Chapter 19 and GHW#9
Questions
Lipids
Lipids
A wide variety of naturally occurring organic
compounds classified together on the basis of common
solubility properties: insolubility in water
insoluble in water
Lipids include
a) Waxes: Esters of long chain fatty acids and alcohols
b) Triglycerides: Fatty acid esters of glycerol
c) Phospholipids: Fatty acid and phosphate esters of
glycerol
d) Prostaglandins: structures based on Eicosanoids
e) Glycolipids: structures based on Spingosine
f) cholesterol, steroid hormones, and bile acids
g) fat-soluble vitamins
Lipid Structures
Eicosanoids: Messenger lipids
Glycolipids based on spingosine
Lipid classification by function
Energy-storage lipids – A fat, triacylglycerols or
triglycerides.
Membrane lipids - phospholipids,
sphingoglycolipids, and cholesterol
Emulsification lipids - bile acids, soaps and
detergents
Chemical messenger lipids - steroid hormones,
eicosanoids, and prostaglandins
Protective-coating lipids - biological waxes
Fat-soluble vitamins
Fatty Acids: Lipid Building Blocks
Fatty Acids: Lipid Building Blocks
Polyunsaturated fatty acids: omega-3
and omega-6 fatty acids
Essential Fatty Acids (EFA).
Fatty acids that cannot be produced by the body
and are necessary for proper metabolism. The
OMEGA 6 and OMEGA 3 fatty acids are referred
to as Essential Fatty Acids (EFA).
Physical Properties of Fatty Acids
1) Give names of the following types of
lipids.
a) Name:____________
b) Name:____________
c) ) Name:____________ d) Name:____________
1) Give names of the following types of
lipids.
e) Name:____________
f) Name:____________
g) Name:____________ h) Name:____________
1) Give names of the following types of
lipids.
i) Name:____________
j) Name:____________
k) Name:____________
2) Give the type, structure notation and
names of the following fatty acids.
3) Draw the condensed structures of each of the
following fatty acids:
a. Decanoic acid
c. trans-5-Decenoic acid
b. Stearic acid
d. cis-5-Decenoic acid
4) Write an equation for each of the following
reactions:
a) Esterification of glycerol with three
molecules of myristic acid
b) Base (NaOH) hydrolysis or saponification of
glyceryl tristearate
4) Write an equation for each of the following
reactions:
c) Reaction of decanoic acid with KOH
d) Hydrogenation of linoleic acid
Phospholipids
5) What are the structural differences between
triglycerides (triacylglycerols) and
phospholipids? Where they are found in living
organisms?
Spingosine and Spingolipids
6) What is a sphingolipid? Draw an example.
Steroids
Contains a characteristic arrangement of four cycloalkane rings
that are joined to each other. Examples of steroids include the
dietary fat cholesterol:
7) What is a steroid? What are their
applications?
8) What are the two major types of fat
substitutes and how they work
How aspirin relieves pain and inflammation?
Aspirin inhibits the production of prostaglandins
Concept of COX enzyme inhibition
Acetaminophen (Tylanol)
Triglycerides and lipoproteins:
high-density (HDL)or (LDL) lipoproteins
Lipoprotein particles: chylomicrons
Triglycerides transportation in the blood stream
Four major groups of plasma lipoproteins.
1. Chylomicrons
2. Very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
3. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
4. High-density lipoproteins (HDL)
Triglycerides and lipoproteins:
high-density (HDL)or (LDL) lipoproteins
Lipoprotein particles: chylomicrons
Triglycerides transportation in the blood stream
chylomicron remnant
The roles of HDL, LDL, and cholesterol.
Cholesterol and lipoproteins are related plaque that
causes heart attacks and most strokes.
When LDL levels are low, atherosclerosis and heart
attacks are almost unknown.
High HDL levels are associated with a reduced risk of
heart disease: "good" cholesterol