How did Galileo confirm the heliocentric model of the universe?
around it
Another name for the centre of the earth
2. Who devised the geocentric model?
Copernicus
Ptolemy
Galileo
3. Why didn't Copernicus' model of the universe include
Uranus, Neptune and Pluto
He didn't like them
They didn't exist then
His telescope wasn't good enough to see them
4. Which planet's moons did Galileo observe?
Jupiter
Uranus
Mars
Refraction
Light bends towards
The normal as it goes
Into a more dense
medium
Refraction in
lenses
The distance between
The focus and the
Lens is the focal length
Refracting telescope – real image
Reflecting telescope – virtual image
1. What does refract mean?
Light rays are absorbed as they pass into a different medium
Light rays bounce back as they pass into a different medium
Light rays change direction as they pass into a different medium
2. Which way do light rays bend through a convex lens?
Together at a converging point
Away from each other - they diverge
They do not pass through, they bounce back
3. Who developed the heliocentric model of the universe?
Galileo
Copernicus
Ritter
4. If an object was 2 focal lengths in front of a lens, how would the image
appear?
The image would be inverted
The image would be bigger
The image would appear further away than 2 focal lengths
5. What type of lenses are used in telescopes?
Converging
Diverging
Lenses aren't used
Waves
1. Which of the following are longitudinal waves?
Microwaves
Light
Sound
2. What is the frequency of a wave?
The height of the wave
The distance from a point on a wave to the same point on the next wave
The number of waves passing a point every second
3. If a wave had a wavelength of 5m and a frequency of 100Hz, what
is its wave speed?
500 metres per second
20 metres per second
0.5 metres per second
4. What does the angle of incidence equal in a reflection from a plane
mirror?
90 degrees
Any angle
The angle of reflection
Wave equation
A loudspeaker reproduces a note of frequency
320Hz. It travels through the air with a speed
of 340ms-1.
a) What is the wavelength in air?
l = v/f
l = 340ms-1 / 320Hz
l = 1.06m
b) The sound passes through water where its
wavelength is 4.5m.
Calculate the speed of sound in water
V = fl
V = 320Hz x 4.5m (frequency doesn't change)
V = 1,440ms-1
4. This question is about transverse waves.
Adam throws a stone into a lake.
He watches the waves move towards the edge.
The distance between each wave is 10 cm.
Adam counts two complete waves reaching the edge in each second.
(a) Calculate the speed of the wave.
You must show how you work out your answer, including and equation used.
wave speed = .......... unit = .......... [4]
(b) The waves travelling towards the edge of the lake are reflected.
Electromagnetic spectrum
Electromagnetic dangers
1. Which of the following has the longest wavelength?
Red light
Yellow light
Violet light
2. Who discovered infrared light?
Herschel
Galileo
Ritter
3. Which of the following has the highest frequency?
Radio waves
Microwaves
Gamma rays
4. Which type of UV radiation causes most damage to skin cells?
UV A
UV B
UV C
5. Which of the following is a use of microwaves?
Thermal imaging
Communications
Security marking
6. What is ionising radiation?
Radiation that can knock electrons out of atoms
Radiation that is always dangerous
Radiation that can only be stopped using lead sheets
7. Which type of radiation is the least penetrating?
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
8. Which type of radiation travels the furthest from its source in air?
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Dangers
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Radio
Microwave
Infrared
Visible
Ultraviolet
X-ray
gamma
• None
• Heating effect on water molecules
• Heating effect on all molecules - burns
• Skin cancer and eye cataracts
• Cancer
• Cancer and burning – dna damage
Electromagnetic radiation uses
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Radio •
Micro •
Infrared •
Visible •
Uv
•
X-ray •
gamma •
Communication – radio and tv
Communication – mobiles and satellites
Remote controls – thermal imaging
Communication – optical fibres
Security marking
Medicine – security at airports
Medicine – cancer treatment – sterilising
Ionising radiation
The universe
Spectrometers
Exploring the universe
Infrared
Top picture UV - bottom visible light –
same image
X-ray
Gamma ray
Alien life? The Viking Lander on Mars
The 2 voyager probes
The voyager message to aliens
SETI – Search for extraterrestrial
inteligence
SETI listens to space
1. Which statement about the solar system is correct?
The planets orbit the sun.
The sun orbits the planets.
Satellites orbit the asteroids.
2. What is a planet's year?
365.25 days
The time taken for the planet to turn once on its axis
The time taken to travel once around the sun
3. What was the SETI project designed to do?
To see if humans could see on the moon
Send a mission to Mars
Search for life on other planets
4. About how many galaxies are there in the universe?
A million
A hundred million
A billion
. What does SETI stand for?
Send Earth Tourists Instead
Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence
Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intellect
5
6. What is a spectrometer?
Apparatus that can separate light into a spectrum
An early type of computer
Device that measure the intensity of light
7. What is the name of our galaxy?
Andromeda
Milky Way
Whirlpool
8. Which is the correct order for the first four planets?
Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars
Mars, Venus, Earth and Mercury
Venus, Mars, Mercury and Earth
9. What keeps planets in their orbits?
Gravitational pull from each of the planets
Gravitational pull from the sun
Radiation from the sun
10. Which of the following is not a dwarf planet?
Neptune
Life cycles of stars
H Paper
1. What is a nebula?
A protostar
The remains of a star once it has completed its lifecycle
Difference between characteristics in different organisms
2. What happened to the density of a nebula when a star forms?
Increases
Decreases
Stays the same
3. In the formation of a star what do hydrogen nuclei fuse to form?
Carbon
Helium
Neon
4. What is the average lifespan for stars similar to our sun?
1 billion years
10 billion years
100 billion years
H paper
5. What does a massive star form when it has fused its available hydrogen and
helium?
Red supergiant
Red giant
Green giant
6. What is formed when a massive star begins to collapse and then explode?
Neutron star
Black hole
Supernova
7. When is a neutron star formed?
The remains of a massive star have a low density
The remains of a massive star have no density
The remains of a massive star have a high density
8. When is a black hole formed?
The remains of a massive star have a low density
The remains of a massive star have no density
The remains of a massive star have a high density
9. Why can't light escape from a black hole?
The gravitational pull is too weak
The gravitational pull is too strong
Stars evolve in different ways depending on their mass. Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star many
times bigger and more massive than our Sun. It has already used up most of the hydrogen 'fuel' in
its core. Betelgeuse is on the way to the 'stellar graveyard'.
(i) Describe how stars like our Sun were initially formed. [2]
(ii) What reaction, occurring in the core of Betelgeuse, is now coming towards an end? [1]
(iii) Suggest three further stages Betelgeuse will go through.
(d) Most scientists believe that the Universe is expanding.
What evidence supports this view? Use your ideas about red shift and the motion of galaxies in
your answer. [3+1]
Theories of the universe
Big Bang theory
Evidence for the big bang – red shift
Evidence for the Big Bang – the CMB
• This radiation fills the
entire Universe and is
no stronger or weaker
in any direction. This
radiation is believed
to be a clue to the
Universe's brilliant
beginning, known as
the Big Bang.
• .
1. What is a galaxy?
A kind of chocolate bar
A collection of stars held together by the force of gravity
Everything that exists in space
2. What is a planet's year?
365.25 days
The time taken for the planet to turn once on its axis
The time taken to travel once around the sun
3. Which theory of the universe is Cosmic Microwave Background
radiation used to explain?
Steady State
Big Bang
Intelligent design
4. What type of star is more likely to form a black hole?
Lightweight stars
Medium weight stars
Heavyweight stars
5. Approximately how long has our sun been shining for?
1 billion years
5 billion years
10 billion years
6. What type of star is our sun?
Yellow dwarf
Red giant
White dwarf
Infrasound and ultrasound
1. What sort of frequency will a high pitched sound have?
High
Low
Wide
2. Which of the following is not a use of ultrasound:
Imaging of unborn children
Quality control checks in industry
Security scanning of bank notes
3. What is the frequency of infrasound?
Below 20Hz
Between 20-20 000 Hz
Above 20 000 Hz
4. What type of waves are sound waves?
Sound isn't actually a wave
Longitudinal
Transverse
Uses of
ultrasound
• Breaks up kidney
• stones
Seismic waves
. What is the Earth's outer core made of?
Solid nickel and iron
Liquid nickel and iron
A thin layer of rock
1
2. How do tectonic plates move?
Gravity
From the movement of convection current is the mantle
Blown by the wind
3. Which of the following is the correct properties of an S wave?
Longitudinal, fast moving and can travel through solids and liquids
Longitudinal, slow moving and can travel through solids only
Transverse, slow moving and can travel through solids only
4. What is the process called that is used to locate the epicentre of an
earthquake?
Triangulation
H Paper
1. What causes seismic waves?
The gravitational pull of the moon
Movements inside the earths crust
Seismometers
2. What is the epicentre?
Point on the earth directly above the focus of an earthquake
The movement in the earth's crust that starts an earthquake
The first human habitation that an earthquake hits
3. Which wave would reach a seismometer first?
Both would arrive at the same time
S
P
4. Which type of wave is longitudinal?
P
S
Both waves are longitudinal
H Paper
5. What happens to waves as they reach the boundaries of rock types?
They are refracted only
They are reflected only
They are both reflected and refracted
6. Which of the following statements about the Earth's structure is correct?
The crust is liquid.
The outer core is liquid.
The outer core is solid.
7. Starting at the centre of the Earth, the correct order for its layers is:
crust --> mantle --> core
core --> crust --> mantle
core --> mantle --> crust
8. Which of the following statements about the Earth's structure is correct?
The crust is liquid.
The outer core is liquid.
The outer core is solid.
9. Which of the following statements about seismic waves is correct?
P waves cannot pass through the outer core.
S waves cannot pass through the outer core.
P waves and S waves can pass through the outer core.
Earthquakes
The power of an earthquake is
measured using a seismometer. A
seismometer detects the vibrations
caused by an earthquake. It plots
these vibrations on a seismograph.
Locating earthquakes
Renewable resources for electricity
Non-renewable energy resources
Generating Electricity
Transmitting electricity
Transformers
. The diagram shows a simple step-up transformer.
(a) For safety, a low voltage is needed for a child's train set.
How can this transformer be changed so that a mains voltage can be reduced to a low output
voltage? [2+1]
(b) Alternating current must be used for a transformer to work.
(i) What is alternating current? [1]
(ii) Why must an alternating current be used? [1]
Elelctrical power
• Watts (power) = energy used (J)
•
time (s)
You should now be able to work out how much it
costs to run an electrical appliance as long as you
know its power rating, the time you use it for, and
the cost of electricity. Energy = power × time can be
used as long as power is in kW and time in hours.
The formula becomes:
Units used (kWh) = power (kW) × time (h)
e.g. A 2·5 kW kettle is used for 2 hours a week. Units
cost £0·08 each.
Units used = 2·5 kW × 2 h = 5 kWh
Total cost = units used × cost
= 5 kWh × £0·08
= £0·40.
Power = current x voltage
Reducing energy
use
Annual savings
Installed costs
Pay back
CO2 saving
Roof insulation
Around £205
Around £250
Around 1 yr
1 tonne
Cavity wall insulation
Around £160
Around £250
Around 2 yrs
800 kg
Solid wall insulation - internal
Around £75-100 Around £650
Around 6 yrs
2.3 tonnes
Solid wall insulation - external
Around £500
Around £3500-6000
Around 11-15 yrs 2.5 tonnes
Hot water jacket
Around £40
Around £20
Around 5 months 200 kg
Energy transfers
Energy Efficiency
Heat loss from objects of different
colours
Earths Temperature