Florence L. Goodenough and Dale B. Harris
Draw-A-Man Test
by: Mallory Jaryga
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Florence Laura Goodenough
Born August 6,
1886 in
Honesdale, PA
 Youngest of nine
children
 Parents were
farmers
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Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Florence Laura Goodenough
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She never married
Forced to retire early because of a
degenerative physical illness
Died of a stroke at her sister’s home in
Florida on April 4, 1959
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Goodenough’s Education
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1908 – Bachelor of
Pedagogy: Millersville,
Pennsylvania Normal
School
1920 – Bachelor of
Science: Columbia
University
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
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1921 – Master of Arts
with Leta Hollingworth:
Columbia University
1924 – Doctor of
Psychology: Stanford
University
Landmarks in Her Career
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1921 – Worked with Lewis Terman at Stanford while
he developed the Stanford-Binet intelligence test
1925 – Assistant Professor at the University of
Minnesota
1931 – Professor at the University of Minnesota
1947 – Professor Emeritus at the University of
Minnesota
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Honors
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1942 – President of the National Counsel of
Women Psychologists
1946-1947 – President of the Society for
Research in Child Development
Listed in the Watson Directory of Outstanding
Contributors to Psychology
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Contributions
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Minnesota Preschool Scale
Developed time sampling
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Developed event sampling
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Studying a participant’s behavior for a set period of time
Studying a participant’s particular behavior and counting its
occurrence
First psychologist to critique ratio I.Q.
Instructed Ruth Howard, who was the first AfricanAmerican female to receive a Ph.D. in psychology
Draw-a-Man/Draw-a-Woman Test
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Draw-a-Man Test
“The nature and content
of children’s drawings
are dependent primarily
upon intellectual
development.”
Florence L. Goodenough
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Draw-a-Man Test: Findings of Others
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In the drawings of young children, a close
relationship exists between concept development
and general intelligence.
To the child, drawing is a form of expression rather
than a representation of beauty.
A child draws what he knows, not what he sees.
The child exaggerates the size of objects which
seem interesting or important.
Marked sex differences, usually in favor of the girls,
are frequently observed.
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Development of the Goodenough Scale
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Chronological age and school grade were
used in establishing norms.
Every effort was made to reduce the problem
of subjectivity.
Standard subject matter and instruction were
developed.
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Why a Man?
 Familiarity
 Consistency
 Simple
and Complicated
 Universal Interest
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Dale B. Harris
“Of the many tests of intelligence,
the Goodenough Draw-a-Man
Test is perhaps the most unusual
in basic conception, brevity, and
general convenience.”
- Harris
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Dale B. Harris
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Harris worked with Goodenough on the
completion of his book: Children’s Drawings
as Measures of Intellectual Maturity.
His purpose was to revise, not change,
Goodenough’s scale, put certain
uncompleted aspects of Goodenough’s
research in order, and extend the knowledge
of the psychology of children’s drawings.
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Harris’ Extension of Goodenough’s Scale
Adolescents
 New items
 Extended scale forms
 Projective uses
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Drawing Test’s Uses
Personality
 Sensory Deviates
 Intellectual Development
 Learning Differences
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Universal Positives of the Test
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Versatility
Simplicity
Age
Artistic Ability
Time
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Personal Limitations
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Unequal number of students
Racial differences
Time
Copying, Talking, Distractions
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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
– A number arrived at by means of intelligence tests, intended to express the
degree of intelligence of an individual in relation to the average for the agegroup
Mental age
– A child’s level of mental maturity, different from their chronological age and
behavioral maturity
Cognitive Development
– The process that includes perception, conceptualizing, knowing, judging,
and reasoning
Intellectual Maturity
– Intellectual state of maturity as separate from behavioral maturity
Raw score
– The number of points each child receives for their drawing
Standard score
– “Attempts to represent the measurement theory that intelligence is a
mosaic of abilities”
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Hypothesis
In comparing the two groups of drawings, the
children at The Shelton School will display a higher
level of cognitive development due to their school
situation and social standing. Although the children
at Townsell Elementary presumably have not been
diagnosed with any learning differences and are the
same age as the children tested at Shelton, their
level of development will be lower due to their school
and social situation. Furthermore, the drawings will
possibly lead to questions regarding undiagnosed
learning differences in the children at Townsell.
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Websites
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The Shelton School
Irving Independent School District
Florence Goodenough
Human Intelligence
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Scoring
Excel Spreadsheet
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Discussion of Results
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Cayley
Age: 5 years, 2
months
Raw Score: 27
Standard
Score:127
Percentile: 96
Highest score
at Shelton
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Ruthie
Age: 6 years, 5 months
Raw Score: 27
Standard Score: 116
Percentile: 86
Second highest score at
Shelton
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Jake
Age: 7 years, 2
months
Raw Score: 14
Standard Score: 81
Percentile: 10
Lowest score at
Shelton
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Age: 6 years
Raw Score: 7
Standard Score: 67
Joshalyn
Percentile: 1
Lowest score of all the children I tested
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Menal
Age: 6 years
Raw Score: 32
Standard Score: 130
Percentile: 98
Second highest at Townsell,
highest of Townsell girls
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Mark
Age: 7 years
Raw Score: 41
Standard Score: 141
Percentile: 99
Highest score of all the
children I tested
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
What does it all mean??
Averages
Excel Spreadsheet
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Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04
Mallory Jaryga 11/12/04