Ch. 27
Life in Two City-States:
Athens and Sparta
27.3 Athenian Government
• Democracy
– Every citizen could participate in the city’s
gov’t (Direct Democracy)
– Council of 500
• Chosen randomly from all citizens 30 yrs+
• Day-to-day business
• Everyday
– Assembly
•
•
•
•
•
debated and voted on all laws
Approved laws
Included every citizen
Met every 10 days
6,000 citizens must be present
27.4 Athenian Economy
• Trade with foreign
land & other citystates
• Buy & sell in the
agora
• Coins to facilitate
trade
27.5 Education in Athens
• Boys taught at home by
mother until 6 or 7
• School 6 – 14
–Reading, writing, arithmetic,
literature, sports, music
• Military training at 18
• Private tutor for wealthy
• Purpose – to make good citizens
27.6 Women & slaves in Athens
Women
• Not citizens
• Couldn’t choose
husband
• Couldn’t own property
• Some priestesses
• Managed household
• Didn’t go out alone
27.6 Women & slaves in Athens
Slaves
• Born slaves or captured
in war
• Variety of jobs, some
highly skilled
• Some in silver mines
27.7 Spartan Government
Oligarchy
• Real power in hands of a few
• Council of Elders
– 2 kings & 28 others
– Important decisions
–60 years+, wealthy
–Served for life
• Assembly
–Little power
–Didn’t debate issues
27.8 Spartan Economy
• Limited trading
• Farming
• Slaves (helots) & noncitizens
produced goods
• Conquered other people
• Iron bars used for money
27.9 Education in Sparta
•Age 7 - Trained to fight
•Boys taught to suffer pain without
complaining
•Age 20 - Fitness & military test
– Must pass to be soldier & full citizen
•Live with family at age 30
•Purpose – to make good soldiers
27.10 Women & Slaves in Sparta
Women
• Same simple life as
men
• Strong & ready to
fight
• Looked after
husband’s property
while gone
• Could own and
control property
27.10 Women & Slaves in Sparta
Slaves
• Treated very harshly
• Killed if thought to rebel
• Could marry freely
• Sell extra crops
• Buy freedom
In this form of gov’t, power is in
the hands of one person who
25%
25%
25%
25%
inherited power.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Monarchy
Oligarchy
Tyranny
Democracy
1
2
3
4
In this form of gov’t, ruling
power is shared by all citizens.
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
25%
25%
2
3
25%
Monarchy
Oligarchy
Tyranny
Democracy
1
4
In this form of gov’t, a person
seizes power illegally, usually
by force.
25%
25%
25%
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
Monarchy
Oligarchy
Tyranny
Democracy
1
2
3
4
In this form of gov’t, ruling
power is in the hands of a few
people.
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
25%
25%
2
3
25%
Monarchy
Oligarchy
Tyranny
Democracy
1
4
When the oligarchs ruled, what
happened to the rich?
1. They got richer
2. They demanded a
democracy
3. They moved to
Sparta
4. They gave all their
money to the poor
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Who makes the laws in a
monarchy?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Citizens
Assembly
Tyrant
King
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
In this type of democracy, every
citizen can vote on every issue.
(Athens)
50%
50%
1. Direct democracy
2. Representative
democracy
1
2
In the United States, citizens vote
for representatives who decide
issues on their behalf.
This50%is
50%
called….
1. Direct democracy
2. Representative
democracy
1
2
In Athens, the group of citizens
who voted on the laws was
called the…
25%
1.
2.
3.
4.
25%
25%
2
3
25%
VIPs
Assembly
Aristocrats
Senators
1
4
Who could speak and vote in
the Assembly?
1. Spartan soldiers
2. Athenian slaves
3. Any man who lived
in Greece
4. Free Athenianborn men
25%
1
25%
25%
2
3
25%
4
Boys received an intensive
military training beginning at the
age of 7.50%
50%
1. Athens
2. Sparta
1
2
The purpose of education was
to produce good citizens.
1. Athens
2. Sparta
50%
1
50%
2
Economy was based on trade.
1. Athens
2. Sparta
50%
1
50%
2
Economy was based on farming
and conquest.
50%
50%
1. Athens
2. Sparta
1
2
Able to grow most of what they
needed to survive. Little contact
with outside world. Distrustful of
outsiders. 50%
50%
1. Athens
2. Sparta
1
2
Women had more rights than
most Greek women. Could own
and control property.
1. Athens
2. Sparta
50%
50%
Most decisions in Sparta were
made by a small group of men
25%
25%
25%
25%
called the…
1.
2.
3.
4.
Assembly
Monarchy
Council of Elders
Helots
1
2
3
4
•Put the Athens/Sparta Double
Bubble in a pile at the front of your
table
•Write your homework in the binder
reminder
Do it for Sparta!!!!!
.
Texting? Spartans don’t text!!!!!
We fight!
Text:
Lol
brb
ttyl
g2g
omg
asap
Rofl
ftw
4
u
idk
y
Tmi
2
idc
afk
jk
thx
Tgif
ily
skol
skewl cul8r
XD
kewl
<3
=)
nvm
T.T
Nm
ur
ru
>=(
2day
fyi
=P
btw
ttfn
._.
Examples for Krater painting
• 249, 256, 257, 262, 264, 266, 270, 272, 299,
303, 313
ATHENS
• Lost control of Attica and
only gradually reestablished itself as a
unified state in the region
– By 650 BC
• Entered a period of internal
turmoil around 630 BC
– Two attempts by
individuals to seize
control of the city
– Great deal of unrest by
lower classes and
hoplites against
domination by oligarchy
of wealthy landowning
families
– Oligarchy also divided
between conservative and
progressive factions
SOLON
• Solon given job to reform city’s
laws and restore internal peace
and order
– 594 BC
– Determined to stamp out
lawlessness at all levels of
society and convinced all
Athenians that disobedience to
the law would destroy the city
• Best way to do this was to
make the law more fair and
eliminate unjust laws
– Only way to get people to
respect the law was to
make it worthy of their
respect
REFORMS OF SOLON
• Abolished practice of enslaving a person
for unpaid debts and freed all persons
enslaved for that reason
• Abolished all feudal obligations that
commoners owed the aristocracy
• Widened political participation
– Broke monopoly aristocrats had over
Council of Athens, elected positions,
and Assembly of Athens
– Allowed all citizens regardless of
wealth to serve in Assembly
– Opened up position of archon and
seat in Council of Athens to wealthy
hoplites
– Created new 400 member body which
acted as Supreme Court
– Established right of any citizen to
bring a case to court
REFORMS BACKFIRE A LITTLE
• Solon’s reforms went long way
towards opening up Athenian
society and government to a
greater number of people
– But they did not immediately
end the turmoil that plagued the
city
• Athens did prosper
– Rapid population growth,
geographic expansion, various
public works projects
– But Solon’s reforms increased
infighting by multiplying the
number of factions struggling
for control
• Even resulted in several
dictatorships (tyrannies)
CLEISTHENES
• Two factions struggled for
control after death of the tyrant
Hippias (508 BC)
– One led by Isagoras and the
other by Cleisthenes
• Cleisthenes won
– Because he had cultivated
the support of the demos
• Majority of Athenian
population who were still
excluded from politics
because they owned little
or no property
• He had won their support
because he promised to
give them a legal political
voice
REFORMS OF CLEISTHENES
• Cleisthenes kept promise to demos
– Population of city and region
divided into ten tribes
– Each included people from all
walks of life
– Each elected representatives to
the Council, elected generals and
public officials, and jurors to
Supreme Court
• Cleisthenes permanently broke
power of old aristocracy and
established the foundation for
democracy
ARCHAIC GREECE
• At beginning of period, most of
the Aegean world was divided
into independent principalities
– Had simple social structures
with nobility on top and
everyone else below
• By 500 BC, principalities had
been transformed into citystates
– Aristocracy reduced to just
one faction of many
– Aristocratic value system
subsided in favor of a new
one based on service to the
community and the law
POETS
• Old value system of aristocracy was
based on fighting and an obsession
with honor
– But the new city-state, with its
commercial and business activities,
had little use for a bunch of jealous,
warring aristocrats with their
inflated sense of honor
• Required instead justice,
established by law according to
rational and regular procedures
• Poets at the forefront of attack on old
aristocratic value system
– Example: Archilocus
– Argued old aristocratic and heroic
values were out of touch with the
times
• Silly and counter to the need for
law and order
CHANGES IN RELIGION
• Gods reflected aristocratic values
in Homer’s poems
– Obsessed with fighting, killing,
and performing heroic feats
• During the Archaic Ages, gods
became more interested in justice
– Urged men to be content with
their lot in life
• To go against this was now
considered hubris
– Insolence against the
gods
• Religion modified during Archaic
Age to reinforce new value system
and discourage the old
SUMMARY
• Mutually-reinforcing cycle
– Growth of business and trade undermined the
aristocratic monopoly over society
• Decline of aristocracy was accompanied by a parallel
decline in their value system
– Helped by propaganda attacks by poets and a
gradual shift in religious emphasis
– Decline of aristocratic value system was paralleled by
the rise of a new value system based on law, order, and
stability
• Encouraged further business growth and prosperity
– Sped up the decline of the aristocracy
– Provided good environment for development of
literature and beginning of philosophic and
scientific speculation
PRIVATE SPHERE/PUBLIC
SPHERE
• No “diffusion of loyalty”
– No chance for citizen to develop
non-state loyalties
• Only one state religion
• No non-state cultural
associations
– All art was public and all
cultural events were state
affairs
– Nothing in the Greek polis existed to
distract the citizen from his loyalty
to the state
• Private sphere linked tightly to
the state, focusing everyone’s
absolute loyalty to that institution
POLITICAL ASSUMPTIONS
• Taken for granted that all
important questions
regarding policy-making,
legislation, and judiciary
was the concern of all
citizens
– Professionals did not
dominate government
• Power was not dissipated
among a multitude of
specialized departments
and institutions
– Rested fully in the hands
of the people
CITIZENSHIP
• All city-states restricted
who could become a
citizen
– General tendency in
Archaic Age was
towards less
restrictivness
• Citizens only made up
part of total population
– Rest were foreigners,
slaves, and freedmen
SLAVES AND FREEDMEN
• Slaves played crucial role in
economy of all city-states of ancient
Greece
– And in Sparta, they were the
economy
• Freedmen worked as craftsmen,
small farmers, small retail
merchants
– But they worked for themselves,
not for others
• To work for someone else on a
regular basis was the mark of a
slave
– Essential characteristic of a
freedman was economic
independence
• No matter how low-level or
demeaning the work they did
FREEDMEN
• Freedmen often very poor
– Did not view themselves as
oppressed working class
– Complaints directed against the
rich
• Especially wealthy creditors
• Slogans concerned lack of
political participation or the
elimination of debts
– Saw themselves as independent
businessmen
• Wanted recognition of their
status and relief from the costs
of doing business
– Never formed any kind of alliance
with slaves to overcome their
mutual exploitation
• Because they say themselves as
inherently better than slaves
GREEK FAMILY
• Archaic Greeks viewed family as
immortal
– Founded in mythical days and
would continue forever
– Male head of family therefore had to
work to ensure this immortality
• By expanding its economic base,
performing religious rituals,
worshipping ancestors, having
children
– Family without children was
not considered a family at all
• Family heads under great
pressure to keep their families
going by having children
MARRIAGE
• Marriage was a carefully
considered, regulated step
– Were prearranged
– Couple became
engaged as children
after long negotiations
between parents
– It was understood that
love would develop after
marriage
• Not before
GREEK WOMEN
• Greeks attached immense importance
to chastity of citizen women
– It was of utmost importance that
legitimacy of offspring not be
questions on the grounds of a premarital or extra-marital affair
– Took every precaution to segregate
women from men
• Even set aside a part of the house
for exclusive use of women
– Adultery considered a serious crime
that threatened foundation of the
state
• Not just a private matter
CITIZEN AND SLAVE WOMEN
• Women had no political role
– Charged with running
households and nothing else
• Slave women and freedman
women had more freedom
– Since they were not
considered important enough
to worry about
• No one cared if their
families remained intact or
not
• Could pretty well do what
they wanted in their private
lives
FINAL POINT
• Neither male nor female citizens enjoyed a high degree of
freedom (in the modern sense of the term)
– Greek ideas of freedom implied conformity to
community standards of behavior
• Community needs defined the roles of men and
women and restricted the freedom of both
• Male family heads had little choice over who and
when he should marry, whether to have children, etc.
– Law and custom demanded that he subordinate
his own needs and desires to those of his family
and the community at large
– In exchange, men and women enjoyed a strong
and stimulating community life
» A trade off between liberty and security, with
security receiving the most emphasis
SPARTA
• Sparta focused on foreign
conquest in response to
population pressure
– By 600 BC it had taken over the
nearby city of Messenia
• Doubling agricultural
acreage and establishing
firm economic base for
future military power
• War against Messenia also forced
fundamental social, political, and
economic reforms within Sparta
– First written constitution in
Greek history
• Reflected unique form of
society in which every
aspect of a citizen’s life was
governed by military
necessity
SPARTAN TRAINING I
• Every new-born infant examined by
committee
– Abandoned to die if it showed any
type of deformity
• Enrolled in special troops at age six
– Remained members until age 18
– Girls still lived at home but boys
lived away from parents
– Put through increasingly brutal
series of classes designed to
make them used to suffering and
hardship
• Also designed to break down
family relationships
• Education focused on music,
dancing, and athletics
SPARTAN TRAINING II
• Began formal military training at
age 18
– Took 2 years to complete
• Applied for admission into a
military club after successful
completion of training
– Membership was official
indication that a boy had
become a man
– Application for admission had
to be voted on by other
members of club
• Vote had to be unanimous
• Not allowed to marry or have a
family for 10 years
– Still had to have meals with
club until he was 60
• Military clubs formed basic unit of
military service
HELOTS
• Spartan men given plots of land
to support themselves after they
joined a military club
– Did not work land themselves
– Work done by helots
• Slaves owned by the
Spartan state
• Manufacturing also done by
helots
• Spartan men lived off the work of
others so that they could devote
their entire life to being a soldier
SPARTAN GOVERNMENT
• Two kings
– Led army and Sparta in general
– Hereditary
• Gerousia
– 28 man council
– All members over 60 years old
– Drew up proposals for
legislation
• Assembly of the Spartans
– All full male citizens
– Voted on legislative proposals
– Presided over by five elected
officials called ephors
King Leonidas
Originally
Decisions
a protective
made
alliance
through
with
included
majority
most
Sparta
exercised
power
of thevote
city-states
but Sparta
in the
through
the Peloponnesian
Peloponnese
became
League
accepted as
Met periodically to discuss
most important
issues
member and was
able to get
majority support
for its position
on any issue
SPARTA CONTROLLED
THE PELOPONNESIAN
LEAGUE
BRIDGES HOLLAND
7th Grade Social Studies
Chapter 10
GREEK CITY-STATES
BRIDGES HOLLAND
7th Grade Social Studies
Chapter 10
GREEK CITY-STATES
CHAPTER 10
THE CITY-STATES
SECTION 1—THE POLIS
SECTION 2—SPARTA
SECTION 3—ATHENS
SECTION 4—DECLINE OF CITY-STATES
TERMS TO LEARN
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
POLIS
ACROPOLIS
AGORA
ARISTOCRATS
OLIGARCHY
CONSTITUTION
MERCENARIES
SECTION 1--THE POLIS
•
•
•
•
Polis- center of Greek life (City-State)
Acropolis- fortified hill temple to gods
Agora- open marketplace area
Polis- gave sense of belonging, good of the polis was top
priority
• If Born outside Greece—No citizenship
• Citizens could Vote, fight in Army, hold office, speak for
themselves in court.
• Greatest City-States -- (Athens, Sparta
SECTION 1-ACTIVITY
3.
2.
GREEK
CITY
STATE
1.
• Draw a Web like
this one, and use it
to show 3
characteristics of
most Greek CityStates.
SECTION 2– SPARTA
371b.c.)
Sparta greatest military power in
Greece
Aristocrats took over government
(ARMY)
Ephors controlled public affairs
of Sparta (yearly)
Helots (slaves) farmed
Aristocrats stay in army from 760 yrs. Old
Sparta’s only goal: Military
Strength
(800b.c.--
SECTION 2--ACTIVITY
PROS
CONS
After reading Section 2—SPARTA, list
3 pros and 3 cons of living in Sparta.
SECTION 3--ATHENS
•
•
•
•
Athens was ruled by an Oligarchy-few people have ruling powe
Solon set up first Athenian Constitution
Citizenship was offered to everyone
508b.c. first democratic government setup (favoring the
people)
• Became citizens at age 18
• 490b.c. the word “Nike” was first used (Greek goddess of
victory upon defeat of the Persians.
• Delian League was formed (city-states joined)
(like the United Nations)
SECTION 3--ACTIVITY
EFFECTS OF THE
DELAIN LEAGUE
IN
ATHENS
IN OTHER
CITYSTATES
DRAW A DIAGRAM LIKE THIS, AND USE IT TO SHOW
HOW THE DELIAN LEAGUE AFFECTED BOTH ATHENS
AND OTHER CITY-STATES.
SECTION
4–
DECLINE
SECTION 4--DECLINE OF
OFTHE
THECITY-STATES
CITY STATE
• After Peloponnesian War, Greeks had lost sense of
community, and only wanted to make money
• Sparta ruled all of Greece now
• Thebes overthrew Sparta
• The rule of Thebes was worse than that of Sparta
• City-States were weakened
• Greece was finally conquered by Phillip II of
Macedonia
SECTION 4--ACTIVITY
Peloponnesian
War
READ SECTION 4, THEN
DRAW A FLOW CHART LIKE
THIS ONE, AND USE IT TO
TRACE THE DELCINE OF THE
GREEK CITY-STATES AFTER
THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR
IN 430B.C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
REVIEW
What did the citizens of a polis consider most important?
Why did Sparta remain a poor farming society?
What was Sparta’s main goal?
In what City-State did the first democratic style of govt.
begin?
5. What was the purpose of the Delian League, and what
does it compare to today?
6. Which City-State did not join the Delian League?
7. Who conquered Greece?
SPARTA & ATHENS
SPARTA
ATHENS
DRAW A
VENN
DIAGRAM
LIKE THIS
ONE, AND
USE IT TO
COMPARE
SPARTA
AND
ATHENS AT
THEIR
HEIGHT OF
POWER
Dog Eat Dog
Polis = city-state
•Walking death trap
•Bunch ‘em
•Decoy
•Deceive the enemy
•Sacrifice (two fer)
•Shield
•Predict the enemy
Biopoem
Greek name
Title
Relative of ____
Lover of ____ (things or people)
Who feels ____ (1-3 things)
Who needs ____ (1-3 things)
Who fears _____ (1-3 things)
Who gives _____ (1-3 things)
Who would like to see ___ (1-3 things)
Resident of _______
Roman name
Homework
• Greek God Commercial
Planning Sheet &
Storyboard due Tuesday
• Commercial filming Tuesday
• Getty Villa E.C. due May 14