrine auto-injectors should be available at all
sites
• Every school should identify trained personnel
• School nurses should train other staff to recognize
and treat anaphylaxis
• Emergency care plan with standing orders should be
developed
– Written protocol created for recognizing signs and
symptoms and treating anaphylaxis
– Procedures for calling 911 should be in place
Most importantly….
Schools need to be prepared for students
with anaphylaxis
One life lost is ONE too many…
Questions….
Sudden Cardiac Arrest
• A student has no known hx of cardiac
problems
• He starts feeling anxious
• He starts to run and within a couple of minutes…
• He collapses and lay unresponsive on the field.
ARE YOU PREPARED??
Automated External Defibrillators
A life lost-but a legacy lives on
What we know…
• Nearly 360,000 sudden cardiac arrests occur
outside of hospitals each year.
• About 2/3 of the deaths in young people are due to heart
abnormality
• Less than 8% survive outside of hospital (without CPR/AED)
• Abnormal rhythm-ventricular fibrillation
– Most common causes:
• Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (most common)
• Coronary artery abnormalities (congenital defect)
• Long QT syndrome (inherited heart arrhythmia)
• Commotio cordis –blunt blow to chest –causes VF
Symptoms/Red flags
• Unexplained fainting (syncope) during
physical activity
• Family history of sudden cardiac death
• Chest pain/shortness of breath (usually not
related to cardiac but to other underlying issues).
• If frequent or increasing in severity, should be
evaluated by a physician
So, what are some of the challenges?
• Lack of school nurses
• Lack of trained staff-(cost/time)
– Resistance of staff (fear)
• Cost of equipment
• Maintenance program
•
Lack of school wide/District AED policy
AED Program in Schools
Districts should have:
• Program Advisory-policy and procedures
• Board Policy
• Training program
• Monitoring program
• Equipment (AED/Cabinets/Signage)
Program Management
• Districts should develop a Program Manual
• Includes guidance in management of AED
program-brochure provided annually to all staff
• Responsibilities of Staff-calling 911
• Placement of AEDs
• Maintenance program
Storage/Accessibility
Signage
• Signs need to identify where AED is stored
• Brochure must be located next to unit
describing how to use an AED in 14 pt font
Cabinet
• Cabinet should be alarmed (but not locked)
Maintenance
• Need to do checks (per manufacturers
specifications)-but at least every 3 months
• Check for placement in cabinet
• Check for light/battery indicator
• Document according to District plan
Field Trips/Sporting Events
CORRECTION…!!
• NO language regarding being available for all schoolsponsored school athletic events!!
• However, for safety purposes, it would be
good to consider a plan for sporting
events/field trips
Training
• AB 2217-Ed Code 49417-provides liability protection
• The principal shall ensure that the school administrators
and staff annually receive information that describes
sudden cardiac arrest, the school’s emergency response
plan, and the proper use of an AED.
• Requirement for school principal to designate trained
employees who are available to respond-DELETED from
current law
• However, NO cost to employee for training if they
volunteer and liability is provided
Education Is Paramount
• Educate School Board, Staff, and the
Community at large for the need for AEDs!
• Train and educate students and staff to be
knowledgeable of CPR (besides certificationyou can provide overview/training to all staff)
• Know how to act or train others on how to act
• Work to support having AEDs in all schools