Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

Primary source of energy

Made of Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen

1:2:1 Ratio of C:H:O

Carbohydrates



The building blocks
(monomers) of carbs are called monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are the most simple sugars.
The include

Glucose “blood sugar”

Galactose “milk sugar”

Fructose “fruit sugar”

Carbohydrates

Joining two monosaccharides forms a disaccharide

Example:

Sucrose “table sugar”

Carbohydrates
Another lactose disaccharide is

Some people are lactose
intolerant lack the enzyme to break lactose into glucose and galactose

Carbohydrates

Long chains of monosaccharides are called

Example:

Function:
Energy Storage

Carbohydrates


Example:
- glucose that we cannot digest
Function:

Carbohydrates
Also called
• You can’t digest it
• Ends up as feces
• Cleans the colon

Carbohydrates

More
Polysaccharides:
“animal starch”- highly branched glucose

Function:

Carbohydrates

Example:

Function: forms
exoskeletons and fungi cell walls

Lipids

Examples: Fats, Steroids, and Phospholipids

Non-polar

Insoluble in water

Functions

Long term energy storage

Insulation & cushion

Cell membranes

Hormones


Lipids bon
Solid @ room temp
No double bonds
BAD fats!
@ least one double
Liquid @ room temp
“GOOD” fats

Lipids

Triglycerides AKA “body fat”

Made of 3 fatty acid chains + glycerol molecule
Function:
Energy storage, insulation

Lipids

Ringed carbon structures

Often hormones

Included as lipids b/c they are insoluble in water

Lipids
Steroid Examples:
Chlorophyll

Light absorbing pigment

Ringed structure

Lipid b/c of insolubility

Lipids

Phospholipids

Main component of cell membranes
(Phospholipid bilayer)

Hydrophilic heads
 hydrophobic lipid tails

Proteins

Monomer (building block) is the amino acid

20 different amino acids
Peptide bonds-
Hold amino acids together
Polypeptide-
Long chain of amino acids

Proteins
Example:

Hemoglobin: iron containing protein
- transports oxygen through the blood

Proteins

Example:
Collagen

Structural Protein found in skin, ligaments, tendons, and bones

Protein
Contractile proteins

Make up muscles

Allow for movement

Proteins

Example:
Enzymes-

Speed up rate of chemical reactions

Lower activation energy

Proteins
Enzymes:
 end in “ase”


Enzymes are never used up, just recycled!
Denatured enzymes – have lost their shape

This happens due to:
 Temperature
 Too much salt
 pH

Proteins
ENZYME EXAMPLE:

At what temperature does the enzyme represented in this graph work best?

What is the independent variable?

What is the dependent variable?

Nucleic Acids

DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
(double strand)

RNA
Ribonucleic acid
(single strand)
Hereditary molecules

Nucleic Acid

Monomers (building blocks) of Nucleic acids are called:
They’re made of:

Sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose)


Phosphate group nitrogen base

Nucleic Acid


Special nucleotide for