Acknowledging the Impact of East
European Industrialisation on the
Post-War North American Economy
Kim Naqvi
Kent State University (visiting faculty)
University of Saskatchewan (lecturer)
Chenery and
Syrquin’s
Industrialised
Countries,
1975 work
Country
Year
classified
as
industrial
% of Labour
force in
Agriculture,
1950
% of Labour
Force in
Industry,
1950
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
United States
---------------Czech Republic
East Germany
Italy
Japan
Russian Fed.
Slovakia
1950
15.40
34.22
11.85
19.84
25.70
35.01
30.89
23.04
17.68
18.80
26.35
20.79
16.89
5.48
12.30
----39.06
39.72
36.14
50.66
36.02
33.59
35.17
34.90
43.97
36.23
34.63
36.68
40.85
46.46
49.49
36.68
----35.79
43.97
48.83
39.55
39.24
31.03
23.63
31.82
35.64
------1960
Country
% Labour
% Labour
% Labour
Force in
Force in
Force in
Agriculture
Industry
Services
“Industrialised”
by 1950,
Chenery
and
GDP per
capita
Syrquin
Country
OIC:
% Labour
% Labour
% Labour
GDP per
Force in
Force in
Force in
capita
Older
Industrial Countries,
Labour force
values for 1950
Agriculture
Industry
Services
Australia
15.40
39.72
44.89
6678
Austria
34.22
36.14
29.65
2930
Belgium
11.85
50.66
37.48
4433
OIC:
Labour force
values for6380
1950
CanadaOlder Industrial
19.84Countries,
36.02
44.14
Denmark
25.70
33.59
40.72
5263
Australia
15.40
39.72
44.89
6678
Finland
35.01
35.17
29.82
3506
France
30.89
34.90
34.20
4045
Austria
34.22
36.14
29.65
2930
Germany
23.04
43.97
33.00
3421
Belgium
11.85
50.66
37.48
4433
Netherlands
17.68
36.23
46.10
4532
Canada
19.84
36.02
44.14
6380
New Zealand
18.80
34.63
46.57
6667
Denmark
25.70
33.59
40.72
5263
Norway
26.35
36.68
36.97
4358
Finland
35.01
35.17
29.82
3506
Sweden
20.79
40.85
38.40
5807
France
30.89
34.90
34.20
4045
Switzerland
16.89
46.46
36.65
6813
Germany
23.04
43.97
33.00
3421
United
King.
5.48
49.49
45.03
5395
Netherlands
17.68
36.23
46.10
4532
United
States 18.80
12.30
36.68
51.03
8772
New
Zealand
34.63
46.57
6667
Norway
26.35
36.68
36.97
4358
Sweden
20.79
40.85
38.40
5807
%M
Ind
L
%
In
61
73
74
64
71
61
60
71
73
80
74
71
64
70
71
57
60
76
71
78
80
69
71
67
70
57
76
Other Countries with 30% Industrial Labour
Force Share by 1950
Country
NIC0:
% Labour
% Labour
% Labour
GDP per
%
in
Force in
Force in
capita
Ind
Other Force
Industrialised
Countries,
Labour Force
values
Agriculture
Industry
Services
Argentina
25.07
31.80
43.13
4032
Bahrain
16.59
46.51
36.89
.
Chile Older Industrial
33.14Countries,
30.03
36.83
2431
OIC:
Labour
force
values
for
1950
Czech R.
39.06
35.79
25.15
.
Hong Kong
12.12
55.68
32.20
.
Australia
15.40
39.72
44.89
6678
Iceland
36.52
31.79
31.69
3808
Austria
34.22
36.14
29.65
2930
Israel
18.47
33.23
48.30
Belgium
11.85
50.66
37.48
4433 .
Kuwait
1.94
34.01
64.05
Canada
19.84
36.02
44.14
6380 .
Luxembourg
24.03
40.40
35.57
6534
Denmark
25.70
33.59
40.72
5263
Malta
12.76
31.44
55.80
Finland
35.01
35.17
29.82
3506 .
Neth. Antilles 30.89
3.14
55.37
41.49
France
34.90
34.20
4045 .
Slovakia
39.24
35.64
25.12
Germany
23.04
43.97
33.00
3421 .
Trinidad & Tob 17.68
24.68
33.34
41.98
3046
Netherlands
36.23
46.10
4532
New Zealand
18.80
34.63
46.57
6667
Norway
26.35
36.68
36.97
4358
6
3
6
7
617
6
735
74
642
8
718
60
714
808
713
70
57
Re-evaluation of Cold War Economy
• Interpretation of victory over communism
– Overemphasis on market-system?
– Prevents other post-cold war analysis of cold war
– Ellen Schrecker 2004 Cold war triumphalism: the misuse
of history after the fall of communism
• Military Keynesianism
• The arms race as the weapon
• Current pattern of rising arms expenditure, falling
taxation
– Less stable economic strategy
– Lichtenstein in Schrecker
Acknowledging the Cold War in Geography
and Economic Geography
• Elements of a history and geography of the
economy
– Geo-politics
– Colonisation
– Cold war and shatterbelts
– Military-industrial expenditures and landscapes
An Examination of the Literature
• Geopolitics
– Mentions and definitions of geopolitics
• Cold war
– Mentions and depth of discussion
• Military industrial economy/Arms
– Mentions and depth of discussion
Extreme Variations in “Geopolitics”
Introductory Geography texts
• Bergman and Renwick 2008 4e
– “A pseudoscience studying ‘the natural and necessary
trend towards [national] expansion as a means of self
preservation.”
– Summary and dismissal of Ratzel
– Contrasts with a 6 page discussion of “Empire” which
includes a US empire.
• Knox and Marsten 2003 2e
– “…one of the cornerstones of twentieth century political
geography, and state foreign policy more generally
– Glossary: “The state’s power to shape and control
space or territory and shape the policy of individual
states and international policy relations.”
Mentions
Cold War,
Military (general or any),
or military industrial complex
Based on index listings
May miss detailed chapter content
depending on quality of index
Overview
• Few introductory texts mention
– Cold war gets most mention, but not in all texts
• Fewer economic geography texts mention
– Either introductory or upper level
• World Regional Geography mentions most
– Cold war most common
– Only two mention military-industrial relationship
• Regional Geography of the US and Canada
– No mention
• High tech sector often mentioned
– Connection not made
Introductory Geography texts
• Bergman and Renwick 2008 4e
– One sentence mention of cold war
– Mention of military bases in Puerto Rico
– Six pages on empires (including US empire)
• Knox and Marsten, 2003 2e
– Three mentions of cold war: uncertainty
• Getis, Fellmann and Fellmann 2008, 11e
– No mention of cold war, military, etc
Introductory Geography, continued
• Rubenstein 2008, 9e
– Seven mentions of cold war, often as “era”
• Four on military alliances
• de Blij at al
– One mention of military service as migration
Introductory Economic Geography Texts
• Stutz and Warf 2007 5e
– General mention of “command economy”
– One sentence mention of “communism”
• in China
– Forty-eight page chapter on history of capitalism
• No mention of military industrial competition, cold war
– Nine pages on colonisation
• Wheeler and Muller 1998, 3e
– No mention of cold war, military
Introductory Economic Geography,
continued
• Fik 2000 2e
– Definition of cold war in context of economic
systems
• Dicken 2003 3e
– No mention of cold war, military
Upper Level Economic Geography
• Lee and Wills 1997
– Two works of Markusen cited
– Military industrial complex not mentioned
• Bryson et al 1999
– Chapter on post-soviet Europe
• Sheppard and Barnes 2000
– Watts post-cold war and environmental issues
– Hayter and cold war effect on resource policy
– Herod and cold war impact on trade
Upper Level Economic Geography
• Barnes reader 2003
– No mentions
• Coe et al 2007
– No mentions
World Regional Geography
• Bradshaw et al 2007
– Seven mentions of cold war
• Clawson et al 2007 9e
– One mention of military’s role in Russian science
• de Blij and Muller 12e
– 22 mentions of cold war
• Hobbs and Salter
– Five mentions of cold war
– One mention of arms race and GDP share in US
and USSR
World Regional Geography
• Marsten, Knox and Liverman 2005 2e
– Twelve mentions of cold war
• Role in US sunbelt development
• Soviet military-industrial cities
• US wars in cold war context
• Pulsipher and Pulsipher 2006 3e
– Fourteen mentions of cold war
• Rowntree et al 2006 3e
– Nine mentions of cold war
Geography of the US and Canada
• Hudson 2002
– No specific mention
• McKnight 2004 4e
– No specific mention
• Birdsall et al 2005
– No specific mention