 Theodore Roosevelt (1858 – 1919), 26 th President (1901-09), Republican
 Promoted his “Square Deal” - a promise to treat both citizens and businesses fairly; Roosevelt wanted to protect consumers from “bad” trusts, but also protect businesses from unreasonable labor demands
 The Anthracite Coal Mine Strike
 1902: 150,000 Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike, leaving the nation without coal for heat
 Roosevelt threatened to nationalize the mines, forcing the owners to negotiate with the strikers
 The Elkins Act (1903) & Hepburn Act (1906)
 Required railroads to charge everyone the same shipping rates
 Laws strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) by giving it the ability to impose fines and even to set railroad rates
 US v. Northern Securities (1901)
 Three major railroads merged under a holding company called Northern Securities, creating a monopoly
 Roosevelt sued, claiming Northern Securities violated the Sherman Antitrust Act
 The Supreme Court ruled in Roosevelt’s favor, ordering the breakup of Northern Securities
 Creation of the U.S. Department of Commerce & Labor (1903)
 Even while opposing trusts, Roosevelt knew that supporting business was good for the nation
 Roosevelt created the Dept. of Commerce & Labor, including the Bureau of Corporations, a branch designed to monitor businesses and advised them when their practices might force government action
 The Meat Inspection Act (1906) & Pure Food & Drug Act (1906)
 In 1906, Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, an exposé of the disgusting conditions within the meat-packing industry
 Public outcry afterwards prompted Roosevelt to seek food inspection reforms
 New laws required the inspection of meat by the United States Dept. of Agriculture (USDA) and prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs
 Products containing drugs like alcohol, caffeine, or cocaine also had to be labeled
 Land Conservation Efforts
 Roosevelt supported conservation of the nation’s natural resources and set aside millions of acres of public lands for national parks, forests, and wildlife preserves
 William Howard Taft (1857 – 1930), 27 th President (1909-13), Republican
 Strongly supported by Roosevelt during the election of 1908
 The Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909)
 Taft tried to get tariffs lowered, but ended up being forced to accept the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which actually raised tariffs on most goods
 This angered & disappointed Progressives, including Roosevelt, and badly hurt Taft’s reputation
 Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy (1909)
 Taft’s Secretary of the Interior, Richard Ballinger, was accused by head of the US Forest Service (and close friend of Roosevelt) Gifford Pinchot of corruption
 Taft’s Attorney General dismissed the charges due to lack of evidence, so Pinchot leaked his story to the press
 Taft fired the popular Pinchot, angering Progressives
 The Mann-Elkins Act (1910)
 Increased the powers of the Interstate Commerce Commission by adding communications (telegraph & telephone companies) to the industries overseen by the ICC
 Taft the “Trustbuster”
 Roosevelt was perceived as being a more efficient trustbuster than Taft, but Taft actually prosecuted twice as many antitrust cases in his 1 term as president as Roosevelt did in 2 terms!
 US v. American Tobacco (1911)
 US Supreme Court ruled that James Duke’s American Tobacco Co. had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act by establishing an illegal monopoly on the cigarette industry
 The Children’s Bureau (created in 1912)
 Designed to protect children from abuse, both at home and in the workplace and to monitor orphanages, foster care, and adoptions
 First federal agency to be headed by a woman (Julia Lathrop)

 The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (March 25, 1911)
 Exit doors to a New York textile factory were kept locked from the outside to prevent employees from stealing
 When a fire broke out, the workers could not escape and 146 died
 Public outrage led to major reforms in factory working conditions and building codes
 The Election of 1912
 Disappointed in Taft, Roosevelt decided to run for president once again in 1912
 The Republican Party stuck with Taft, so Roosevelt formed his own Progressive Party, better known as the “Bull
Moose” Party
 The Bull Moose platform of “New Nationalism” supported making the federal government powerful enough to regulate corporations
 Roosevelt was shot while campaigning, limiting his ability to appear in public over the last several weeks of the election
 The Democratic Party nominated Progressive NJ governor (and political newcomer) Woodrow Wilson
 With the Republicans split between Taft and Roosevelt, Wilson won the election fairly easily
 Woodrow Wilson (1856 – 1924), 28 th President (1913-21), Democrat
 Ran on the “New Freedom” platform: rather than empower government to regulate monopolies and trusts, simply destroy monopolies to ensure fair competition
 Believed in limited government, especially where the economy was concerned
 16 th Amendment (1913): Created a federal income tax
 17 th Amendment (1913): To eliminate corruption in the Senate, the Constitution was amended to require US senators to be publicly elected rather than appointed by state legislatures
 The Underwood Tariff (1913): Cut tariffs in half, down to about 30%
 Wilson believed that competition with European companies would force American companies to produce better products more efficiently (cheaper)
 The Federal Reserve Act (1913)
 Required private banks to keep a portion of their deposits on reserve in federally run banks to act as a cushion against unexpected losses; federal reserve banks then set national interest rates and regulated the amount of money in circulation, allowing them to control inflation and prevent recessions
 The Federal Trade Commission (1914)
 Had the authority to investigate and penalize businesses using unfair trade practices
 FTC was not designed to breakup trusts, but rather to make companies play fair
 The Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)
 Banned “tying” agreements which required retailers who bought products from one company to stop selling products from competing companies
 Required businesses to charge all customers the same price for a product
 Banned manufacturers from giving price discounts to retailers who bought larger volumes
 Declared labor unions to be exempt from antitrust laws
 The Keating-Owen Child Labor Act (1916)
 Prohibited the employment of children under 14 in factories producing goods sold through interstate commerce, but was later declared unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court
 The Adamson Act (1916): Passed by Congress to avoid a national railroad strike
 Established an 8-hour workday for railroad workers, created overtime pay
 First US law to regulate the hours of workers in private industry
 Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)
 Created special federal banks to provide loans to farmers and small businesses
 Encouraged small businesses to compete with bigger rivals to prevent trusts and monopolies
 18 th Amendment (1919)
 Growing support for temperance (anti-alcohol) led to a ban on the manufacture, transport or sale of alcoholic beverages anywhere in the US
 18 th Amendment was repealed by the 21 st Amendment in 1933
 19 th Amendment (1920): Gave women the right to vote in federal elections