Chapter 16 and 17 Review
December 8, 2008
Question 1
• Define argument by cause,
and explain the tests of this
type of argument.
•
Argument by cause
connects two elements or
event, and claims one is
produced by the other.
• There are two forms: from
effect to cause and from
cause to effect.
• The tests are:
1) does a causal relationship
exist?
2) could the presumed cause
produce the effect?
3) could the effect result from
other causes?
Question 2
• Describe competence,
trustworthiness, and
dynamism. Why are each
important in establishing
credibility?
• Competence: listener’s
view on the speaker’s
qualifications to speak on
particular topic
• Trustworthy: listener’s
view about a speaker’s
honesty and objectivity
• Dynamism: listener’s view
of speaker’s confidence,
enthusiasm, and delivery
• They all reflect how the
listener views the
speaker’s credibility.
Question 3
• Describe Monroe’s
motivated sequence.
• It is pattern of
persuasion:
1. Get audience’s
attention
2. Establishing a need
3. Offering a proposal
satisfying the need
4. Inviting listeners to
visualize the results
5. Requesting action
Question 4
• Ethos: speaker’s
• Describe the three
credibility and
modes of persuasion,
reputation
ethos, logos, and pathos.
• Logos: logical appeal
• Pathos: emotional
appeal
Question 5
• Argument by
• Explain argument by
authority uses
authority and the tests of
testimony from an
this type of argument.
expert source to prove
a speaker’s claim.
• The tests are:
1) is the source an
expert?
2) is the source
unbiased?
Question 6
• Explain argument by
example. Be sure to
include the tests of
argument by example and
include a definition of
inductive argument.
• Argument by example is
an inductive argument.
• Inductive argument use
a few instances to prove
a point.
• The test of argument by
example is:
1) are the examples true?
2) are they relevant?
3) are they sufficient?
4) are they representative?
Question 7
• Explain primacy theory
and recency theory. What
do they both agree about?
• Primacy recommends
that you put your
strongest argument first
to establish a strong
first impression.
• Recency recommends
you present your
strongest arguments
last, leaving your
listeners with your
strongest argument.
• The weakest arguments
should go in the middle.
Question 8
•
Explain the format of a deductive
argument, including all key terms.
Also, please include the test of
argument by deduction.
•
•
•
A deductive argument says that
what is generally true will be
true in a specific instance.
The pattern of this argument is
called a syllogism.
It includes:
– a major premise (the general
claim),
– the minor premise (the specific
claim)
– the conclusion (connection
between premises).
• The tests are:
1) do the premises relate to one
another?
2) Is the major premise true?
3) is the minor premise true?
Question 9
•
Pick two of the
•
following persuasive
speaking strategies:
establish your
credibility, focus your•
goals, connect with
your listeners,
organize your
arguments, support
•
your ideas, and
enhance your
emotional appeals.
Explain these two •
strategies and their
importance.
•
•
Establish your credibility: the first available source of
persuasion is how credible you are
Focus your goals: persuasion is more likely if you
goals are limited rather than global (minor change in
attitudes and behaviors)
Connect with your listeners: persuasion is more likely
if you establish a common ground with your audience
Organize your arguments: most people are inefficient
listeners; an organized speech is more likely to be
remembered
Support your ideas: a well supported speech provides
an ethical underpinning and increases your credibility
Enhance your emotional appeals: tapping audience
values, using vivid examples, using emotive language,
use effective delivery enhance your emotional appeal
Question 10
• The Pyramid of
Persuasion shows the
relationships between
behaviors, attitudes,
beliefs, and values.
Explain how this is
valuable when
constructing a
persuasive speech.
• Organizing the
relationships can help
you make connections
and formulate the
specific purpose of
your speech.
• This will help you
better organize your
speech so you can
affect your audience.
Question 11
• Three types of
persuasive speeches
are: speech to
convince, speech to
actuate, speech to
inspire. Describe
each.
• Speech to convince:
influence beliefs or
attitudes
• Speech to actuate:
influence behaviors
• Speech to inspire:
influence feelings
Question 12
• What are the requirement
of a proposition? Make
sure to define proposition
in your answer.
• A proposition is a
declarative sentence
expressing a judgment
that you want the
audience accept.
Requirements: 1)
propostions express a
judgment; 2)
propositions are
debateable; 3)
propositions require
proof
Question 13
• What challenges are there
in persuasive speaking?
How can these challenges
be avoided?
• You will be asked to
select topics, voice your
beliefs, and test your
ideas for validity.
• If you do this seriously
and research
thoroughly, instead of
being a challenge it can
enhance your critical
thinking abilities as well
as your speaking skills.
Question 14
• What does it mean to
refute? Outline the fourstep refutational strategy.
• Refute: dispute, to
counter one argument
with another
• Four steps:
1) state the position you
are refuting
2) state your position
3) support your position
4) show how your position
undermines the
opposing argument
Question 15
• What is a fallacy?
Explain your answer
using at least five of the
ten fallacies of argument
• Hasty generalization
• False analogy
• Post hoc ergo propter
hoc
• Slippery slope
• Red herring
• Appeal to tradition
• False dilemma
• False authority
• Bandwagon
• Ad hominem
Question 16
• What is argument by
analogy? What test can
be used for this type of
argument?
• Argument by analogy
is a comparison.
• It links two objects or
concepts and says
what would be true of
one will be true of the
other.
• The test is:
– are they similar
enough that what is
true for one is true for
another?
Question 17
• What is credibility?
Explain the differences
between initial
credibility, derived
credibility, and terminal
credibility.
• Credibility is the
degree to which
listeners believe a
speaker.
• Initial credibility:
image or reputation
before the speech
• Derived: developed as
he or she speaks
• Terminal: after speech
Question 18
• What is evidence?
• Evidence is supporting
material a speaker
uses to prove a point.
Question 19
• What is persuasion?
What are the three types
of influence discussed in
Chapter 16? Describe
each one.
• Persuasion is the process
of influencing another
person’s attitudes,
behaviors, values, or
beliefs. The three types
are change, instill, and
intensify. Change is
altering an already formed
belief. Instill is to
persuade about an issue
that your audience is
unfamiliar with.
Intensify is to increase an
already held opinion.
Question 20
• What three steps does
an argument include?
• make a claim
• offer evidence
• shows how the
evidence proves the
claim