Organizational Change:
An Unnatural Act
Introductory Calculus-Based
Physics Course Conference
Arlington, VA
Gary Gladding
University of Illinois
November 2, 2003
Introduction
• Ask Google
First impression: Lots of Language Play
e.g.,
Most relevant book?
The Guru Guide
• “Cliff Notes with an Attitude”
 Discussion of ideas of 79 management gurus
• Who says what?
• Link ideas
• Sense and nonsense
Seven Tips for Managing
Organizational Change
• You have to establish a darn good reason to change
• You have to create a compelling vision
• You need results – fast
• Communicate, communicate, and communicate some more
• Build a strong committed, top management coalition
• Don’t KISS (Keep it Simple, Stupid) – Keep it Complex
• People Don’t Resist Their Own Ideas
Conclusions
Not science (no all-encompassing theory)
Storytelling is important … On to our story!!
Road Map
• Overview
– the OLD (all courses prior to Fall 96)
– The NEW (all courses after Fall 99)
• The Revision
– Faculty Participation
– The Pieces (Lectures, Discussions, Labs, Exams, Homework)
• Concluding Thoughts
– Why did it work?
– Questions??
The OLD
• Introductory Physics at Illinois prior to Fall 1996
– We do “Educate in Bulk”
• Calculus-based sequence
– Physics 106 (Mechanics)
– Physics 107 (E&M)
– Physics 108 (Waves)
• Algebra-based sequence
– Physics 101 (Mechanics, thermo)
– Physics 102 (E&M, modern)
FALL
500
800
400
SPRING
1000
450
750
300
200
2200
200
300
2700
– Tradition, Tradition, Tradition
• Large (200-300) Lectures with Small (24) Sections for Discussions and
Labs (6-7 hrs/week)
• Lecturers free to “reinvent the flat tire” , Discussion TAs pretty much on
their own, Labs intellectually disconnected from rest of course.
• Exams: Quantitative Problems
• RESULTS: NOBODY IS HAPPY !!
The NEW
• Introductory Physics at Illinois as of Spring 2000
ALL COURSES TOTALLY REVISED !
The Big Idea: Integrate all aspects of a course using
interactive engagement methods based on physics education
research in a team teaching environment
• ONE COURSE !!
– All pieces of the course (lecture, discussion, labs, homework) must be made
of the same cloth.
– The student should see a coherent plan at work.
• Emphasize Concepts
–
Traditionally, there is a large gap between what we think we are teaching
(physics) and what is being learned (equation manipulation)
– Introduce explicit instruction on concepts (and test for it!)
• Use Interactive Engagement Methods
–
–
–
The learning of physics is NOT a spectator sport
Engage the student in all aspects of the course (including lecture)
Make use of the products of Physics Education Research (materials and
knowledge). There is a research base here and faculty (especially at a
research university) should use it!!
Faculty Participation
• Overriding Rule:
NO HEROES!
• Key Ideas
• Sustainability cannot be built on heroism.
• Faculty assignment must be seen as an ordinary assignment
• Infrastructure lowers the bar for participation
• How to Do It?
• 16-17 Faculty assigned for these courses (2500 students)
• Responsibilities: Lecturer,Discussion Coordinator,Lab Coordinator
• Faculty team meets weekly to keep course on track.
• Faculty team creates exams
• Support Infrastructure developed (computing, secretarial, …)
57 Faculty have taught in these revised courses!
The Pieces
• Lectures, Discussions, Labs, Homework, Exams
– IMPORTANT RULE:
STEAL FIRST!
Well, maybe ADAPT is a better word?
• Local conditions often dictate some modifications
• Don’t invent anything until you discover a real problem
that has not yet been solved.
Lectures
• Calculus-Based Courses (111-114)
• PowerPoint Lectures with Video Projection
• Students can buy hard copies of slides & bring them to lecture
• Lectures are also available for viewing on the Web
• Lectures punctuated by ACTs (interactive segments)
• Algebra-Based Courses (101-102)
• “Just In Time Teaching”
• Students complete Web-based “preflights” (questions based
on readings) BEFORE 8am on day of lecture.
• Lecturer reads the responses of students and prepares
“Lecture” between 8am and noon.
• Lecture (at 1pm and 2pm) consists of explanations and ACTs
that are designed to address the student difficulties seen in
the preflights.
Discussion Sections
TA to the rescue?
A Question!!
NO LECTURING HERE
• Key Idea: Collaborative Learning
– Students work in groups of 4 on problems prepared by the senior staff. TAs
act as facilitators, not lecturers.
– TA preparation very important (credit to Tim Stelzer)
• Orientation, Weekly Meetings, Mentor TAs, Observation
– Content of prepared materials very important (Tutorials, Context-Rich, and
our own)
Labs
– Adopt the approach of Thornton & Sokoloff to actively engage the students
in the learning process and to promote mastery of concepts by manipulation
of experimental apparatus.
– Prelab assignments; Lab reports finished within class period.
Student Satisfaction with
Discussions and Labs
THE OLD
Spring 95
Total Physics TAs = 77
# “Excellent”
= 15
• How do students rate their TAs?
19 ± 5 %
– University-wide ranking of
“excellent”  top 30% of peers
THE NEW
Spring 01
Total Physics TAs = 75
# “Excellent”
= 58
77 ± 6 %
•
What we used to do:
•
What we do now:
Exams
– Exam composed of 4 multi-part calculational problems.
– Exam graded by faculty + TAs immediately afterward. Subjective partial credit given
based on student’s approach.
– Problems?
• Students can learn to do these problems without understanding what they are
doing.
• Whining, cheating on regrades, questionable application of partial credit.
– Exam composed of Multiple Choice questions, both qualitative and quantitative, often
using the same physical situation. We have always believed in the importance of
conceptual understanding, but students didn’t believe us because we never explicitly
asked these questions before!
– Partial credit scheme for quantitative (5 possible answers) questions. Students can
choose to get reduced credit if they can successfully eliminate unphysical answers.
Reliability Study
Validity Study
1800
1400
1200
1000
100
σ = 3.1%
σ = ~.25 GP
800
600
400
200
Raw
r = 0.78
80
MC Score
# of students
4 courses
32 course-sem
51 profs
128 exams
>4000 questions
>12000 students
120
1600
60
40
Corrected
r = 0.98
20
0
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
% Difference in Even and Odd Tests
0
0
20
40
60
80
Committee Score
100
120
Homework Assignments
• Weekly Homework Assignments are done on the Web, using
the TYCHO system developed by Denny Kane at Illinois.
– Preflights
• Students submit answers (usually multiple choice plus text box for
explanation)
• Analysis tools available for faculty
– Homework A
• Quantitative and symbolic questions (enter number or expression),
unlimited submissions.. Fixed “help” statements available.
• Immediate response.
– Homework B
• Multiple choice qualitative and quantitative (as in exams)
• Delayed response (i.e., an online quiz)
– Interactive Examples
• Web-based “Socratic dialogues” designed to promote concept-based
problem solving
– More on this now as these exercises become our contribution to
the research base!!
Why Interactive Examples?
• In all other aspects of our revision, we have “borrowed freely” from the
work of others!
• We created Interactive Examples (IEs) to address a specific problem
for which we could find no existing solution.
– The Problem:
• It’s been our experience that too many students see “concepts” and
“calculations” as two totally separate and unrelated activities.
– When given a quantitative question, most students will NOT think
about the CONCEPTS that are involved.
– When given a qualitative question, most students will never consider
writing down an appropriate equation… math is NOT seen as a TOOL
– Our Solution:
• Create web-based exercises that engage the student in the solution of
difficult quantitative problems using a “concept-based” method.
• Implementation status:
– We have created about 125 IEs for five courses at Illinois
– These IEs are being used for credit at 10 other institutions
What is an Interactive Example?
http://wug.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/ie.html
• Base question is a quantitative problem (multi-step).
• Students can request help which comes in the form of more questions.
– These questions are designed to guide the student along a path suggested by
the UMASS PERG:
• Conceptual Analysis: What concepts and/or principles determine what
will happen in the physical situation? Graphical representations?
Qualitative Behavior?
• Strategic Analysis: What general approach to take? Develop a plan for
applying the principles identified in conceptual analysis.
• Quantitative Analysis: What are the appropriate equations for this
problem. Work out the mathematical solution.
• Meta Analysis: What have we done? Reflect on, make sense of the
previous analyses. IEs use the optional follow-up questions to do this
task.
• Students can opt to answer the base question at any time.
• Eventually, enough help is given to solve the problem (it is an “example”!)
• Once the base question is answered correctly:
– A Recap is given (Conceptual, Strategic and Quantitative Analyses).
– Follow-Up Questions (optional, i.e. no credit) are asked.
•
Assessment of Interactive Examples
What do students think of them?
– They love them!
• “I really liked this web based exercise. It emphasizes the concepts as well as the
mathematical approaches to physics problems. The help button is a great idea
because if you are stuck on a problem, there is an option to get some help without
someone just telling you the answers.”
• “…It's like having a personal TA to assist you with every problem when you get
stuck.”
• … Sometimes I don't know how to start a problem and end up asking friends how
to do it. Thanks to a little help from this system, I can figure the questions out on
my own. I think I learned more and it was more satisfying to solve a problem…”
– Why?? Some conjectures…
• Students like IEs because THE STUDENT IS IN CONTROL
– Students can choose to ask for help and can abort the help sequence
whenever they think they can answer the base question
• Students like IEs because IEs are GOAL-DRIVEN (answer the base question)
– Base question -> Help questions provides hierarchy
• Do students learn more from IEs?
80
70
70
60
60
50
Count
50
Count
YES !!
Look at d, the normalized
difference between the
average score on
Homework B questions in
different semesters
Effect
Post
IEof IE's
Measuring
Pre IE Zero
40
Pre IE differences
40
Model
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
-3
0
δ
3
0
-3
0
δ
3
Concluding Thoughts
• Most Important Consideration to Always Keep in Mind:
Main Obstacle to Change is the Faculty !!
– Character issue: The Arrogance of Physicists
• What makes effective instruction is largely an
empirical question.
• Listen to students and Learn from others
– Cultural issue: “My” Course
• Course is NOT just lectures
• Progress comes from contributions of many
Concluding Thoughts
• Seven Tips for Managing Organizational Change
You have to establish a darn good reason to change
• Pressure (Engineering College, Dept Head)
– You have to create a compelling vision
• Lemons to Lemonade.. Existing models, knowledge
– You need results – fast (???)
Communicate, communicate, and communicate some more
Build a strong committed, top management coalition
People don’t resist their own ideas
• Committee of 8 met regularly for a year to generate the design
• Respected regular faculty that became the core of original implemention
– Don’t KISS (Keep it Simple, Stupid) – Keep it Complex
• Large-scale complex change may be easier to accomplish than smallscale incremental change
– Why? Interconnections (largely cultural) of the system make
incremental change difficult.. Need to break connections..
• Changed all aspects of course at once.. a leap of faith.. Just Do It !!
• Energizing and Liberating Experience
– Provides environment that supports the huge amount of work
necessary for initial implementation to get done!!
• New culture: Teaching Intro Physics can be enjoyable and does not have
to be a big deal!!
–
How to Sustain Reform?
• Very Important Question
– People who create the reform are usually not the same kind of people who
enjoy making the trains run on time.
• Some Possible Answers
– Establish Infrastructure
• People (veteran faculty, computing help, lecture, lab & secretarial
support, new Assoc Head position)
• Computing (all materials on central server, easily accessed by all)
• Welcome to 1XX, here’s how we do things….
– Establish Physics Education Research Group
• Basis for continuing interest (not based on making trains run on time)
• Assessment of reforms
• Allows for “continuous change”
That’s All Folks !
That’s All Folks!
Sample Physics 102 ACT
W
L
1
3
v
2
v
v
Which loop has the greatest induced current at the instant
shown above?
1 or 2 or 3 or all the same?
Sample Preflight from Physics 101
Three swimmers can swim equally fast relative to the
water. They have a race to see who can swim across a
river in the least time. Relative to the water, Beth
(B) swims perpendicular to the flow, Ann (A) swims
upstream, and Carly (C) swims downstream. Which
swimmer wins the race?
A B C
16% A) Ann
The shortest distant across is a straight line. Beth starts off straight but
the current is taking her to the right so she has to swim longer to get
across. Carly is already going to the right and plus the current so she
would have to travel the farthest. Ann is swimming to the left and because
the current is goin to the right it would push her into a straight line. So
Ann would get there the fastest.
30% B) Beth
Beth will reach the shore first because the vertical component of her
velocity is greater than that of the other swimmers.
53% C) Carly
While Carly is moving forward she will also be moving along with the
current. two positive(+) direction motions = faster velocity.