The Language Of
Medicine
th
9
edition
Davi-Ellen Chabner
Copyright © 2011, 2008, 2005 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
1
Chapter 5
Digestive System

How Digestion Works
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2
Chapter Goals



Name the organs of the digestive system and
describe their locations and functions.
Define combining forms for gastrointestinal
organs and know the meaning of related
terminology.
Describe signs, symptoms, and disease
conditions affecting the digestive system.
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3
Chapter 5
Lesson 5.1
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4
Introduction
Digestive or gastrointestinal system
performs four main functions:
 ingestion
 digestion
 absorption
 elimination
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5
Introduction:
Ingestion and Digestion

Ingestion—Food material taken into mouth

Digestion—Food is broken down and travels
through the gastrointestinal tract.

Digestive enzymes aid breakdown of complex
nutrients.
• Proteins → amino acids
• Sugars → glucose
• Fats → fatty acids or triglycerides
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6
Introduction:
Absorption

Digested food passes into
bloodstream through lining cells of
small intestine.

Nutrients travel to all cells of the body

Cells burn nutrients to release energy
stored in food.
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7
Introduction:
Elimination



Body eliminates solid waste materials
that cannot be absorbed into
bloodstream.
The large intestine concentrates
feces.
The wastes pass out of the body
through the anus.
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8
Organs of the Digestive System

The gastrointestinal tract begins with the oral
cavity.
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9
Oral Cavity
Major parts of the oral cavity
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10
Oral Cavity (cont’d)
Major parts of the oral cavity
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11
Oral Cavity (cont’d)
Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch
→
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12
Oral Cavity (cont’d)
Upper permanent teeth within the dental arch
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13
Oral Cavity (cont’d)
Anatomy of a tooth
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14
Oral Cavity (cont’d)
Anatomy of a tooth
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15
Oral Cavity (cont’d)
Salivary glands:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i5OOVXl0yAI
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16
Pharynx
Deglutition:
 The pharynx is the common passageway for both
air and food.
 What potential problems do you see with this
arrangement?
 How does the body address this problem?
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17
Pharynx (cont’d)
Deglutition:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0naM7
8LJZ_A
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18
Esophagus/Stomach
Parts of the stomach:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URHBBE3RKEs
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19
Esophagus/Stomach (cont’d)
Parts of the stomach
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20
The Digestive Tract
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21
The Digestive Tract (cont’d)
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22
Small Intestine
Villi in the lining of the small intestine
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23
Large Intestine
Parts of the large intestine
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24
Large Intestine (cont’d)
Parts of the large intestine
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25
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_puGMk
1S4IY
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26
Liver, Gallbladder, and
Pancreas (cont’d)
Parts of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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27
Liver, Gallbladder, and
Pancreas (cont’d)
Besides producing bile and
releasing bilirubin, the liver:
 helps maintain normal blood glucose
levels
 manufactures blood proteins
necessary for clotting
 removes toxins and poisons from the
blood
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28
QUICK QUIZ:
1. What happens if bilirubin cannot
leave the body and remains in the
bloodstream?
A. gluconeogenesis
B. emulsification
C. hyperbilirubinemia
D. glycogenolysis
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29
hyperbilirubinemia (jaundice)
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30
Liver, Gallbladder, and
Pancreas
The pancreas and its functions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a
e_jC4FDOUc
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31
Food Pathway through the GI Tract
Food enters
through the
oral cavity and
exits through
the anus
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32
Food Pathway through
the GI Tract (cont’d)
Food enters
through the
oral cavity and
exits through
the anus
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33
QUICK QUIZ:
2. Which term is the first part of the
large intestine?
A. cecum
B. duodenum
C. jejunum
D. pylorus
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34
The Cecum
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35
QUICK QUIZ: (cont’d)
3. Which term means swallowing?
A. mastication
B. deglutition
C. emulsification
D. Peristalsis
Difficult Swallowing is Dysphagia
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36
Combining Forms,
Suffixes, and Terminology
Examples of Combining Forms
Combining Form
Meaning
Terminology
bucc/o
cheek
buccal mucosa
celi/o
belly, abdomen
celiac
dent/i
tooth
dentibuccal
esophag/o
esophagus
esophageal
sialaden/o
salivary gland
sialadenitis
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37
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Terminology (cont’d)
Three types of anastomoses
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38
Combining Forms, Suffixes,
and Terminology (cont’d)
Examples of Suffixes
Suffix
Meaning
Terminology
-ase
enzyme
lipase
-chezia
defecation
hematochezia
-iasis
abnormal condition choledocholithiasis
-prandial
meal
postprandial
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39
QUICK QUIZ:
4. Which term means inflammation of
the lip?
A. cholecystitis
B. celiac
C. appendicitis
D. cheilitis
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40
Chapter 5
Lesson 5.2
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41
Pathology
of the Digestive System
Examples of signs and symptoms:
 anorexia – Lack of appetite
 ascites – Abnormal accumulation of fluid in
the abdomen
 eructation – Gas expelled from the stomach
through the mouth
 steatorrhea – Fat in the feces; frothy, foulsmelling fecal matter
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42
Pathologic Conditions
Oral Cavity and Teeth





aphthous stomatitis – inflammation of the
mouth with small, painful ulcers
dental caries – tooth decay
herpetic stomatitis – inflammation of the
mouth by infection with the herpesvirus.
oral leukoplakia – white plaques or patches
periodontal disease – inflammation and
degeneration of the gums, teeth and
surrounding bone.
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43
Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

achalasia – Failure of the lower
esophagus sphincter (LES) muscle to
relax
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44
Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract


esophageal varices – Swollen, varicose
veins at lower end of the esophagus.
gastric carcinoma – Malignant tumor of the
stomach.
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45
Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
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46
Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d)


gastroesophageal reflux disease
(GERD) – Solids and fluids return to
the mouth from the stomach
peptic ulcer – Open sore or lesion of
the mucous membrane of the
stomach or duodenum.
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47
Pathologic Conditions
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract (cont’d)

hernia – Protrusion of an organ or
part through the muscle normally
containing it.
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48
Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract:
Small and Large Intestines


anal fistula – Abnormal tube-like
passageway near the anus.
colonic polyposis – Polyps protrude
from the mucous membrane of the
colon.
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49
Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract:
Small and Large Intestines (cont’d)

colorectal cancer – Adenocarcinoma of
the colon or rectum or both.
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50
Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract:
Small and Large Intestines (cont’d)


Crohn disease – Chronic inflammation of
the intestinal tract.
diverticulosis – Abnormal side pockets
(outpouchings in the intestinal wall.
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51
Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract:
Small and Large Intestines (cont’d)



dysentery – Painful, inflamed intestines
hemorrhoids – Swollen, twisted, varicose
veins in the rectal region
ileus – Failure of peristalsis with resulting
obstruction of the intestines
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52
Pathologic Conditions
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract:
Small and Large Intestines (cont’d)




intussusception – Telescoping of the
intestines
IBS – Irritable bowel syndrome- group of
gastrointestinal symptoms associated with
stress and tension
ulcerative colitis – Chronic inflammation
of the colon with presence of ulcers
volvulus – Twisting of the intestines on
itself
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53
Pathologic Conditions
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas



cirrhosis – Chronic degenerative disease of
the liver
pancreatitis – Inflammation of the pancreas
viral hepatitis – Inflammation of the liver
caused by a virus
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54
Pathologic Conditions
Liver Gallbladder, and Pancreas
(cont’d)

cholelithiasis – gallstones in the gallbladder
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55