Farm Management Chapter 12 Whole-Farm Planning © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Chapter Outline • • • • • What Is a Whole-Farm Plan? The Planning Procedure Example of Whole-Farm Planning Linear Programming Other Issues © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Chapter Objectives 1. Show how whole-farm planning differs from the planning of individual enterprises 2. Learn the steps and procedures to follow in developing a whole-farm plan 3. Understand the uses for a whole-farm plan and budget 4. Compare the assumptions used for shortrun and long-run budgeting 5. Introduce linear programming as a tool for whole-farm planning © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 What Is a Whole-Farm Plan? A whole-farm plan is an outline or summary of the type and volume of production to be carried out on the entire farm and the resources needed to do it. When the expected costs and returns for each part of the plan are organized into a detailed projection, the result is a whole-farm budget. © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 The Planning Procedure • Review goals and specify objectives • Inventory resources • Identify enterprises and technical coefficients • Estimate the gross margin per unit • Choose the enterprise combination • Prepare a whole-farm budget © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Resources • Land: total number of acres, types of land, fertility levels, climate, potential pests, tenure arrangements and leases, etc. • Buildings: number, type, condition • Labor: quantity and quality • Machinery: number, size, and capacity • Capital: short-run and long-run availability • Management: age, experience, and past performance • Other resources: markets, quotas, specialized inputs © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Technical Coefficients The technical coefficients for an enterprise indicate how much of a resource is required to produce one unit of the enterprise. Technical coefficients are important in determining the maximum possible size of enterprises and the final enterprise combination. © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Estimating Gross Margin Enterprise budgets, discussed in detail in Chapter 10, are important tools for farm planning. Enterprise budgets provide estimates of gross margin, or returns above variable costs. © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Choosing the Enterprise Combination Managers want to find the combination of enterprises that will provide the highest amount of profit through the best use of the farm’s limited resources. Linear Programming is a mathematical technique that can be used to find the optimal combination of enterprises. © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Example of Whole-Farm Planning The following example will illustrate the process of whole-farm planning. The objective of the manager is to choose the combination of crop and livestock enterprises that will maximize total gross margin. © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Table 12-1 Resource Inventory for Example Farm Resource Amount and comments Class A cropland Class B cropland Pasture Buildings Labor Capital Machinery Management Other limitations 400 acres (not over 50% in cotton production) 200 acres 600 acres Only hay shed and cattle shed are available 2,400 hours available annually Adequate for any farm plan Adequate for any potential crop plan, but all harvesting will be custom hired Manager appears capable and has experience with crops and beef cattle Any hay produced must be fed on farm, not sold © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Table 12-2 Potential Enterprises and Resource Requirements Class A Cropland Class B Cropland Quantity Resource Available Cotton Milo Wheat Milo Wheat Livestock (per head) Beef Stocker cows steers Class A cropland (acres) 400 1 1 1 — — — — Class B cropland (acres) 200 — — — 1 1 0.5 — Pasture (acres) 600 — — — — — 6 3 2,400 4 3 2.5 3 2.5 6 1 250 100 80 80 65 470 550 Labor (hours) Operating capital ($) © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Table 12-3 Estimating Gross Margin Class A Cropland Cotton (acre) 500 lb. 0.80 400 250 150 Milo (acre) 80 cwt. 2.50 200 100 100 Class B Cropland Wheat (acre) 52 bu. 3.75 195 80 115 Milo (acre) 66 cwt. 2.50 165 80 85 Wheat (acre) 36 bu. 3.75 135 65 70 © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Livestock Beef cows (head) — — 675 470 205 Stocker steers (head) — — 620 550 70 Enterprise Combination for the Example The procedure for choosing the enterprise combination will be discussed shortly. The results of the process are that the manager will choose to produce 200 acres of cotton and 200 acres of wheat on Class A land, 150 acres of milo on Class B land, and 100 head of beef cows. The beef cows require 50 acres of Class B land. © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Figure 12-2 Constructing the whole-farm budget © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Table 12-4 Example of a Whole-Farm Budget Plan 1 Gross income Cotton-A Milo-A Wheat-A Milo-B Wheat-B Beef cows Stocker steers Total gross income Variable costs Cotton-A Milo-A Wheat-A Milo-B Wheat-B Beef cows Stocker steers Plan 2 $/Unit Units Total $400 200 195 165 135 675 620 200 0 200 150 0 100 0 $80,000 0 39,000 24,750 0 67,500 0 Units 350 0 350 200 0 0 0 $211,250 $250 100 80 80 65 470 550 Total variable costs Total gross margin Other income Other expenses Property taxes Insurance Interest on debt Hired labor Depreciation Cash rent Miscellaneous 200 0 200 150 0 100 0 $50,000 0 16000 12000 0 47000 0 Total other expenses $140,000 0 68,250 33,000 0 0 0 Units 200 0 200 100 0 200 0 $241,250 350 0 350 200 0 0 0 $87,500 0 28,000 16,000 0 0 0 $125,000 $86,250 $131,500 $109,750 $5,000 $5,000 $5,600 2,500 17,000 0 10,500 0 5,500 Net farm income 10% reduction in gross income Revised net farm income Total Plan 3 $5,600 2,500 17,000 3,500 10,500 15,000 6,000 Total $80,000 0 39,000 16,500 0 135,000 0 $270,500 200 0 200 100 0 200 0 $50,000 0 16,000 8,000 0 94,000 0 $168,000 $102,500 $5,000 $6,200 3,000 23,000 3,500 10,500 0 6,000 $41,100 $60,100 $52,200 $50,150 $54,650 $55,300 -21,125 $29,025 -24,125 $30,525 © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 -27,050 $28,250 Linear Programming Linear Programming (LP) is a mathematical procedure that uses a systematic technique to find the most profitable combination of enterprises. Linear programming models have linear objective functions that are maximized (or minimized) subject to the resource restrictions. © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Table 12-5 Linear Programming Tableau for the Farm Planning Example Gross Margin Class A land Class B land Pasture Labor Rotation Limit Units Class A cotton (acre) Class A milo (acre) $/unit acre acre acre hour acre $150 1 0 0 4 1 $100 1 0 0 3 0 Class A wheat (acre) $115 1 0 0 2.5 0 Class B milo (acre) Class B wheat (acre) Beef cows (head) Stocker steers (head) $85 0 1 0 3 0 $70 0 1 0 2.5 0 $205 0 0.5 6 6 0 $70 0 0 3 1 0 © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Type Limit MAX LE 400 LE 200 LE 600 LE 2400 LE 200 Table 12-6 Linear Programming Solution to the Farm Planning Example Activity Cotton-Class A Optimum level Reduced Cost ($) 200 0.00 0 -15.00 Wheat-Class A 200 0.00 Milo-Class B Wheat-Class B Beef Cows 150 0 100 0.00 -15.00 0.00 0 -11.25 Milo-Class A Stockers Rows Objective (Total Gross Margin) Level of use Slack (unused) Shadow price ($) $86,250 . . Class A Crop Land 400 0 115.00 Class B Crop Land 200 0 85.00 600 2350 200 0 50 0 27.08 0.00 35.00 Pasture Labor Rotation limit © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Shadow Prices and Reduced Costs Linear programming routines provide other useful information in addition to the optimal enterprise combination. Shadow prices tell the manager how much the objective function would increase if one more unit of a limited resource were available. A shadow price is the marginal value product of the resource. Reduced costs tell the manager how much the objective function would decrease if the manager chose to produce one unit of an enterprise that was not selected. © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Other Issues • Sensitivity analysis: analyzing how changes in key assumptions affects income and cost projections • Liquidity analysis: analyzing the ability of the business to meet cash flow obligations • Long-run versus short-run budgeting © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Long-Run Budgeting 1. 2. 3. 4. Use average or long-run prices Use average or long-run yields Ignore carryover inventories Ignore borrowing and repayment of operating loans, but incorporate interest costs if significant 5. Assume enough capital investment each year to maintain depreciable assets 6. Assume constant size of the operation © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Table 12-7 Example of Liquidity Analysis for a Whole-Farm Budget Plan 1 Cash inflows: Cash farm income Nonfarm income Cash outflows: Cash farm expenses Term debt principal Equipment replacement Nonfarm expenses Net cash flow 10% reduction in cash income Revised net cash flow Plan 2 Plan 3 $216,250 20,000 $236,250 $246,250 20,000 $266,250 $275,500 20,000 $295,500 $155,600 10,500 17,000 38,500 $221,600 $181,100 10,500 17,000 38,500 $247,100 $209,700 20,500 17,000 38,500 $285,700 $14,650 $19,150 -21,625 -$6,975 © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 -24,625 -$5,475 $9,800 -27,550 -$17,750 Summary Whole-farm planning and budgeting analyze the combined profitability of all enterprises in the farming operation. Linear programming can be used to select the optimal enterprise combination. © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Appendix Graphical Example of Linear Programming © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Table 12-8 Information for Linear Programming Example Resouce Requirements (per acre) Resources Land (acres) Labor (hours) Operating capital ($) Gross margin ($) Resource limit Corn Soybeans 120 1 1 500 30,000 5 200 3 160 120 96 © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Figure 12-3 Graphical illustration of resource restrictions in a linear programming problem © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008 Figure 12-4 Graphical solution for finding the profitmaximizing plan using linear programming © Mcgraw-Hill Companies, 2008