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What is Biology?
•Bios- =life
•-logy = study of
•Study of Life
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Major Branches of Biology:
1. Botany
• Plant Biology
2. Zoology
• Study of animals
Cytology:
Genetics:
Ecology:
What makes something alive?
(What do all living things have in common?)
Think/Pair/Share
Characteristics of
Living Things
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Made up of Cells
-Multi- or uni2. Can reproduce
Metabolism 3. Grow and Develop
4. Obtain & use material
Homeostasis
for energy
5. Maintain a stable
internal environment
1.
Textbook
pgs 1519
Characteristics of
Living Things
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DNA
Evolution
6. Based on a universal
genetic code
7. Change over time
8. Response to their
Environment
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Cells
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Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
is the formation of new
individuals from the
cell(s) of a single
parent.
It is very common in
plants; less so in
animals.
Sexual reproduction is
the formation of new
individuals from the
fusion of gametes.
Two parents
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Metabolism
• Sum of all
of the
chemical
reactions in
the body.
• Breakdown
and build
up.
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Universal Genetic Material
• DNA
• Information passed from
parent to offspring
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Characteristics of Living Things
1. Made Up of Cells
2. Reproduce
3. Are Based on a Genetic Code
4. Growth and Development
5. Need for Materials and
Energy
6. Response to the Environment
7. Maintaining Internal Balance
8. Evolution (change over time)
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Organic Chemistry
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• Study of Compounds that
All living things
contain Carbon.
contain the
element Carbon.
• Why is carbon so interesting?
1-Carbon has 4 valence electrons.
2-Carbon has the ability to form
more compounds than any other
element. Organic Compounds contain Carb
CARBON SKELETONS
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CREATES DIVERSITY
Organic Compounds contain Carb
What are we composed of?
-We have structure-
Nucleus
Cell
DNA
Ribosomes
Endomembrane
make up
Organelles
Proteins
Macromolecules
make up
Compounds
make up
Atoms
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic acid
Carbon compounds
Functional groups
Elements
Covalent bonds
Organic Compounds contain Carbon.
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Macromolecules of Life
4 basic Molecules
1.Carbohydrates
2.Lipids
3.Proteins
4.Nucleic Acids
arbohydrates=energy
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Carbohydrates = Sugars
arbohydrates=energy
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Carbohydrates
arbohydrates=energy
2 main functions
1) Provide energy to living cells.
– Main Source of energy.
2) Structural Components
-cell walls
• Elements: CHO
(1:2:1 ratio)
– The name carbohydrate means
"watered carbon" or carbon with
attached water molecules.
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arbohydrates=energy
Vocabulary Check
• Monomer- Single unit
• Polymer- many units
One
Monomer
+
One
Monomer
=
Polymer
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Many
molecules
are made
of up one
or more
smaller
units.
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arbohydrates=energy
JOKE
BREAK
This is PAUL LEMUR.
He's a lemur named Paul.
arbohydrates=energy
Simple sugars
Monosaccharides
C6H12O6
one sugar unit
•Glucose- plants make during
photosynthesis
•Galactose-milk
RNA
Apple Juice
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arbohydrates=energy
Disacchrides
•two sugars
What molecule
will this make?
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Sucrose
• Table Sugar
• Plant transport
Disacchrides
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Carbohydrates=energ
Polysaccharides
•“Many sugars”
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• Glycogen (pictured)
• Glycogen functions as a fuel store in
animals. -Large amounts are stored in liver and
muscle and maintain circulating blood glucose levels
between meals.
Carbohydrates=energ
Polysaccharides
•“Many sugars”
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Carbohydrates=energ
•Starchplants
store
sugars in
this
form.
arbohydrates=energy
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Polysaccharide
Viewed under a microscope, the starch grains in
these plants cells are visible as small dots.
Energy
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• Carbohydrates store energy in their
chemical bonds.
• Your body breaks down the sugars to
get energy.
Polysaccharide
Animation
Carbohydrates=energ
Plant Cell Walls
Structure
•Cellulose
arbohydrates=Structure
Polysaccharide
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Carbohydrates=energy & struct
storage
storage
structure
Carbohydrates Review
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Used for:
• Carbohydrates are the major source of energy for
most living things and include sugars, like glucose and
sucrose, and starches.
– Starches are long chains of sugars.
• Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structural
purposes.
– An example of this is cellulose, which is found in plant cell walls, and
chitin found in the exoskeleton of arthropods.
Made of:
• Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen.
and
Carbohydrate Review Clip (Std Dev
Lipids=Store
energy &
membranes
Lipids Overview
Long-term Energy Storage
Elements
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:
C, H, O
More carbon-hydrogen (C-H) bonds than
carbohydrates.
Commonly called fats, oils, and waxes.
They are insoluble in water due to the
nonpolarity of the molecules.
Make good cell membranes.
Cells use lipids for:
Long-term energy storage.
Cushions & Insulation.
Protective coatings & Waterproofing
Cell membranes (Phospholipids).
Examples:
Fats, oils, waxes
Cutin in plants. It helps plants
retain water (waterproofing).
Lipids=Store
energy &
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Structure
of Lipids
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ENERGY
stored in
the C-H
bonds!
•Glycerol
backbone
w/ 3 fatty
acid
chains
Lipids=Cushions
& Protects
Glycerol
fatty acid chains
Phospholipids & Membrane Structure
• Lipids
“don’t like”
water.
Lipids=Store
energy &
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Saturated Fat
-No double bonds, so
they lay flat.
"the enemy"
-Solid at room
Temperature
Lipids=Cushions
& Protects
Unsaturated Fat
-Double bonds, so they
DO NOT lay flat.
"the good guys"!
-Liquid at room
Temperature
Lipids Review
Used for:
• Lipids provide insulation, store energy, cushion
internal organs, and are found in biological
membranes.
• The waterproof, waxy surface of some leaves
contains lipids.
– Examples of lipids include fats and oils.
Made of:
• Lipids are made up of
oxygen.
carbon, hydrogen, &
• The structural building block of a lipid is the fatty
acid combined with glycerol (a type of alcohol).
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Nucleic
Acid=Store &
Transmit Genetic
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NUCLEIC
ACIDS
Function:
C, H, O, N, P
Stores and transmits genetic
information
•Two TYPES of nucleic acids –
1. DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) –
double strand of genetic
information
2. RNA (ribonucleic acid)
– single strand copy of
DNA used to build
Nucleic
proteins
Acid=Store &
Transmit Genetic
• Nucleotides Polymers of nucleotides
(monomers)
have 3
parts:
1. A phosphate
group
2. A sugar
3. A base.
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Stores and transmits genetic informatio
Nucleic Acids Review
Used for:
• Nucleic acids contain all the information that an
organism needs to live.
• Nucleic acids direct the construction of proteins.
The genetic information an organism receives from
its parents is in the form of nucleic acids.
Made of:
• The two types of nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are
composed of chains of nucleotides.
• Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a phosphate group,
and a nitrogen-containing base.
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Proteins
Functions
• Transport molecules
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C, H, O, N, S
• Hemoglobin transports oxygen
• Storage molecules
• Iron stored in the liver in a protein complex
• Mechanical support
• Skin, bones, hair, & nails contain collagen
• Hormones
• Enzymes
• Speed up chemical reactions
• Helps control metabolism.
• Immune System
• Antibodies in the immune system
Proteins-Structure
• Elements: CHONS
• Made of small units called
Amino Acids
Amino Acids
•Amino Acids are the building
blocks of proteins.
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Bonds
that holds
Amino
Acids
together
is called a
Peptide
Bond.
JOKE BREAK…..
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• Protein can be
large complex
molecules.
Function of a
protein depends on
the Amino Acid
sequence, shape and
its ability to
recognize and bind
to some other
molecule.
Denaturing Proteins
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• pH, salt, temp, etc. are altered, protein may
unravel and lose its conformation and no
longer works.
When the amino acid sequesnce is wrong:
Sickle Cell Anemia:
•Can have fatal
consequences.
•Ex: Inherited
disease, sickle
cell anemia,
results from a
single incorrect
amino acid at
the 6th position
of a protein
chain out of 146.
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Proteins Review
Used for:
• Proteins include: enzymes, some hormones,
antibodies, and various structural parts of
organisms are proteins.
– These protein molecules differ in the number,
kinds, and sequence of amino acids they contain.
Made of:
• Proteins are made up of chains of amino
acids. The 20 amino acids can be combined to
form a great variety of protein molecules in
living things.
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Enzymes are proteins
• Enzymes speed
up chemical
Enzymes are
reaction.
biological
• These reaction
catalysts
would take
place anyway… -A catalyst is a
enzymes just substance that
speeds
up
a
speed them up!
chemical reaction,
but is not
Examples of an
Enzyme
Examples of an
Enzyme
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Without an enzyme!
With an enzyme!
How do ENZYMES work?
1. The enzyme attaches to one
or more of the reactants in a
reaction.
2. The reactants that bind to the
enzyme are known as the
substrates.
3. The part of the enzyme where
the substrate attaches to the
enzyme is called the active
site.
4.
The shape of the active site only fits
the shape of the substrate, somewhat
like a lock fits a key. In this way
only the correct substrate binds to
the enzyme.
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Active Site
Animation
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Reactants/
Substrates
Enzyme
Enzymes can only bind to certain substrates this is
known as the Lock-and-Key Mechanism. When the
reaction is over the Enzyme is left as it was.
Animation
•Once the enzyme and substrate
are together, the enzyme holds
the substrate so the reaction can
occur.
•Once the reaction is over, the
enzyme unlocks the product and
the enzyme can start a new
reaction with an identical
substrate.
•Enzymes are not permanently
changed or used up in reactions
Animation
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Effect of Enzymes
Enzymes work by
LOWERING the
amount of energy
required for the
reaction to proceed.
Reaction pathway
without enzyme
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Activation energy
without enzyme
Reactants
Reaction pathway
with enzyme
Activation
energy
with enzyme
Products
Go to
Section:
How do you speed up enzymes?
1. Add more of the enzyme.
• Warm up the enzyme!
Don’t warm it
too much or it may denature and stop working.
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A change in the pH of the enzyme can cause a
change in the shape of the active site,
therefore changing the activity of the
enzyme.
Animation
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Each Chemical reaction in your
body is helped along by a
different enzyme.
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Enzymes have 4 special features in common
1. They do not make processes happen that would
not take place on their own. They just make the
processes take place faster!
2. Enzymes are not permanently altered or used up
in reactions.
3. The same enzyme works for the forward and
reverse directions of a reaction.
4 Each enzyme is highly selective about its
substrate.
Enzyme pH
and Conc lab
animation
From the EOCT study
guide:
EOCT Practice Question
#1:
Which of these molecules are
used to store energy in living
things?
A) carbohydrates and lipids
B) carbohydrates and proteins
C) lipids and proteins
D) lipids and nucleic acids
EOCT Practice Question
#2:
Hereditary information is
determined by
molecules of…
A) carbohydrates
B) lipids
C) nucleotides
SMARTBOARD Review…..
Now it’s your turn!