Chapter 14 Blood
I.
Overview
A. Science of blood is called __________________
B. Identify six major functions of blood
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
C. Components of blood
1. Blood is a type of _____________ tissue
2. Identify three types of blood cells that make-up the formed elements
i.
ii.
iii.
3. The Liquid portion of blood is called________, and constitutes about ______% of blood.
4. Centrifuged blood creates a layer of packed red blood cells, called___________, which
constitutes about _______% of blood.
D. Blood Cell Formation
1. The formation of new blood cells is called ___________________.
2. Where are new blood cells formed?
3. The stem cells that give rise to all blood cells are called __________________.
4. What determines the fate of blood stem cells?
II.
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
A. List 5 characteristics of Red Blood Cells
1. Size:
2. Shape
3. Nucleus:
4. Hemoglobin
i. % of RBC =
ii. Oxygen bound hemoglobin =
iii. Hemoglobin without oxygen =
5. Flexibility:
B. Give the Red Blood Cell Counts for the following. Units are measured in cells/µL
1. Adult male =
2. Adult female =
3. Child =
C. Production of new Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
1. The production of new RBCs is called __________________.
2. What growth factor stimulates the formation of new RBCs?
3. Name 2 organs that secrete this growth factor.
i.
ii.
4. Illustrate the formation of a new red blood cell. Include the stem cell, two intermediate cells, and
the red blood cell. Where does this process take place?
5. What is the average lifespan of a circulating RBC?
6. What stimulates red blood cell production?
D. Destruction of Red Blood Cells
1. Identify two organs that remove old red blood cells from circulation:
i. –
ii. –
2. Illustrate the breakdown of hemoglobin into its individual components. Indicate what happens to
each of hemoglobin’s component parts during the breakdown.
3. What is Jaundice?
E. Red Blood Cell Disorders
1. An excess of RBCs is called __________________, or alternatively known as _____________.
2. Low oxygen capacity of blood is called _____________. List 4 types of this disorder.
i.
ii.
iii.
III.
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
A. Overview
1. Provide 3 functions of leukocytes
i. –
ii. –
iii. –
2. Which growth factor promotes the formation of new White blood cells
3. Name the five primary types of white blood cells, and indicate whether each is a granulocyte, or
an agranulocyte.
i. –
ii. –
iii. –
iv. –
v. –
4. What are granules?
5. Where are most WBCs formed?
B. Lists characteristics for each of the following types of White Blood Cells
1. Neutrophil
i. Constitutes _____% of white blood cells
ii. Number of nuclei:
iii. Another name for neutrophil:
iv. Characteristic of granules:
v. Lifespan of a neutrophil:
vi. What is a primary function of neutrophil?
2. Eosinophils
i. Constitutes ________% of white blood cells
ii. Number of nuclei
iii. Characteristics of granules
iv. Provide two functions of eosinophils
3. Basophils
i. Constitutes _______% of white blood cells
ii. Characteristic of nucleus:
iii. Characteristics of granules
iv. Provide two functions of basophils
1.
2.
4. Monocytes
i. Constitutes ________% of white blood cells
ii. Size of monocytes:
iii. During infection, monocytes enlarge and become _______________.
iv. What is the primary function of monocytes?
5. Lymphocytes
i. Constitutes ________% of white blood cells
ii. Characteristic of nucleus & cytoplasm
iii. Lifespan of lymphocytes:
iv. Function of lymphocytes:
v. List the two types of lymphocytes
1. –
2. C. White Blood Cell Movements & Protection
1. WBCs move throughout the body using __________ type of movements. Which types of white
blood cells are the most mobile?
2. Leukocytes can squeeze between the cells of a capillary wall and enter the tissue space outside
the blood vessel. This movement is called _______________.
3. WBCs are attracted to chemicals released by damaged tissue. This is called _________.
4. What is pus?
D. White Blood Cell Counts
1. What is the average WBC count in an adult male?
2. An excess of WBCs in the blood is called ______________.
i. What is the WBC count for someone with this condition?
ii. List three possible causes for this condition
1. –
2. –
3. –
3. A deficiency of WBCs in the blood is called ______________.
i. List a possible cause for this condition:
4. Differential White Blood Cell Count (DIFF)
i. Identify the expected DIFF for each of the following conditions:
1. Acute bacterial infection =
2. Tapeworm infection=
3. AIDS=
4. Allergic Reaction=
IV.
Plateletes (thrombocytes)
A. Characteristics of Platelets
1. Platelets are cell fragments from ________________cells.
2. What is the average range for a platelet count?
3. The growth factor that stimulates platelet production is called _____________________.
4. What stem cell gives rise to the cells that produce platelets?
5. What is the primary function of platelets.
V.
Plasma Components
A. Water constitutes ________% of plasma
B. Plasma Proteins - Indicate name, function, and origin for the three following plasma protiens.
1. _____________ is the most abundant plasma protein.
i. Constitutes _____% of all plasma proteins
ii. Which organ synthesizes this protein?
iii. What is the primary function of this protein?
2. The plasma protein______________ consists of three subclasses (alpha, beta, gamma), and they
constitute ______% of all plasma proteins
i. Alpha and beta proteins are formed in the ________, and their primary function is
ii. Gamma proteins are synthesized in ____________, and they primarily function as
3. ____________ constitutes 4% of plasma proteins, and they play a role in ____________.
C. Blood Gasses
1. _________ binds to hemoglobin, so less than 2% is dissolved in plasma as a gas.
2. _________ is transported primarily as bicarbonate. Only 7% is dissolved in plasma.
D. Nutrients
1. Glucose & amino acids are absorbed from the digestive tract into the blood.
2. Lipids are also transported in the blood, but how does their transport differ from the transport of
amino acids and glucose?
E. Electrolytes - List 7 electrolytes that are transported in plasma. Include their atomic symbols.
F. NonProtein Nitrogenous Substances (NNS)- List three NNS dissolved in plasma.
1. –
2. –
3. –
VI.
Hemostasis
A. Vasospasm
1. Define vasospasm
2. How does vasospasm reduce blood loss?
B. Platelet Plug formation
1. Describe the major events that occur during the formation of a platelet plug.
2. What chemicals secreted by platelets, attracts additional platelets to the damaged area?
C. Coagulation “Blood Clot Formation”
1. Coagulation is a cascade reaction involving several biochemicals called _____________.
2. Extrinsic Mechanism
i. What event stimulates the extrinsic mechanism?
ii. Damaged tissue releases ___________, which initiates the extrinsic mechanism.
iii. The extrinsic mechanism ends with activation of __________.
3. Intrinsic Mechanism
i. What event stimulates the intrinsic mechanism
ii. The intrinsic mechanism is initiated by the activation of _________________.
iii. The intrinsic mechanism ends with the activation of ____________.
4. Common Pathway
i. Describe the major events that occur in the common pathway. Begin with Activated
Factor X, and end with the formation of the blood clot.
D. Clot Dissolution
1. List three events that occur with the dissolution of a blood clot.
E. Blood Clot Disorders
1. _________ is an abnormal blood clot
2. A blood clot moving in circulation is called an ________.
3. ___________is a condition that refers to the accumulation of fatty deposits along the arterial
lining.
4. Explain how Atherosclerosis increases the likelihood of an embolism.
5. Define Stenosis.
VII. Blood Typing
A. Definitions
1. The clumping of red blood cells when testing blood compatibility is called _____________
2. Molecules that trigger an immune response are called ____________
3. Plasma proteins produced by activated B-cells (Plasma cells) are called ________________.
B. Blood Types
1. List the antigens and antibodies present for each of the following blood types:
Blood Type
Antigen(s)
Antibodies
ABO
i. Type A
ii. Type B
iii. Type AB
iv. Type O
Rh Factor
v. Rh positive
vi. Rh negative