Cell Theory:
All living things are made of one or more cells
The cell is the basic, functional, structural unit of life
Cells come from preexisting cells
Nucleus:
Description: double membrane bound sphere with pores
Function: protect genetic information from fluctuations in the cytoplasm
Nucleolus:
Description: dense dark stained region in the nucleus
Function: ribosome synthesis
Nucleoid:
Area in a prokaryotic cell where the chromosome is found
Ribosome:
Description: a structure made of RNA and protein, has twp parts
Function: protein synthesis
Rough ER:
Description: portion of the endoplasmic reticulum having ribosome attached
attached to the nuclear membrane
Function: production and transport of protein that leaves the cell
Smooth ER:
Description: portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that lack ribosomes
Function: transport proteins made at the rough ER, fatty acid synthesis, neutralize toxins
Golgi complex:
Description: stack of membrane bound flat sacs
Function: storage, modification, transport of proteins
Lysosome:
Description: membrane bound sac containing hydrolytic enzymes
Function: intracellular digestion
Mitochondria:
Description: double membrane bound, contains its own DNA, has two internal
compartments
Function: cellular respiration, makes ATP
Cytoskeleton:
Description: made of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
Function: cellular structure and shape, intracellular transport
Microfilaments:
Description: made of actin protein units, solid rod
Function: muscle contraction, amoeboid movement
Microtubules:
Description: made of tubulin protein units, hollow rod
Function: main support and structure of animal cells, chromosome movement during
Cell division, found in cilia, flagella, and centriole
Centriole, centrosome, MTOC:
Description:
Centriole: two cylindrical structures found outside the animal cell nucleus
9 microtubule triplets arranged in a cylinder, 9+0
Centrosome: region outside the animal cell nucleus where the centrioles found
Function: organize microtubules into the spindle apparatus for cell division
Cilia:
Description: nine microtubule doubles arranged in a cylinder, with two single
microtubules down the center, 9+2
hair like extension from cell surrounded by the plasma membrane
shorter than the cell’s diameter and numerous
Function: movement from point “a” to point “b”, movement of fluid (Protista) over the
surface of the cell, movement of material out of your lungs.
Flagella:
Description: nine microtubule doubles arranged in a cylinder, with two single
microtubules down the center, 9+2
whip like extension from the cell surrounded by the plasma membrane
much longer than the cell’s diameter, one or two per cell
Function: movement from point “a” to point “b” only
Chloroplast:
Description: double membrane bound, contains its own DNA, has two internal
compartments, contains the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll
chlorophyll is green
Function: photosynthesis
Chromoplast:
Description: membrane bound sac
Function: synthesis of other plant accessory pigments that help photosynthesis,
serve as antioxidants for the plant as well as for you
Amyloplast: (leucoplast)
Description: membrane bound sac
Function: starch synthesis and storage
Sap vacuole:
Description: membrane bound sac, when full it can occupy up to 90% of the cell
Function: storage of water and products of photosynthesis
Food vacuole:
Description: membrane bound sac formed by phagocytosis
Function: contain cell food, will join with a lysosome for digestion inside the cell
Contractile vacuole:
Description: membrane bound sac that has a star shape
Function: collect and excrete excess water, protect against osmotic lysis
found in cells which lack a cell wall that live in a water environment. (Ptotista)
Cell wall:
Description: most external boundary of the cell, found in plants, fungi, Archaea, Bacteria
Function: protect the cell from osmotic lysis, gives the cell its shape