• Kentucky andNorthwest
• Compromise of 1850
Ordinance • Uncle Tom's Cabin
• Virginia Resolutions
• Missouri Compromise
• Tariff of 1828
• Nat Turner's slave rebellion
• The Amistad
• Prigg v. Pennsylvania
• Texas Annexation
• Mexican –American War
• Wilmot Proviso
• Manifest Destiny
• Underground Railroad
• Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
• Kansas –Nebraska Act
• Bleeding Kansas
• Sumner-Brooks affair
• Dred Scott v. Sandford
• Brown's raid on Harper's
Ferry
• 1860 presidential election
• Secession of Southern
States
• Star of the West
• Corwin Amendment
2

What were factors or reasons that contributed to sectionalism?
- feelings about slavery as a economic issue
- degree of industry in different areas of the country
- different uses of land in different areas of the country
3

• Missouri Compromise 1819
• Nullification Crisis 1832
• Compromise of 1850
• Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
4

In 1819 , there were 11 free states and 11 slave states.
Representation in the Senate was evenly balanced between the North and the South.
Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state.
That would give the South a majority in the Senate.
5

Henry Clay proposed the Missouri
Compromise.
– Missouri would join the Union as a slave state.
– Maine would join the Union as a free state.
– Congress drew an imaginary line across the southern border of Missouri at latitude
36º30´N.
Slavery would be permitted in the
Louisiana Purchase south of that line.
6

The Problem
As a result of the Mexican War, the
United States acquired a vast amount of land.
The Missouri Compromise applied only to the Louisiana Purchase, not the new western lands.
7

Congressman David Wilmot of Pennsylvania called for a law to ban slavery in any territories won from Mexico. This proposal was known as the Wilmot Proviso.
Southern leaders said Congress had no right to ban slavery in the West.
8

The house passed the Wilmot
Proviso, but the Senate defeated it.
The argument continued.
9

Abolitionists
Slavery should be banned throughout the country.
It is morally wrong.
10

11

• The Missouri Compromise line should be extended all across the Mexican Cession.
• Any state south of the line could allow slavery.
• States carved out of the Mexican Cession should decide the slavery issue by popular sovereignty; that is, voters in a new territory should decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery.
12

In 1848, slavery became an important election issue for the first time.
– Many northern Democrats and Whigs opposed the spread of slavery.
– They did not speak up because they did not want to lose southern votes. Also, they feared the slavery issue would split the nation.
– In 1848, antislavery members of both parties formed the Free-Soil party.
Only a few members were abolitionists. The party’s main goal was to
13 keep slavery out of the western territories.

Prior to the Civil War, U.S. tariffs contributed to the causes of sectionalism
Northern states favored the tariffs
Southern states opposed the tariffs
14

1. A sectional crisis during the Presidency of
Andrew Jackson
2.
Created by South Carolina’s 1832 Ordinance of Nullification:
A- declared the power of the state
B- rejected federal tariffs of 1828 and 1832
C- argued they were unconstitutional and therefore null and void
15

3- Tariff of 1828, known as :Tariff of
Abominations” enacted by President John
Quincy Adams
4- South Carolina repealed its Nullification
Ordinance on March 11,1833
16

• A series of five (5) bills
• Intended to stave off sectional strife
• To keep spread of slavery to territories in balance
17

1. California was entered as a free state
2. New Mexico and Utah were each allowed to use popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery
3. The Republic of Texas gave up lands it claimed in present day New Mexico and received $10 million to pay its debt to
Mexico
4. The slave trade was abolished in District of
Columbia
18
5. The Fugitive Slave Act was enacted

19

• In 1849, there were 15 slave states and
15 free states . California asked to enter the Union as a free state.
• If California entered the Union as a free state, the North would have a majority in the Senate. The South feared that
Oregon, Utah, and New Mexico would also soon join the Union as free states.
20

• Some southerners worried that they would be outvoted in the Senate. They said southern states should secede, or remove themselves, from the United
States.
• Northerners said that California should be allowed to enter the Union as a free state because most of the territory lay north of the Missouri Compromise line.
21

He pleaded for the North and South to reach an agreement and warned that the nation could break apart.
Senator Jordon Underwood said about Clay after his death, “He reduced sectional conflict through legislation that balanced the concerns of the issue of slavery”.
He was the “Great Compromiser”
22

• He refused to compromise and insisted that slavery be allowed in the western territories.
• He demanded that fugitive, or runaway, slaves be returned to their owners as lost “property.”
• He said that if the North did not agree to these demands, the South would use force to leave the Union.
23

When John C. Calhoun became vicepresident, he gave an address (speech) in 1831 where he claims that state governments have the right to reject federal law
24

• He felt that slavery was evil, but the breakup of the United States would be worse.
• He warned against civil war, a war between people of the same country.
• He thought that northerners should be forced to return fugitive slaves.
25

What is Uncle Tom’s Cabin?
Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote a novel called Uncle Tom’s Cabin to show the evils of slavery and the injustice of the
Fugitive Slave Act . The book tells the story of Uncle Tom, an enslaved
African American noted for his kindness and piety.
How did people react to Uncle Tom’s
Cabin?
26

Northerners could no longer view slavery as a political problem for Congress to settle.
More and more northerners now saw slavery as a moral problem facing every American.
27

Southerners claimed that the book did not give a true picture of a slave’s life.
28

• What was the goal of the Kansas-
Nebraska Act?
• Why did violence erupt in Kansas and in the Senate?
• What impact did the Dred Scott case have on the nation?
29

How did both the Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850 contribute to differences between free and enslaved
African Americans
The institution of slavery was allowed in some new states while other states allowed freedom for African Americans
30

31

The Compromise of 1850 dealt mainly with the Mexican Cession, and not with the lands that were part of the
Louisiana Purchase.
32

• Nebraska Territory was to be divided into two territories — Kansas and
Nebraska.
• The settlers in each territory would decide the issue of slavery by popular sovereignty.
33

• Many people thought the act was fair because the Compromise of 1850 had applied popular sovereignty in New
Mexico and Utah.
• Southerners hoped slave owners from
Missouri would move into Kansas and make Kansas a slave state.
34

• The Missouri Compromise already banned slavery in Kansas and
Nebraska. In effect, the Kansas-
Nebraska Act would overturn the
Missouri Compromise.
• Northerners protested by challenging the Fugitive Slave Act.
35

• Kansas settlers were to settle the slavery issue by popular sovereignty.
Proslavery and antislavery settlers fought for control of Kansas.
Abolitionists brought in settlers from
New England. Proslavery settlers also moved into Kansas, and proslavery bands from Missouri — Border Ruffians
—often rode across the border into
Kansas.
36

• .
In 1855, Kansas held elections.
Border Ruffians voted illegally, helping to elect a proslavery legislature. Antislavery settlers refused to accept the legislature and elected their own governor and legislature .
Kansas had two governments.
37

• Abolitionist John Brown led a band to the town of Pottawatomie Creek and killed five proslavery settlers there.
• The killings at Pottawatomie Creek led to more violence. Both sides engaged in guerrilla warfare, or the use of hit-and-run tactics. Newspapers started calling the territory “Bleeding Kansas.”
38

• Charles Sumner of Massachusetts was the leading abolitionist senator. In one speech he denounced the proslavery legislature of
Kansas and viciously criticized his southern foes, especially Senator Andrew Butler of
South Carolina.
• A few days later Butler’s nephew,
Congressman Preston Brooks, marched into the Senate chamber and with his cane beat
Sumner until he was unconscious.
39

Dred Scott filed a lawsuit, that is, a legal case brought to settle a dispute between people or groups.
Dred Scott had been enslaved in Missouri. He moved with his owner to Illinois and then to the
Wisconsin Territory, where slavery was not allowed. Scott with his owner returned to Missouri. When his owner died, Scott claimed that because he had lived in a free territory, he had become a free man.
The case reached the Supreme Court as Dred Scott v. Sandford . 40

What did the Supreme Court decide?
• Scott could not file a lawsuit because, as an enslaved person, he was not a citizen.
• Slaves were considered to be property.
• Congress did not have the power to outlaw slavery in any territory. This decision meant the Missouri
Compromise was unconstitutional.
41

• White Southernerswere overjoyed. The decision meant that slavery was legal in all territories.
• African American northernerscondemned the ruling and asked whites to join their efforts to end slavery.
• White Northernerswere shocked. They had hoped that if slavery were kept to the South, it would eventually just die out. Now, slavery could spread.
42

How did economic opportunities for free
African Americans differ from enslaved ones in the early 1800s?
Free African Americans could own some property and had some rights while the enslaved had no rights.
43

• Why did the Republican party come into being in the mid-1850s?
• What events lay behind the rapid emergence of Abraham Lincoln as a
Republican leader?
• How did Americans react to John
Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry?
44

Who formed the Republican Party?
• A group of Free-Soilers, northern
Democrats, and antislavery Whigs
Why did they form a new party?
• They believed that neither the Whigs nor the Democrats would take a strong enough stand against slavery.
45

What was the goal of the party?
• Its main goal was to keep slavery out of the western territories . A few
Republicans hoped to end slavery in the South as well.
46

• Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky.
Later, he lived in Indiana and Illinois.
• Lincoln opened a store in Illinois. He studied law and entered politics.
• He served eight years in the state legislature and one term in Congress.
• He opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act, so he ran for the Senate in 1858.
47

• During the Senate campaign, he debated
Stephen Douglas seven times.
– Lincoln: Slavery is wrong. African
Americans are entitled to all the natural rights in the Declaration of Independence, so slavery should not extend to the territories. However, it can remain in the states where it already exists.
48

– Douglas: The slavery question should be settled by popular sovereignty.
• Douglas narrowly won the election.
However, during the campaign, Lincoln became known throughout the country.
49

• In 1859, John Brown led followers, including five African Americans, to
Harpers Ferry, Virginia. He planned to raid a federal arsenal, or gun warehouse.
• Brown took over the arsenal. He expected that would inspire a slave uprising, but none took place.
• Troops killed ten raiders and captured
Brown. He was tried for murder and treason, or actions against one’s country.
50

• Brown gave a moving defense of his actions. Nevertheless he was found guilty and sentenced to death. John Brown was hanged.
• To many northerners, John Brown became a martyr because he was willing to give up his life for his beliefs.
• White southerners were outraged at the northern response. Many southerners became convinced that the North wanted to destroy slavery and the South along with it.
51

• How did the election of 1860 reflect sectional divisions?
• How did the South react to the election results?
• How did the Civil War begin in
1861?
52

The Democratic party split into two groups:
Northern Democrat and Southern
Democrat.
– Northern Democrats nominated
Stephen Douglas.
– Southern Democrats nominated John
Breckinridge.
53

Some Americans tried to heal the split by forming a new party, the
Constitutional Union party.
– The Constitutional Union party nominated John Bell.
– The Republicans nominated Abraham
Lincoln
54

How the South Reacted to the
Election of 1860
• Many southerners thought that
Lincoln’s election meant the South no longer had a voice in national government.
• They believed the President and
Congress were against them.
55

How the South Reacted to the
Election of 1860
• Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky introduced a bill to extend the Missouri
Compromise line to the Pacific.
• He proposed an amendment to the
Constitution that would guarantee slavery south of the compromise line forever.
• His proposals received little support.
56

How the South Reacted to the
Election of 1860
• Other southerners believed secession was their only choice.
• On December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first state to secede.
• By late February 1861, Alabama,
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana,
Mississippi, and Texas had followed.
57

How the South Reacted to the
Election of 1860
• At a convention in Montgomery,
Alabama, the seven states formed a new nation, The Confederate States of
America . Jefferson Davis became its president.
58

• When Lincoln took office, he warned that no state could lawfully leave the Union.
• Jefferson Davis had already ordered
Confederate forces to begin seizing federal forts in the South.
59

• President Lincoln had to make a decision.
• Should he let Confederates take over federal property and look like he was admitting that states had a right to leave the Union?
• Or should he send troops to hold the forts and risk a war?
60

• By April 1861, the Union held only four forts in the South. Food supplies at one —Fort Sumter in
South Carolina —were running low.
Lincoln notified the governor of
South Carolina that he was going to ship food to Fort Sumter. He said he would not send troops or weapons.
61

• The Confederates demanded that Fort
Sumter surrender to them.
• The Union commander refused to give in.
• The Confederates opened fire.
• The Union troops ran out of ammunition and had to surrender.
62

Economic differences prior to the Civil
War were that the North was more industrial while the South was mostly agricultural
63