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First Wave Feminism
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Mary Wollstonecraft’s (1792)
A Vindication of the Rights of Women is one of the first written works to be called feminist
Suffragette Movement
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First Wave Feminism
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Mary Wollstonecraft’s (1792) A Vindication of the Rights of Women is one of the first written works to be called feminist
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Suffragette Movement
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The World Wars
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Nontraditional jobs
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Women’s professional sports
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Second Wave Feminism
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Fighting for full equality
Fighting for control over own body
More powerful in regards to voting, financial issues, education and power
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Feminism is:
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A belief in equality for all people
Men’s and women’s positions in society are based on social institutions and social attitudes
Because of these structural inequalities, feminists believe in transforming society on behalf of women
Women’s experiences, concerns, and ideas are as valuable as men’s
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Best way yet discovered for separating truth from untruth
Check your book for steps in the scientific method
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Basic research
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Seeking knowledge for the sake of knowledge
Applied research
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Seeking solutions to practical problems
Program evaluation
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Does a social program work?
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Nonexperimental
Methods:
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Archival research
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Naturalistic observation
Surveys
Case studies
Correlational research
Experimental Method
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Advantages
Describe and predict behavior
Useful when ethical considerations prevent true experimentation
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Causality
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Archival research
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Comb existing records to test a hypothesis
Naturalistic observation
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Observe a naturally occurring behavior
Survey research
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A sample from a population are asked questions about behavior, attitudes, or thoughts
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Case Studies
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Intensive investigation of an individual or a small group of people
Correlational Research
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Relationships between two factors are investigated
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Correlational Research
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Strength of a relationship is represented by a mathematical score
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Ranges from +1.0 to -1.0
Absolute value signifies strength of relationship
Sign signifies nature of the relationship
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Correlational Research
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Strength of a relationship is represented by a mathematical score
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+1.0
– Perfect positive correlation
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Correlational Research
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Strength of a relationship is represented by a mathematical score
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+1.0
– Perfect positive correlation
-1.0
– Perfect negative correlation
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Correlational Research
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Strength of a relationship is represented by a mathematical score
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+1.0
– Perfect positive correlation
-1.0
– Perfect negative correlation
0.0 – No correlation = No relationship!
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Interpreting Correlations
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A large-scale study of contraceptive use in
Taiwan found that people who had more electrical appliances in their homes were more likely to use birth control.
Does this mean that toasters cause people to use birth control?
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Interpreting Correlations
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Interpreting Correlations
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When we find a correlation between two variables A and B, there are three possible explanations:
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Change in A may cause change in B
Change in B may cause change in A
Change in C may cause change in both A and B
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Interpreting Correlations
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A college professor notices that the farther students sit toward the back of the room, the worse their grades in the course seem to be.
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Interpreting Correlations
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A survey of adolescents being treated for eating disorders noted that those who watched the most TV during the week tended to get the lowest ratings on a measure of general health.
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Interpreting Correlations
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Correlations allow us to describe relationships
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Describes how two variables change together, on average, in a large group of individuals
Correlations allow us to predict
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Stronger correlations allow for stronger predictions
Predictions are never perfect!
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Investigates causal relationships between factors
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Deliberately induce change in one factor and observe the effect that change has on other factors
Variable:
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Event or behavior that can assume at least two values
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Independent variable (IV)
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The variable the experimenter manipulates
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Physiological
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Experience
Environmental
Participant characteristics are often treated as IVs
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Dependent Variable (DV)
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The variable that is measured
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Can be measured lots of ways:
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Number correct
Frequency
Amount
Duration
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Manipulation, Comparison, and Control
Manipulate
IV DV
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Manipulation, Comparison, and Control
Compare
IV DV
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Manipulation, Comparison, and Control
Control
IV DV
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Manipulation, Comparison, and Control
Control
IV DV
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Random Assignment
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Individuals have an equal chance of being in the treatment condition as in the control condition
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The Beauty of Random Assignment
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Allows the experimenter to assume the groups are roughly equivalent prior to administering the IV
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Any external factors that might influence an experiment should be distributed equally in both the treatment and control groups
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The Beauty of Random Assignment
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Groups may differ in an important way just by chance
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Statistical procedures tell us likelihood that results are meaningful
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Key Elements of True Experiments
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An independent variable
A dependent variable
Random assignment of subjects to different levels of the IV
A concrete hypothesis of how the IV should affect the DV
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An experiment or nonexperimental study can answer only a few, very specific questions
Our confidence in scientific findings increases as:
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Results are replicated
Findings from related studies converge on the same conclusion
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